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Nursing > Fluids > Flashcards

Fluids Flashcards

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1
Q

Homeostasis

A

Delicate balance of fluids and electrolytes is maintained

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2
Q

True or false

Subtle changes can occur that often go unrecognized and untreated

A

True

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3
Q

True or false

Timely assessment and interventions prevent complications and saved lives

A

True

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4
Q

Where are bodily fluids found and gives examples

A

Intracellular and extracellular
- water
- electrolytes
- blood plasma
- proteins
- solutes

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5
Q

What percentage of intracellular fluid is there in the body?

A

67 %

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6
Q

What percentage of extracellular fluid in the body?

A

26%

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7
Q

What makes up extracellular fluid?

A

Intravascular fluid
Cerebral fluid

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8
Q

Intracellular fluid is

A

Inside the cell
- proteins , water, electrolytes, solutes

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9
Q

Extracellular fluid is

A

Outside the cell
- - sodium!,

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10
Q

Types of extracellular fluid

A

Whole blood - RBC / wbc/ plasma

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11
Q

What is the most critical component of the body’s overall fluid balance

A

Extracellular fluid

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12
Q

What are some causes of loss of intracellular fluid?

A

Diuretics
Bleeding
V/ d
Inadequate fluid intake

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13
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

Outside the blood vessels & b/w cells

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14
Q

Excess interstitial fluid is caused by

A

Edema

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15
Q

Intrapleural

A

Lubricates space b/w pleura acts as cushion for lungs

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16
Q

Synovial fluid function

A

Reduces friction between articulate cartilages of joints during movement

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17
Q

Cerebral spinal fluid is where

A

Around brain and spinal cord to cushion from injury and provide nutrients

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18
Q

What allows fluid to move

A

Osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure

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19
Q

What factors help determine fluid movement?

A

Intact/ functioning vascular tissue
Normal protein levels
Adequate hydrostatic pressure inside blood vessels

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20
Q

If albumin (enzyme) decreases what happens to homeostasis?

A

Edema
Leakage of intracellular fluid into interstitial areas causes a decrease in pressure

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21
Q

Osmolality

A

Measure of concentration of dissolved solutes in blood

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22
Q

What triggers the release of antidiuretic hormone in kidneys

A

Osmolality

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23
Q

Osmolarity

A

Proportion of dissolved particles in an amount of fluid

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24
Q

Osmolarity and Osmolality used interchangeably

A

True

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25
Q

Hypervolemia is

A

Excess fluid volume

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26
Q

What causes hypervolemia

A

Heart failure
Kidney failure
Cirrhosis

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27
Q

Hypovolemia is

A

The loss of fluid greater then output

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28
Q

What causes hypovolemia

A

V/d
Excessive sweating
Poor fluid intake

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29
Q

What are the 3 types intravenous solutions?

A

Isotonic
Hypotonic
Hypertonic

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30
Q

Isotonic solutions are

A

Similar concentration as blood

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31
Q

Hypotonic solutions

A

Lowers concentration of dissolved solutes than blood causing an imbalance

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32
Q

A person is dehydrated what type of solution would you use?

A

Hypotonic

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33
Q

Hypertonic solutions

A

Higher concentration of dissolved particles than blood

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34
Q

Increase of solutes in intravascular space compared to cells

A

Hypertonic

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35
Q

Why are electrolytes so important ?

A

Help w/ fluid regulation & bodily functions

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36
Q

Electrolyte abnormalities help you understand normal ranges and causes of imbalances

True or false

A

True

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37
Q

Sodium normal range

A

136- 145

38
Q

What is the most abundant electrolyte in extracellular fluid ?

A

Sodium

39
Q

Hypernatremia

A

Elevated sodium in blood

40
Q

Signs and symptoms of hypernatremia

A

Lethargy, irritability
Weakness
Seizures - think neuro

41
Q

Hyponatremia

A

Low sodium - due to excessive h2o intake or diuretics

42
Q

Signs and symptoms of hyponatremia

A

Headache
Confusion
Coma

43
Q

Treatment for hyponatremia

A

3% Nacl
Fluid restriction

44
Q

Potassium normal range

A

3.5 - 5.1

45
Q

What electrolyte is the most abundant in intracellular fluid?

A

Potassium

46
Q

What regulates potassium in the body?

