FOCUSED STUDY Flashcards
Coefficient alpha
internal consistency reliability
Single-subject research design
dependent variable is measured multiple times
Raw scores are also called __ scores; when they are converted to __ they are on a normal distribution
scaled scores; percentages
Statistical regression is___ & threatens a study’s ___
when chosen for having extreme scores in a study, posttest scores in the study will always regress toward the mean no matter what; threatens the study’s internal validity
Ethics: __ is acceptable when there is no clinical contradiction
bartering
Ethics: Uninvited solicitation
may be ok if there is no undue influence
Technostructural Interventions
includes business process reengineering, job enrichment, & alternative work schedules
Business Process Reengineering
increasing efficiency through radical redesign of finances, communications, & other core processes
Fielder’s Contingency Model
most effective leadership depends on favorableness of situation; LPC (least preferred coworker)
Favorableness of the situation is based on what factors
degree of influence a leader has on subordinates has 3 factors 1) good/poor leader-member relations; 2) structured/unstructured task structure; 3) strong/weak position of power.
Vroom-Yetton-Jago Contingency Model
includes decision tree (old version) & decision matrices; strategies range from highly autocratic (alone decision) to highly democratic (group members decide)
Competency modeling is __ modeling & suggests the success for all jobs within an organization are linked to __
worker-oriented modeling; success for all jobs within an organization are linked to values, goals, & strategies of the organization
WAIS-IV General Ability Index
includes Verbal Comprehension & Perceptual Reasoning; minimizes working memory & processing speed influence
KOIS
includes Occupation, College Major, & Vocational Interest
Formative Program Eval is used to __ or __ a program & includes __
used to develop/improve a program (need, evaluative, structure, implimentation, process)
Summative Program Eval determine a program’s __ & __ met through __
determine program outcomes & goals met (outcome, impact, cost-benefit, secondary analysis, meta)
MMSE
score of 24 is normal functioning
True/False Test
lowest test reliability; high probability of guessing the right answer = low test reliability
Correction for Attenuation Formula: increase a predictor’s __ through __
increase a predictor’s reliability through criterion-related validity
SB5
two route subtests of object series/matrices & vocab; used to determine the appropriate entry level for other subtests
Sensitivity
(validity) test’s ability to accurately identify ppl who they are designed to identify
Raven’s Standard Progress Matrices
nonverbal intelligence in 6y/o+ (good for foreign language testing)
Retroactive interference
previous info (retro) is replaced w. recent info; the past is replaced w. the future
Proactive interference
recent info (pro) is replaced w. previous info; the future is replaced w. the past
OCD tx
- exposure + response prevention is the first line tx
- antidepressants have similar effects
- combined may enhance effects
Agoraphobia tx
in vivo exposure + response prevention is the first line tx
Ideomotor Apraxia (location + definition)
left hemisphere parietal lobe; can’t turn an idea into action
__ & __ help teach ASD kids to speak
Discrimination Training & Shaping
Entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, & __ memories are the first to be impacted in __
recent memories; Alzheimer’s
Sundowning
occurs in the middle stages of Alzheimer’s; characteristic of NCD
Pseduodimensia
signs are the same as MDD; “I don’t know” responses, onset after major stressor, etc.
Hypothalamus electrical stimulation
electrical stimulation here in cats/animals results in different aggression types
Prefrontal cortex is linked to __
prospective memory
Frontal lobe is linked to __ symptom
perseveration symptom
Papez circuit
emotional expression/experience
high levels of cortisol is linked to loss of neurons in the __ & __ impairment
hippocampus & memory
FGA
higher risk for tardive dyskinesia than SGA; if having a severe reaction, replace w/ SGA.
