Addiction: Smoking Addiction/Substance Abuse in Pregnancy Flashcards
What is the pathophysiology of nicotine?
- stimulates nicotinic receptors in the brain to release dopamine and epinephrine causing vasoconstriction
- increases mental alertness, cognitive ability, eventually depresses those responses
- often have difficulty falling asleep because nicotine acts as a stimulant
- Nicotine dependence results from chronic use
What are some withdrawal symptoms of nicotine addiction?
- craving
- nervousness
- restlessness
- Irritability
- Impatience
- Increased hostility
- Insomnia
- Weight gain
How much does secondhand smoke exposure increase lung cancer risk?
by 20-30%
What are the risk factors for nicotine addiction?
- emotions
- social pressure
- lack of education
- Alcohol use
- age
- Lower socioeconomic status
What are some ways to prevent tobacco use?
- counter-advertising mass-media campaigns
- school-based tobacco use prevention policies and programs
- Community interventions that reduce tobacco advertising
- Higher costs for tobacco products through increased excise taxes
What are some signs and symptoms of tobacco/nicotine usage?
- increased risk for heart disease, cancers of many types, COPD, HTN, stroke, macular degeneration, cataracts, PVD
- Deep voice from trauma to vocal cords
- Chronic cough
What does nicotine replacement therapy involve?
- relieves physiological effects of withdrawal
- transdermal patches
- gums
- nicotine inhalers
- Nasal Sprays
What complementary therapy could be used to help stop smoking?
- hypnotherapy
- acupuncture
- Yoga
- Massage
What nursing interventions are there for patients who have a nicotine addiction?
- serve as a role model by not smoking
- provide education information regarding dangers of smoking
- Help make smoking socially unacceptable
- Suggest resources
- Help young adults recognize, resist marketing efforts of tobacco industry
What are some teratogens?
- pesticides, viruses, medications
2. tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drugs
When is the greatest risk for abnormalities if a pregnant woman is exposed to a teratogen?
during the first trimester
What are some substances that are commonly abused during pregnancy?
- caffeine (coffee, teas, colas, chocolate)
- alcohol
- cocaine and crack
- marijuana
- Phencyclidine
- MDMA (Ecstasy)
- Heroin
- Methadone
- Tobacco
What are some things to remember about alcohol being abused during pregnancy?
- birth defects related to exposure occur during the first 3-8 weeks of gestation
- Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
- Maternal health can be affected
- Alcohol is excreted in breast milk
What are some things to remember about cocaine and crack being abused during pregnancy?
- powerful stimulant that acts at the nerve terminals to prevent the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine
- Results in Vasoconstriction, tachycardia, and HTN
- IV injection or snorting powdered form
- Crack can be smoked
What are some things to remember about marijuana being abused during pregnancy?
- no strong evidence marijuana has teratogenic effects on the fetus
- Associated with newborn’s increased startles and tremors