Concept of Nursing Flashcards
has been called the oldest of arts and the youngest of professions
Nursing
The term ‘Nurse’ evolved from the Latin word ___________ which means ___________________________________
Nutrix; to nourish or to cherish
introduces a thorough assessment of patients, the nursing process, communication between nurse and patient, cultural differences, functional health patterns, and the
overall framework of nursing practice.
Fundamentals of Nursing
forms the first foundational component of Nursing
concept of man
Two Approaches in studying Man
- Atomistic Approach
- Holistic Approach
Viewing man as an organism only (view cells, tissues, organs - body structures only)
Atomistic Approach
ex. of Atomistic Approach
Taking blood pressure of the patient
Viewing man as an organism with interrelated and interdependent parts functioning to produce a behavior which is acceptable or unacceptable to him/her or to the society.
Holistic Approach
ex. of Holistic Approach
Nursing interaction with the patient
All living organisms are interacting unified thatare more than the mere sum of his parts; any disturbance affects the whole being
Holistic Theory
Human life must be balanced and harmonized
with the other forms of nature. Disturbance may result in illness.
Holistic Theory
Presence or absence of disease
Health
state of being well and using every power the individual
possesses to the fullest extent
Health
a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Health
Reflects concern for the individual as a total person functioning physically, psychologically and socially
Health
is a state of well-being.
Wellness
Basic aspects of wellness include
- self-responsibility
- an ultimate goal
- a dynamic, growing process
- daily decision making in the areas of nutrition, stress management, physical fitness, preventive health care, and emotional health
- the whole being of the individual.
is a subjective perception of vitality and feeling well that
can be described objectively, experienced, and measured
Well-being
7 Components of wellness
Environmental
Social
Emotional
Physical
Spiritua
Intellectual
Occupational
The ability to promote health measures that improve the standard of living and quality of life in the community. This includes influences such as food, water, and air
Environmental
The ability to interact successfully with people and within the environment of which each person is a part, to develop and maintain intimacy with significant others, and to develop respect and tolerance for those with different opinions and beliefs.
Social
The ability to manage stress and to express emotions appropriately. This involves the ability to recognize, accept, and express feelings and to accept one’s limitations.
Emotional
The ability to carry out daily tasks, achieve fitness (e.g., pulmonary, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal), maintain adequate nutrition and proper body fat, avoid abusing drugs and alcohol or using tobacco products, and generally practice positive lifestyle habits.
Physical
The belief in some force (nature, science, religion, or a higher power) that serves to unite human beings and provide meaning and purpose to life. It includes a person’s own morals, values, and ethics.
Spiritual
The ability to learn and use information effectively for personal, family, and career development. This involves striving for continued growth and learning to deal with new challenges effectively.
Intellectual
The ability to achieve a balance between work and leisure time. A person’s beliefs about education, employment, and home influence personal satisfaction and relationships
with others.
Occupational
is a highly personal state in which the person’s physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental or spiritual functioning is thought to be diminished
Illness
Factors and Issues Affecting Health and Illness
Internal Variables
External Variables
Internal Variables
- Biologic dimension
- Psychological dimension
- Cognitive dimension
Genetic makeup, sex, age, and developmental level all significantly influence a person’s health
Biologic dimension
(Emotional) factors influencing health include mind– body interactions and self-concept.
Psychological dimension
Intellectual factors influencing health include lifestyle choices and spiritual and religious beliefs.
Cognitive dimension
External Variables
- Physical environment
- Standards of living
- Family and cultural beliefs
- Social support networks
Totality of services offered by all health disciplines
Health Care Delivery System
Health Care Delivery System
Major purpose:
to provide care to people who were ill or injured
Types of Health Care Services
- Primary Prevention
- Secondary Prevention
- Tertiary Prevention
Primary Prevention
Health Promotion and Illness Prevention
- Legislation and enforcement to ban or control the use of hazardous products (e.g. asbestos)
- Mandate on safe and healthy practices (e.g. use of seatbelts and bike helmets)
- Education about healthy and safe habits (e.g. adequate and proper nutrition, weight control and exercise, stress reduction, not smoking)
Primary Prevention: Health Promotion and Illness Prevention
Preventive measures that lead to early diagnosis and prompt treatment of a disease, illness or injury. This should limit disability, impairment or dependency and prevent more severe health problems developing in the future.
Secondary Prevention: Diagnosis and Treatment
- Helping people manage long-term, often complex health problems and injuries (e.g. chronic diseases, permanent impairments)
- e.g. cardiac or stroke rehabilitation programs, chronic disease management programs (e.g. for diabetes, arthritis, depression); support groups that allow members to share strategies for living well; vocational rehabilitation programs to retrain workers
Tertiary Prevention: Rehabilitation, Health Restoration, and Palliative Care
Levels of Care
- Health promotion
- Disease prevention
- Health maintenance
- Curative
- Rehabilitative
ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF A NURSE
- CAREGIVER
- COMMUNICATOR
- TEACHER
- PATIENT ADVOCATE
- COUNSELOR
- CHANGE AGENT
- LEADER
- MANAGER
- CASE MANAGER
- RESEARCH CONSUMER
Activities that assist client physically and psychologically
while preserving the client’s dignity.
