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PCC4 > Fluid and Electrolytes: Hyper/Hypoparathyroidism > Flashcards

Fluid and Electrolytes: Hyper/Hypoparathyroidism Flashcards

1
Q

What does the parathyroid gland secrete?

A

Parathyroid hormone

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2
Q

What triggers the secretion of the parathyroid hormone?

A

Calcium levels

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3
Q

What do PTH and Calcitonin do?

A

They work together to maintain the balance of calcium in the blood

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4
Q

How does PTH control calcium and phosphorus?

A

Increases calcium absorption by the kidneys; decreases phosphorus through excretion

PTH regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism by acting on bones, the kidneys, and the GI tract

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5
Q

What are the risks if the parathyroid glands are injured or removed?

A

The patient may develop hypocalcemia

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6
Q

What are the causes of hyperparathyroidism?

A
  1. parathyroid tumor or cancer
  2. Congenital hyperplasia
  3. Neck trauma or radiation
  4. Vitamin D deficiency
  5. Chronic kidney disease with hypocalcemia
  6. Parathyroid hormone-secreting carcinomas of the lung, kidney or GI tract
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7
Q

What are the causes of hypothyroidism

A
  1. Surgical or radiation-induces thyroid ablation
  2. parathyroidectomy
  3. Congenital dysgenesis
  4. Idiopathic (autoimmune) hypoparathyroidism
  5. Hypomagnesemia
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8
Q

What is hyperparathyroidism?

A
  1. results from an increase in the secretion of parathyroid hormone, which regulates normal serum levels of calcium
  2. affects the kidneys and bones resulting in an increased resorption of calcium
  3. increased the risk of hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia
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9
Q

What populations are more at risk of Hyperparathyroidism?

A
  1. older adults

2. More often in women

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10
Q

What are the cardiovascular symptoms of hyperparathyroidism?

A
  1. dysrhythmias
  2. hypertension
  3. Increased sensitivity to cardiotonic glycosides (digitalis preparations)
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11
Q

What are the musculoskeletal symptoms of hyperparathyroidism?

A

Muscle weakness and atrophy

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12
Q

What are the renal symptoms of hyperparathyroidism?

A
  1. metabolic acidosis
  2. Renal calculi formation
  3. Polyruia
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13
Q

What are the GI symptoms of hyperparathyroidism?

A
  1. Abdominal pain
  2. Constipation
  3. Anorexia
  4. Peptic ulcer formation
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14
Q

What are some treatments for mild hypercalcemia due to hyperparathyroidism?

A
  1. drink fluids and keep active
  2. avoid immobilization, thiazide diuretics, large doses of Vitamins A and D, antacids containing calcium, and calcium supplements
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15
Q

What are some treatments for severe hypercalcemia due to hyperparathyroidism?

A
  1. requires hospitalization
  2. Intensive treatment with IV saline
  3. Medications to inhibit bone resorption and reduce hypercalcemia
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16
Q

Why may surgery be needed for hyperparathyroidism?

A

The parathyroid glands affected by hyperplasia or adenoma may need to be removed

17
Q

What is hypoparathyroidism?

A
  1. results from abnormally low PTH level
  2. Most common case is damage to or inadvertent removal of all the parathyroid glands during thyroidectomy
  3. Lack of PTH causes hypocalcemia and an elevated blood phosphate level
18
Q

What are the musculoskeletal manifestations of hypoparathyroidism?

A
  1. muscle spasms
  2. facial grimacing
  3. carpopedal spasms
  4. Tetany or convulsions
19
Q

What are the integumentary manifestations of hypoparathyroidism?

A
  1. brittle nails
  2. Hair loss
  3. dry scaly skin
20
Q

What are the GI manifestations of Hypoparathyroidism?

A

abdominal cramps and malabsorption

21
Q

What is a cardiovascular manifestation of hypoparathyroidism?

A

Dysrhythmias

22
Q

What are the CNS manifestations of Hypoparathyroidism?

A
  1. paresthesia (lips, hands, and feet)
  2. Mood disorders (irritability, depression, anxiety)
  3. Hyperactive reflexes
  4. Psychosis
  5. Increased intracranial pressure
23
Q

What are the treatments for hypoparathyroidism?

A
  1. intravenous calcium gluconate is given immediately to reduce tetany
  2. Long term therapy includes supplemental calcium, increased dietary calcium, and vitamin D therapy

PCC4 (38 decks)

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