SSRI vs TCA
SSRI higher risk for sexual dysfunction than TCAs; TCA higher risk for anticholinergic + heart SE than SSRI
__ helps to explain adolescent-type antisocial personality/conduct disorder
Maturity-gap
Neurological deficits helps to explain __
life-course-type antisocial personality/conduct disorder
Tic Disorders are treated by _______ dopamine levels
reducing dopamine levels
High expressed emotions
high relapse for both schizophrenia & MDD
Interoceptive exposure
exposure to physical sensations associated w/ panic
Exteroceptive exposure
exposure to actual situations associated w/ panic
Cue exposure treats __
treats alcohol dependency
Postpartum tx
CBT & IPT
OCD brain activity includes __ serotonin levels & elevated activity in the __
low; elevated activity in the Caudate nucleus
Reactive attachment
- severe neglect from caregivers; persistent pattern of inhibited/withdrawn emotions/behaviors toward caregivers
- 2+ symp
- 9mo - 5y/o onset
Parietal Lobe Seizures/Stroke
symptoms are contralateral neglect; disturbed body image; symptoms relating to sensations (tingling, numbness)
Occipital Lobe Seizures
symptoms related to eyes; visual hallucinations, rapid eye movements
Frontal Lobe Seizures
(2nd most common) abnormal movements + posture, explosive screams/laughter, impaired speech w. intact comprehension, autonamic symptoms
Temporal Lobe Seizures
(most common) odd taste/odor, deja-vu, impaired speech & impaired comprehension, autonomic symptoms
Synesthesia
different sounds are different colors
Opponent-process theory
cells contain 3 types (red/green, blue/yellow, white/black); explains afterimages + colorblindness
Binocular cues
perception of relative closeness, retinal disparity (closer the object, greater the disparity) & convergence (tendency for eyes to turn inward as an object gets closer & vice-versa)
Monocular cues
used for greater distances, relative size, interposition (overlapping), linear perspective, texture, & relative motion (motion parallax)
GABA
major inhibitor, produces anxiety in some areas of the brain
retinal disparity
closer the object, greater the disparity; bionocular cues
convergence
tendency for eyes to turn inward as an object gets closer; binocular cues
motion parallax
relative motion; monocular cues
left hemisphere damage
causes depression & emotion volitility; catastrophic damage
hypnagogic hallucination
right before sleep
hypnopompic halluncination
right after waking
right hemisphere damage
inappropriate indifference & euphoria; indifferent reaction
bipolar tx meds
when Lithium doesn’t work, Anticonvulsants (valoproic acid & carbamazepine) are prescribed
advance sleep phase
also known as circadian phase advance occurs in older adults in which they go to sleep & wake up earlier than conventional times
anosognosia
denial of one’s own illness/disability
asomatognosia
lack of recognition of one’s own body parts
aprosodia
inability to express or understand emotional prosody in speech
aphasia + location
inability to understand or express speech; caused by left hemisphere damage
agnosia
inability to recognize things & sensations
anomia
inability to recall names of familiar objects or known words
prosopagnosia
inability to recognize the faces of familiar people
primary vs secondary hypertension
unknown cause is primary hypertension (most common)
known cause is secondary hypertension
acetylcholine
neurotransmitter receptors impacting muscle movements; involved in ASD & Alzheimer’s
orgasmic reconditioning
effective treatment for paraphillic disorders; along w/ covert sensitization & aversion treatment
pathological anxiety
cannot be controlled, most of the day, every day for 6mo+
CRAFT
for substance use patients refusing treatment; involves working w/ their family members
ADHD dx + comorbidities
- needs to be present before 12y/o, 6mo+, & across 2+ settings (home, school, work)
- 6+ symp. 17y/o-
- 5+ symp 17y/o+
- comorbid w/ Tourettes, then ODD, then anxiety & depression
underactivity in the prefrontal cortex is also called ______ & is characteristic of
(hypofrontality) negative symptoms in schizophrenia
positive symptoms in schizophrenia are due to __ in the __ brain region
overactivity; in the temporal-limbic region
Somatic Symptom Disorder dx
- 1+ somatic symp. & 1+ health concern
- excessive thoughts/emotions relating to the health concern
- Specify impairment as mild, moderate, severe
- Specify predominant pain &/or persistent
- 6mo+
Illness Anxiety dx
- preoccupation w/ having a serious illness
- no somatic symptoms
- avoidant of healthcare or excessive health-related behaviors
- 6mo+
alcohol withdrawal symptoms
2+ symptoms:
* autonomic hyperactivity
* tonic-clonic seizures
* tremors
* insomnia
* anxiety
* nausea/vomiting
* transient hallucinations
schizophrenia comorbidity rates
greater the degree of genetic similarity, the greater the concordance rate
* Parent 6%
* Bio siblings 9%
* Child of 1 parent w/ dx 13%
* DZ twin 17%
* Child of 2 parents w/ dx 46%
* MZ twin 48%
GAD med tx
- SSRI/SNRI
- if not working, then Buspirone or a Benzo
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation dx
1+ verbal/behavioral outburst 3x/wk+ w/ irritable/angry mood between outbursts ~qD for most of the day.
Persistent Depressive Disorder dx
- 2+ symp. including low mood
- 2yr+ 18y/o+
- 1yr+ 18y/o-
ODD dx
- recurrent pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, &/or vindictiveness as evidenced
- 4+ symp toward 1+ persons other than siblings
- 6mo+
Conduct Disorder dx
- behavior that violates the basic rights of others
- symp. categories: Aggression to people + animals; Destruction of property; Deceitfulness/theft; Serious violation of rules
- 3+ symp. w/i the past 12mos & 1+ symp. w/i the past 6mos
- Specifiers based on number of conduct problems + their consequences
- Subtypes: Childhood-onset w/ 1+ symp. prior to 10y/o; Adolescent-onset w. no symptoms prior to 10y/o; Unspecified onset when onset unknown
- can’t be given to 18y/o+ who meets criteria for Antisocial Personality.