The nursing actions may involve full care for the completely
dependent client, partial care for the partially dependent client and supportive-educative care to assist clients in attaining their highest possible level of health and wellness.
Caregiver
emphasizes that the whole person is greater than the sum of their parts.
Holistic care
is integral to all nursing roles. Nurses communicate with the client, support persons, other health care professionals and people in the community
Communication
The nurse understands that effective communication techniques can help improve the healthcare environment
Communicator
The nurse helps the clients learn about their health and the health care procedures they need to perform to restore or maintain their heal
Teacher
- acts to protect the client. The nurse represents the client’s needs and wishes to other health professionals, such as relaying wishes for information to the physician.
- Exercising client’s rights and help them speak for themselves.
Client Advocate
Process of helping a client to recognize and cope with
stressful psychologic or social problems, to develop
improved personal relationship and promote personal growth.
Counselor
- Assisting to make modifications in patient’s own behavior.
- Nurses are continually dealing with change in the health care system.
Change Agent
Influences others to work together to accomplish a specific goal
Leader
Delegate nursing activities to ancillary workers, other nurses; and supervises and evaluates their performance.
Manager
- Work with the multidisciplinary health care team to measure the effectiveness of the case management plan and to monitor outcomes.
- Ensures that care is oriented to the client while controlling the cost
Case Manager
Nurses use research to improve client care
Research Consumer
is defined as occupation that requires extensive education or a calling that requires special knowledge, skill and preparation.
Profession
refers to the professional character, spirit or methods. It is a set of attributes, a way of life that implies responsibility
and commitment
Professionalism
is the process of becoming professional, that is, acquiring
characteristics considers to be professional
Professionalization
the hallmark of a profession
altruism
selfless concern for others
altruism
QUALITIES OF A NURSE
- High Standards of Professionalism
- Never-Ending Diligence
- Exceptional Communication Skills
- Effective Interpersonal Skills
- Attention to Detail
- Quick Problem-Solving Abilities
- Action-Oriented
- Empathetic Disposition
- Solid Stamina
- Sense of Humor
Carper’s Four Patterns of Knowing
a. Nursing Sciences
b. Nursing Ethics
c. Nursing Esthetics
d. Personal Knowledge
refers to the way of perceiving and understanding self and the world
Knowing
refers to knowing that is expressed in a form that can be shared and communicated to others.
Knowledge
- The component of moral knowledge in nursing
- Guides and directs how nurses conduct their practice
Ethics
the art of nursing
Aesthetic knowing
- Expressed through:
◦ Actions, bearing, conduct, attitudes, narrative and interaction
◦ Knowing what to do without conscious deliberation - Involves:
◦ Deep appreciation of the meaning of a situation
◦ Moves beyond the surface of a situation
◦ Often shared without conscious exchange of words ◦
Transformative art/acts
◦ Brings together all the elements of a nursing care situation
to create a meaningful whole
Aesthetic knowing: the art of nursing
the science of nursing
emperics
- Based on the assumption that what is known is accessible through the physical senses: seeing, touching and hearing.
- Reality exists and truths about it can be understood
- A pattern of knowing that draws on traditional ideas of science
- Expressed in practice as scientific competence
Empirics: the science of nursing
Legislation and enforcement to ban or control
the use of hazardous products (e.g. asbestos)
Primary Prevention
Mandate on safe and healthy practices
Primary Prevention
Education about healthy and safe habits
Primary Prevention
Magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI)
Secondary Prevention
Radiologic diagnostic
Secondary Prevention
procedures
screening tests to detect disease in its
earliest stages
Secondary Prevention
use of seatbelts and bike helmets
Primary Prevention
adequate and proper nutrition
Primary Prevention
weight control and exercise
Primary Prevention
stress reduction, not smoking
Primary Prevention
cardiac or stroke rehabilitation programs
Tertiary Prevention
chronic diseases
Tertiary Prevention
permanent impairments
Tertiary Prevention
support groups that allow members to share strategies for living well
Tertiary Prevention
vocational rehabilitation programs to retrain workers
Tertiary Prevention
“The unique function of the nurse
is to assist the individual, sick or
well, in the performance of those
activities contributing to health or
its recovery (or to peaceful
death)”.
Virginia Henderson
“The act of utilizing the environment
of the patient to assist him in his
recovery”
Florence Nightingale
The role of ________________ includes all of the
tasks and skills that we associate with
nursing care, but also includes the
other elements that make up the whole
person.
caregiver
is a learned
process requiring an understanding
of the needs and goals that
motivate people, knowledge to
apply leadership skills and
interpersonal skills to influence others.
Effective leadership
Important aspect of
professional status. In
modern times, the trend in
education for the
professions has shifted
toward programs in
colleges and universities.
Specialized Education
