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Fundamentals in Nursing - Lecture > Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance > Flashcards

Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance Flashcards

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1
Q

a delicate balance of fluids, electrolytes, and acids and bases maintained in the body.

A

Homeostasis

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2
Q

is the primary body fluid

A

Water

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3
Q

Water - approximately ______ of average healthy adult’s
weight

A

60%

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4
Q

Water - approximately 60% of average healthy adult’s
weight (_______________ in infants and ____ to people older
than ___)

A

70% to 80%; 50%; 50

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5
Q

TWO COMPARTMENTS OF BODY’S FLUID

A

INTRACELLULAR FLUID (ICF)
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID (ECF)

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6
Q

The two main compartments of ECF are

A

INTRAVASCULAR FLUID (PLASMA)
INTERSTITIAL FLUID

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7
Q

found within the cells of the body

A

INTRACELLULAR FLUID (ICF)

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8
Q

INTRACELLULAR FLUID (ICF) is _______ of the total body fluid in adults

A

2/3

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9
Q

found outside the cells

A

EXTRACELLULAR FLUID (ECF)

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10
Q

1/3 of the total body fluid

A

EXTRACELLULAR FLUID (ECF)

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11
Q

EXTRACELLULAR FLUID (ECF) is _____ of the total body fluid

A

1/3

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12
Q

20% of the ECF

A

INTRAVASCULAR FLUID (PLASMA)

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13
Q

found within the vascular system

A

INTRAVASCULAR FLUID (PLASMA)

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14
Q

INTRAVASCULAR FLUID (PLASMA) is ____ of the ECF

A

20%

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15
Q

75% of the ECF

A

INTERSTITIAL FLUID

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16
Q

surrounds the cells

A

INTERSTITIAL FLUID

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17
Q

INTERSTITIAL FLUID is ___ of the ECF

A

75%

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18
Q

COMPOSITION OF BODY FLUIDS

A

Ions
Cations
Anions
Electrolytes

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19
Q

charged particles

A

Ions

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20
Q

ions that carry a positive charge

A

Cations

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21
Q

ions that carry a negative charge

A

Anions

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22
Q

minerals in the body that have electrical charge

A

Electrolytes

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23
Q

chemicals from which ions are made

A

Electrolytes

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24
Q

Ex. of Cations:

A
  1. Sodium (Na+)
  2. Potassium (K+)
  3. Calcium (Ca++)
  4. Magnesium (Mg++
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25
Q

Ex. of Anions:

A
  1. Chloride (Cl-)
  2. Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
  3. Phosphate (HPO4–)
  4. Sulfate (SO4–)
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26
Q

Electrolytes are generally measured in

A

milliequivalents per Liter of water (mEq/L) or milligrams per 100 milliliters (mg/100mL)

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27
Q

MOVEMENT OF BODY FLUIDS AND ELECTROLYTES

A

◎ Osmosis
◎ Diffusion
◎ Filtration
◎ Active Transport

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28
Q

________________ are selectively permeable/semi-permeable to solutes.

A

Membranes

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29
Q

Membranes are ________________________ to solutes.

A

selectively permeable/semi-permeable

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30
Q

Movement of water across cell membranes, from the less concentrated solution to the more concentrated solution

A

Osmosis

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31
Q

substances dissolved in a liquid

A

Solute

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32
Q

component that can dissolve a solute

A

Solvent

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33
Q

the concentration of solutes in body fluids

A

Osmolality

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34
Q

power of a solution to draw water across a semipermeable membrane

A

Osmotic Pressure

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35
Q

Osmolality is reported as

A

solute per kilogram of water

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36
Q

pulls water from the interstitial space into the vascular
compartment

A

Colloid Osmotic Pressure (Oncotic Pressure)

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37
Q

solute and solvent are equal

A

Isotonic solution

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38
Q

higher osmolality than body fluids

A

Hypertonic solution

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39
Q

cells shrink

A

Hypertonic solution

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40
Q

lower osmolality than body fluids

A

Hypotonic solution

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41
Q

cells swell

A

Hypotonic solution

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42
Q

Movement of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

A

Diffusion

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43
Q

Fluid and solutes move together across a membranes from an area of higher pressure to one of lower pressure

A

Filtration

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44
Q

pressure in the compartment that results in the movement

A

Filtration pressure

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45
Q

pressure exerted by a fluid within a closed system on the walls of the container in which it is contained.

