Asepsis and Infection Control Flashcards
are directly involved in providing a biologically safe environment
Nurses
freedom from disease-causing microorganisms
Asepsis
Two Types of Asepsis:
- Medical Asepsis/clean technique
- Surgical asepsis/aseptic technique
all practices intended to confine a specific microorganism to an area.
Medical Asepsis/clean technique
practices that keep an area or object free from all microorganism
Surgical asepsis/aseptic technique
state of infection and can take many forms, including
septic shock.
Sepsis
Types of microorganisms that cause infections: FOUR CATEGORIES:
- Bacteria
- Viruses
- Fungi
- Parasites
The most-common infection-causing microorganism
BACTERIA
Can be transported through air, water, food, soil, body tissues and fluids, and inanimate objects.
BACTERIA
- Consist primarily of nucleic acid
- Must enter living cells in order to reproduce
VIruses
Common examples of Viruses:
- Rhinovirus (colds)
- Hepatitis
- Herpes
- HIV
- SARS-CoV-2
virus that causes colds
Rhinovirus
Yeasts and molds
FUNGI
yeast considered to be normal flora in the human vagina
Candida albicans
- Live on other living organisms.
- Protozoas
PARASITES
Examples of Parasites:
- Malaria
- Helminths (worms)
- Anthropods (mites, fleas, ticks)
microorganisms invades body part where the host’s defense
mechanisms are ineffective; pathogens causes tissue damage
INFECTION
Types of Infection
- Local
- Systemic
- Acute
- Chronic
Limited to a specific part of the body
Local
The microorganism spread and damage different body parts
Systemic
- sudden
- Last a short time
Acute
- Slowly
- May last months or years
Chronic
blood culture is (+) of microorganisms
Bacteremia
bacteremia resulting in systemic infection
Septicemia
Associated with the deliver of health care services in a health care facility
NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS
types of NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS
Endogenous or exogenous
Common microorganisms in NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS:
- Escherichia coli
- Staphylococcus aureus
- enterococci
Direct result of diagnostic or therapeutic infections
IATROGENIC INFECTION
Common example of IATROGENIC INFECTION:
IV infiltration or extravasation
Methods of Transmission
- Direct Transmission
- Indirect Transmission
- Airborne Transmission
TYpes of Indirect Transmission
a. Vehicle-born transmission
b. Vector-borne transmission
Immediate and direct transfer; or if the source and host are 3 feet of each other
Direct Transmission
touching, biting, kissing, sexual intercourse
Direct Transmission
Sneezing, coughing, spitting, talking
Direct Transmission
Droplets or dustcontaining infectious agents that is transmitted in the air/remain in the air for long periods.
Airborne Transmission
substance that serves as an intermediate means to transport /introduce an infectious agent
Vehicle
inanimate objects/materials
Fomite
animal or insect that serves as an intermediate means to
transport an infectious agent
Vector
CATEGORIES of body defenses:
- Nonspecific Defenses
- Specific Defenses
Types of Nonspecific Defenses
a. Anatomic and Physiologic Barriers
b. Inflammatory Response
Types of Specific Defenses
a. Antibody-mediated Defenses
b. Cell-mediated Defenses
- Intact skin and mucous membranes
- Nasal passages: cilia
- Body orifice: saliva
- Eye: tears
- Stomach: high acidity
- Vagina: Lactobacilli
Anatomic and Physiologic Barriers
Nasal passages
cilia
Body orifice
saliva
Eye
tears
Stomach
high acidity
Vagina
Lactobacilli
defensive response of the tissues to an injurious or infectious agent
Inflammation
5 signs of Inflammation:
- Pain
- Swelling
- Redness
- Heat
- Impaired function of the part, if severe.
part of body’s plasma proteins
Antibodies/Immunoglobulins
major types of Antibodies/Immunoglobulins:
active and passive
Host produces antibodies in response to artificial antigens
(vaccines) or natural antigens (infectious microorganisms)
Active Immunity
- Acquired
- The host receives natural (e.g., from a nursing mother) or artificial (e.g., from an immune serum) antibodies produced by another source.
Passive Immunity
- lymphoid tissues release large numbers ofactivated T cells into the lymph system.
- these T cells pass into the general circulation.
Cell-mediated defenses/cellular immunity
FACTORS INCREASING SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFECTION
- Age
- Heredity
- Level of Stress
- Nutritional Status
- Current medical therapy
- Preexisting medical process
newborns and older adults have reduced defenses against infection
Age
some people have genetic susceptibility to certain infections
Heredity
stress elevates blood cortisone decreases anti-inflammatory responses.
Level of Stress
antibodies are proteins; Therefore, the body needs enough
protein to boost immune system.
Nutritional Status
used on skin or tissue
Antiseptic
used on inanimate objects
Disinfectant
Antiseptic and Disinfectant both have ______________________________________
bacteriostatic and bactericidal
destroys all microorganisms
Sterilization
Methods of Sterilization
- Moist Heat
- Gas
- Boiling Water
- Radiation
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)
- Gloves
- Gowns
- Mask
- Eyewear
TRANSMISSION-BASED PRECAUTION
- Airborne Precaution
- Droplet Precaution
- Contact Precaution
- Private room that has a negative pressure; room with another client infected with the same microorganism
- N95 respirator
- surgical mask on the patient during transport
Airborne Precaution
- Private room; room with another client infected with the same microorganism
- mask if working within 3 feet
- surgical mask on the patient during transport
Droplet Precaution
- Private room; room with another client infected with the same microorganism
- gloves; gown if with possibility of contact with infected surfaces
Contact Precaution
