Calcium Imbalances Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of calcium?

A
  1. neuromuscular transmission
  2. control of muscle contraction
  3. blood clotting
  4. bone and teeth formation
  5. Cellular membrane functioning
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2
Q

What is considered hypercalcemia?

A

Serum calcium >11

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3
Q

What things can cause hypercalcemia?

A
  1. hyperparathyroidism
  2. bone malignancy
  3. drug toxicity
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4
Q

What are the manifestations of hypercalcemia?

A
  1. fatigue, weakness
  2. Decreased DTR
  3. Headache and impaired cognition
  4. Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation
  5. lethargy
  6. polyuria
  7. renal calculi
  8. cardiac dysrhyhmias
  9. conjunctival calcifications
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5
Q

How is hypercalcemia typically managed?

A
  1. partial parathyroidectomy
  2. discontinuation of thiazide diuretics
  3. vitamin and mineral supplements
  4. low calcium diet
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6
Q

What is the acronym used to remember hypercalcemia causes?

A

CHIMPAN

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7
Q

What does CHIMPAN stand for?

A
Calcium supplements
Hyperparathyroidism
Immobilization
Multiple myeloma
Parathyroid hyperplasia
Alcohol
Neoplasm
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8
Q

What is considered hypocalcemia?

A

serum level <9

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9
Q

What things can cause hypocalcemia?

A
  1. transfusion of large volume of citrated blood
  2. decreased parathyroid hormone
  3. Elevated serum phosphorus
  4. Decreased magnesium levels
  5. Hypoalbuminemia
  6. Alkalosis
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10
Q

What are the manifestations of hypocalcemia?

A
  1. bradycardia and hypotension
  2. numbness and tingling of the fingers
  3. Hyperactive reflexes and muscle cramps
  4. Laryngeal spasms
  5. Tetany
  6. Confusion and possible seizures
  7. Pathologic fractures
  8. Trousseau sign and Chvostek sign
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11
Q

How is hypocalcemia typically managed?

A

Severe symptoms are managed with IV replacement of calcium at a moderate rate

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12
Q

What is the Acronym to remember the s/s of hypocalcemia?

A

CATS

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13
Q

What does CATS stand for?

A

Convulsions
Arrhythmias
Tetany
Strider and spasms

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