A

Hydrostatic pressure

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46
Q

Substances can move across cell membranes from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated one

A

Active Transport

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47
Q

It differs from diffusion and osmosis in that metabolic energy is expended

A

Active Transport

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48
Q

Active Transport differs from diffusion and osmosis in that ___________________________

A

metabolic energy is expended

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49
Q

A substance combines with a carrier on the outside surface of the cell membrane.

A

Active Transport

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50
Q

Fluid Intake
◎ An average adult needs ______________ per day.

A

2,500 mL

51
Q

Average Daily Fluid Intake for an Adult

A

Oral fluids - 1200–1500
Water in foods - 1000
Water as by-product of food metabolism- 200

52
Q

primary regulator of fluid intake

A

Thirst mechanism

53
Q

thirst center is located in the

A

hypothalamus of the brain

54
Q

it takes __________________________ for the fluid to be absorbed and distributed throughout the body

A

30 minutes to 1 hour

55
Q

Fluid losses that counterbalance the adult’s 2,500-mL average fluid intake

A

Fluid Output

56
Q

Average Daily Fluid Output for an Adult

A

Urine - 1,400 to 1,500 mL
Insensible Losses
- Lungs (water vapor in the expired air) - 350 mL to 400 mL
- Skin - 350 mL to 400 mL
Sweat - 100 mL
Feces - 100 mL to 200 mL

57
Q

Total of Average Daily Fluid Output for an Adult

A

2,300-2,600 mL

58
Q

Homeostatic regulators/mechanisms:

A
  1. Kidneys
  2. Antidiuretic Hormone
  3. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
  4. Atrial Natriuretic Factor
59
Q

Primary regulator of body fluids and electrolyte balance

A

Kidneys

60
Q

Regulates water and electrolyte secretion

A

Kidneys

61
Q

Plays a significant role in acid-base regulation, excreting hydrogen ion (H+) and retaining bicarbonate

A

Kidneys

62
Q

Kidneys plays a significant role in

A

acid-base regulation, excreting hydrogen ion (H+) and retaining bicarbonate

63
Q

Regulates water excretion from the kidney

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

64
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) is synthesized in the

A

anterior portion of the hypothalamus

65
Q

is synthesized in the anterior portion of the hypothalamus

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

66
Q

Produced when serum osmolality rises

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

67
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) is preduced when

A

serum osmolality rises

68
Q

is suppressed when serum osmolality decreases

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

69
Q

Restore blood volume (and renal perfusion) through sodium and water retention

A

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

70
Q

When blood flow or pressure to kidneys decreases, __________ is released

A

renin

71
Q

causes the conversion of angiotensin to angiotensin I, which is
converted to angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme

A

Renin

72
Q

Renin causes the conversion of angiotensin to ___________________ which is converted to ______________________ by ________________________

A

angiotensin I; angiotensin II; angiotensin-converting enzyme

73
Q

acts directly on the nephrons to promote Sodium and
water retention

A

Angiotensin II

74
Q

Stimulates the release of Aldosterone from the adrenal cortex

A

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

75
Q

It promotes sodium retention

A

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

76
Q

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

A
  1. When blood flow or pressure to kidneys decreases, renin is released.
  2. Renin causes the conversion of angiotensin to angiotensin I, which is converted to angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme.
  3. Angiotensin II acts directly on the nephrons to promote Sodium and water retention.
  4. Stimulates the release of Aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. It promotes sodium retention.
77
Q

Released from cells in the atrium of the heart in response to excess blood volume and stretching the atrial walls

A

Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF)

78
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF) is released from _________________________ in response to excess blood volume and stretching the atrial walls

A

cells in the atrium of the heart

79
Q

Promotes sodium wasting and acts as a potent diuretic, thus reducing vascular volume

A

Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF)

80
Q

Reduces thirst, reducing fluid intake

A

Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF)

81
Q

Importance of electrolytes:

A
  1. Maintaining fluid balance
  2. Contributing to acid-base regulation
  3. Facilitating enzyme reactions
  4. Transmitting neuromuscular reactions
82
Q

Ex. of Electrolytes

A

Sodium (Na+)
Potassium (K+)
Calcium (Ca++)
Magnesium (Mg++)
Chloride (Cl-)
Phosphate (PO4-)
Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

83
Q

Most abundant cation in the ECF and a major contribution to serum osmolality

A

Sodium (Na+)

84
Q

Normal Value of Sodium (Na+)

A

135-145 mEq/L

85
Q

Aids in transmitting nerve impulses and contracting muscles

A

Sodium (Na+)

86
Q

Major cation in ICF, with only small amount found in ECF

A

Potassium (K+)

87
Q

Normal serum levels of Potassium (K+)

A

3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L

88
Q

Vital electrolyte for skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle activity

A

Potassium (K+)

89
Q

Must be consumed everyday because the body cannot conserve it

A

Potassium (K+)

90
Q

Sources of Potassium (K+)

A

avocado, raw carrot, spinach, dried fruits, banana, apricot, orange, beef, pork, milk

91
Q

__________ of Calcium is found in the skeletal system, with a
relatively small amount in the ECF

A

99%

92
Q

99% of ____________ is found in the skeletal system, with a
relatively small amount in the ECF

A

Calcium

93
Q

99% of Calcium is found in the_____________, with a
relatively small amount in the ECF

A

skeletal system

94
Q

Vital in regulating muscle contraction and relaxation, neuromuscular function, and cardiac function

A

Calcium

95
Q

Normal total serum levels of Calcium

A

8.5-10.5 mg/dL

96
Q

Normal ionized serum levels of Calcium

A

4-5 mg/dL

97
Q

increase serum Ca++ levels

A

Parathyroid hormone and calcitriol

98
Q

decreases serum levels

A

calcitonin

99
Q

Daily intake should be ______________ of Calcium

A

1,000-1,500 mg

100
Q

Primarily found in the skeleton and in ICF

A

Magnesium (Mg++)

101
Q

Magnesium (Mg++) is primarily found in the

A

skeleton and in ICF

102
Q

Second most abundant ICF cation

A

Magnesium (Mg++)

103
Q

Normal serum levels of Magnesium (Mg++)

A

1.5 to 2.5 mEq/L

104
Q

Aids in relaxing muscle contractions, transmitting nerve impulses, regulating cardiac function, and intracellular metabolism.

A

Magnesium (Mg++)

105
Q

Sources of Magnesium

A

cereal grains, nuts, dried fruits, legumes, green, leafy vegetables, dairy products, meat, fish

106
Q

Major anion of the ECF

A

Chloride (Cl-)

107
Q

Normal serum levels of Chloride

A

95 to 108 mg/dL

108
Q

When sodium is reabsorbed in the kidney, ______________ usually follows

A

chloride

109
Q

Major component of gastric juice (HCl), and is involved
in regulating acid-base balance

A

chloride

110
Q

Found in the same foods as Sodium

A

chloride

111
Q

Major anion of ICF

A

Phosphate (PO4-)

112
Q

Also found in the ECF, bone, skeletal muscle, and nerve tissue.

A

Phosphate (PO4-)

113
Q

Normal serum levels of Phosphate

A

2.5 to 4.5 mg/dL

114
Q

Aids in metabolizing Carbohydrate, Protein, and Fat; it is absorbed in the intestines

A

Phosphate (PO4-)

115
Q

Sources of Phosphate

A

meat, fish, poultry, milk products, legumes

116
Q

Present in both ICF and ECF

A

Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

117
Q

Primary function is to regulate acid-base balance
(major body buffer)

A

Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

118
Q

major body buffer

A

Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

119
Q

Regenerated by the kidneys

A

Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

120
Q

Bicarbonate (HCO3-) is regenerated by the

A

kidneys

121
Q

ECF bicarbonate levels are regulated by the

A

kidneys

122
Q

Produced through metabolic processes

A

Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

123
Q
A

Fundamentals in Nursing - Lecture (10 decks)

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