A

Aldosterone in the kidneys

47
Q

Functions of potassium

A

Cardiac and neural function
Muscle contractility

48
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

Increase in potassium in the blood

49
Q

What causes hyperkalemia

A

Kidney failure
Metabolic acidosis

50
Q

Signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia

A

Cardia
Irribility
Cramping
Diarrhea

51
Q

Hypokalemia

A

Decreased/ low potassium in blood

52
Q

What causes hypokalemia

A

Excessive v/d
Diuretics
Lack of k in diet

53
Q

Signs and symptoms of hypokalemia

A

Weakness
Arrhythmias
Lethargy
T ready pulse

54
Q

Calcium normal range

A

8.6 - 10.2

55
Q

What helps excretion and reabsorption of calcium

A

The parathyroid

56
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

Increased calcium in the blood

57
Q

Signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia

A

N/v
Comstipation
Increased thirst/ urination
Weakness

58
Q

Treatment for hypercalcemia

A

Decrease calcium intake
Phosphate supplementation
Hemodialysis
W height bearing excercises

59
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

Decreased calcium in blood

60
Q

Signs and symptoms

A

Parenthesis’s
Numbing / tingling of lips/ tongue/ hands/ feet
Muscle cramps

61
Q

Treatment for hypocalcemia

A

Increased oral / iv calcium & vitamin d

62
Q

Signs of hypocalcemia

A

Chvostek’s sign - acute hypocalcemia, involuntary twitching of fracial muscle

Trousseaus sign - hand spasms caused by BP cuff

63
Q

Normal range for phosphorus

A

2.5 - 4.0

64
Q

Where is phosphorus found in the body?

A

Bone’s & intracellular fluid

65
Q

Why is phosphorus important?

A

Energy metabolism
RNA/dna formation
Nerve function
Muscle contractions

66
Q

Hyperphosphatemia

A

Increase of phosphorus in the blood

67
Q

Treatment for hyperphosphatemia

A

Decrease phosphorus binder medications
Hemodialysis

68
Q

Hypophosphatemia

A

Decrease of phosphorus in the blood

69
Q

Treatment for hypophosphatemia

A

Treat for underlying cause
Oral/ if replacement

70
Q

What causes hypophosphatemia? Chronic or acute?

A

Acute - burns, diuretics, respiratory alkalosis

Chronic - hyperthyroidism / vitamin d deficiency

71
Q

Magnesium normal level

A

1.5 - 2.4

72
Q

Why is magnesium essential?

A

Cardiac
Nerve muscle and immune system

73
Q

Hypermagnesmia

A

Elevated level in blood

74
Q

What is a common cause of hypermagnesemia?

A

Renal failure

75
Q

Signs and symptoms of hypermagnesemia

A

Bradycardia
Weak pulse
Lethargy
Tremors
Cardiac arrest

76
Q

Treatment for hypermagnesemia

A

Increase fluids
Hemodialysis

77
Q

Hypomagnesemia

A

Decrease magnesium in blood

78
Q

What causes hypomagnesemia

A

Inadequate amount in diet
Loop diuretics

79
Q

Signs and symptoms of hypomagnesemia

A

N/v
Lethargy
Leg cramps
Tremors
Dysrhythmias

80
Q

Signs and symptoms of hypomagnesemia

A

N/v
Lethargy
Leg cramps
Tremors
Dysrhythmias

81
Q

Treatment for hypomagnesemia

A

Increase dietary intake
Oral/is supplements

82
Q

Chloride normal range

A

95-105

83
Q

What is chloride responsible for

A

Maintain ping acid base balance

84
Q

Hypochloremia

A

Low levels in blood <95

85
Q

What a causes hypochloremia

A

Dehydration
No tube
Diuretics
Burn
Metabolic alkalosis

86
Q

Signs and symptoms of hypochloremia

A

V/d
Tachycardia

87
Q

Treatment for hypochloremia

A

I’ve solution / treat

88
Q

Hyperchloremia

A

High levels in blood > 105

89
Q

Signs and symptoms of hypernatremia can show as hyperchloremia

True or false

A

True

Fatigue
Restless
Increased reflexes
Extreme thirst
Decreased urinary output / dry skin/ mouth

90
Q

Bicarbonate normal range

A

22-26

91
Q

Functions of bicarbonate

A

Acts as buffer to maintain ph
Helps with acid base balance
Kidneys regulate level s

92
Q

Increase or decrease in bicarbonate will cause

A

Diarrhea
Liver failure
Renal disease

Nursing (5 decks)

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