Intermittent Explosive Disorder dx
- verbal/physical aggression 2x/wk on average for 3mo+ w/o property damage
- OR 3 behavioral outbursts in 12mo resulting in property damage or physical injury to others
- 6y/o+ onset
OCD dx
- time consuming (1hr+/d)
- Specify level of insight
Paraphillic Disorder Duration
6mo+
Gender Dysphoria Dx
- 2+ symp for 6mo+ all ages
Narcolepsy tx
- sleep hygiene, behavior habits, & meds
- SSRI/SNRI
- Sodium oxybate for tx-resistant
BED tx
- CBT-E is most effective, adding meds doesn’t help
- IPT second most effective
anxiety disorder tx
CBT + SSRI/SNRI
Opioid withdrawal
similar to a bad case of the flu
Schizophreniform
- 1+ of the 3 main symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech
- 2+ of the 5 symptoms (disorganized movement + negative symptoms)
- 1mo+, 6mo-
Sea Snail Research
linked to neuronal changes in learning & memory through classical conditioning of Aplysia
Midbrain
- RAS
- substantia nigra
substantia nigra is connected to __
connected to the basal ganglia through the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway
glutamate excitoxicity is a characteristic of
NCDs like Alzheimer’s & Huntington’s
apraxia & contralateral neglect location
right hemisphere damage
Kluver-Bucy bilateral lesions (locations of disorder & symptoms)
- amygdala, hippocampus, temporal lobe
- visual symptoms, reduced fear, increased docility, abnormal sexual behaviors, etc.
dopamine hypothesis
elevated dopamine; schizophrenia
caudate nucleus location
striatum w/ the putamen
H.M. patient
inability to form new declarative long-term memories
locus coeruleus
“ground zero” for Alzheimer’s
phonological dyslexia
most common type; also called dysphonetic, dysphonic, or auditory dyslexia
true memory loss
beginning & end of event are blurred, memory loss is gradual, recall only fragments
FOD tx
directed masturbation
MDD gender/age differences
- childhood: same
- late teens: rates are 2x higher for females
Parametric tests
are likely to reject the null (p less than or equal to your significance level)
limbic system
amygdala, cingulate cortex, hippocampus; connected to the basal ganglia by the nucleus accumbens; memory, emotions
PTSD brain activity
- hyperactivity in the amygdala
- hypoactivity in the ventral medial prefrontal cortex
- smaller hippocampus
conduction aphasia
damage to the arcuate fasciculus, intact comprehension, fluent meaningless speech, impaired repetition, & anomia.
2nd amines TCAs __ the most
inhibit Norepinephrine the most
MAOIs tx
tx resistant & atypical depression
Memantine treats __ by regulating __
tx moderate-severe Alzheimer’s, NMDA antagonist, regulates glutamate
Parkinson’s brain activity
- low dopamine
- high glutamate in the basal ganglia
- low norepinephrine in the locus coeruleus
- early stage depression tx Levodopa
- deep brain stim can help w. depression
FDG-PET
functional neuroimaging technique that distinguishes other NCDs (frontaltemporal) from Alzheimer’s
Piaget’s Construction of Knowledge
assimilation (apply one schema to all) & accommodation (change schema to fit the situation)
Separation Anxiety dx
- starts at 6-8mo, worsens at 14mo
- 4wk+ duration for kids/teens
- 6mo+ adults
- after exposure to divorce, death or relative or pet, or stressful situation
30% of children who have dx of ___ eventually receive a dx of ___
ODD; Conduct Disorder
teen males w/ Conduct Disorder (childhood or teen onset) did NOT experience an increase in __ levels when in stressful situations, but presented the same __
cortisol levels; affect
GAD comorbidities
most common w/ MDD, followed by social anxiety, specific phobia, & PTSD in order
kids/teens w. GAD worry more about __ while older adults worry more about __
catastrophic events + competence in sports/school; health & safety
Pedophilic disorder dx age details of perp + vic
perp must be 16y/o+ & 5yrs older than the child vic (13y/o-).
Specific Learning Disability specifiers
reading, written expression, math
___ is the most common among psychotherapists ethical dilemmas
confidentiality
higher-order conditioning vs blocking
- higher-order conditioning is like “stacked” stimuli:
light -> food (phase 1)
tone -> light (phase 2) - blocking is conditioned stimulus is paired w. a second stimulus & doesn’t produce a conditioned response:
light -> food (phase 1)
light + tone -> food (phase 2)
no correlation or low correlation between different variables or different measures is __
differential validity
__ treats early stage depression in Parkinson’s patients
Levodopa
Fairchild suggested conduct disorder youth have poorer coordination between __ & __ arousal
emotional & physiologic arousal
teen males w/ childhood or adolescent onset Conduct Disorder have the same __ levels in the morning but have higher __ levels in the evening
cortisol; cortisol
