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NUR 230 > Fluid and Electrolyte Balance > Flashcards

Fluid and Electrolyte Balance Flashcards

1
Q

what is fluid and electrolyte balance

A

process of regulating the extracellular fluid volume, body fluid osmolality, and plasma concentrations of electrolytes

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2
Q

where is fluid found

A

ecf
icf
bvs
lymphatics

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3
Q

how does fluid move

A

intake
absorptn (except iv)
distribution
ouput

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4
Q

what is extracellular fluid volume

A

fluid (h20 plus substances dissolved in it) outside of cells

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5
Q

what is body fluid osmolality

A

degree of concentration of substances in the fluid

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6
Q

what is plasma concentrations of electrolytes

A

vary for diff parts of the body to maintain optimal fxn, common electrolytes are potassium, sodium, mag, calcium

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7
Q

decreased intake and normal output

A

ECV deficit
high osmolality
plasma electrolyte deficits

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8
Q

normal intake and increased output

A

ecv deficit
high osmolality
plasma electroltye deficits

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9
Q

what can cause normal intake but increased output

A

diuretics
v/d

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10
Q

excessive or too rapid intake and normal output

A

ecv excess
low osmolality
plasma electrolye excesses

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11
Q

what can cause excessive or too rapid intake and normal output

A

iv fluids

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12
Q

normal intake decreased output

A

ecv excess
low osmolality
plasma electrolye excesses

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13
Q

what can cause normal intake and decreased output

A

renal failure

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14
Q

infant risk factors

A

high metabolic rate
immature kideys
more rapid resp rate (breathing off more water vapor)
proportionally greater body surface area

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15
Q

risk factors elderly

A

thrist sensation blunted
kidneys less able to respond to ADH
impaired ability to conserve eater
less lean body mass

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16
Q

how does fluid imbalance affect perfusion

A

optimal bp…optimal perfusion
optimal perfusion…transport of 02 to tissues

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17
Q

what is the effect of excess ecv on o2

A

distance of o2 to diffuse (blood capillary to alveoli)
fluid in alveoli

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18
Q

Effect of ecv deficit on oxygenation

A

imapired delivery of o2

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19
Q

effect of osmolality on brain

A

sodium increased or decreased can shrivel or shrink cells and cause loc change

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20
Q

how should osmolalty/ sodium imbalances be managed

A

dont want rapid changes in sodium/osmolality d/t risk of seizures

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21
Q

neuromusciular fxn on hyper/hypokalemia

A

affects resting membrane potential
muscle fxn
cardiac dysrhythmias

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22
Q

neurimuscular fxn on hypocalcemia/hypomagnesemia

A

increased neuromsucluar exictability

23
Q

neuromuscular fxn on hypercalcemia/hypermagnesemia

A

decreased neuromuscular excitabilty

24
Q

cause of ecv deficit

A

output normal, intake of na+, and h20 too low
fluid shift from ecv to 3rd space (not vascular or interstitial) (ex abd cavity….acscites)
output increased, not balanced by intake of na+ and h20

25
Q

cause of ecv excess

A

output less than excessive or too rapid intake of na+ and h20
output decreased not balanced by decreased intake of na+ and h20

26
Q

what is edema

A

NOT 3RD SPACING
shift into interstitial space

27
Q

what can also cause fluid shift

A

low albumin- keeps fluid in intravascular space

28
Q

causes of hypernatremia

A

body fluids too concentrated, osmolality too high
output normal, but intake of h20 too low
increased output not balanced by intake of h20

29
Q

causes of hyponatremia

A

body fluids too dilute, osmality too low
output less than excessive pr too rapid intake of h20
decreased output not balanced by decreased intake of h20

30
Q

what is the difference btwn osmolality and fluid balance

A

changes of intake and output are associated with too much/ little water….not sodium

31
Q

causes of hypokalemia

A

output normal but intake of K+ too low
increased output not balanced by increased k+
rapid shift of k+ from ecf into cells

32
Q

causes of hyperkalemia

A

output less than excessive or too rapid k+
decreased output no balanced by decreased k+ intake
rapid shift of k+ from cell into ecf

33
Q

causes of hypocalcemia

A

output normal, but ca2+ intake/absorption too low
increased output not balanced by increased ca2+ intake/absorption
ca2+ shift from ecf into bone or physiological unavailable form
hypoparathyroidism

34
Q

causes of hypercalcemia

A

output less than excessive ca2+ intake/absorption
decreased output not balanced by decreased ca2+ intake
ca2+ shift from bone into ecf
hyperparathyroidism

35
Q

causes of hypomagnesemia

A

output normal, but intake/absorption of mg2+ too low
increased output not balanced by increased mg2+ intake/absorption
mg2+ shift into physiologically unavailable form

36
Q

causes of hypermagnesemia

A

output less than excessive mg2+ intake/absorption
decreased output not balanced by decreased mg2+ intake

37
Q

what lab tests ordered to monitor fluid/electrolyte imbalances

A

bmp
urinalysis

38
Q

concentrated urine means what for the body

A

body is less concentrated
too dilute
low output

39
Q

dilute urine means what for the body

A

body is more concentrated
losing fluid
high output

40
Q

assessment findings for fluid/electroltye imbalance

A

ckd
heart failure
v/d
organ fxn
headache
cramping
weakness
fatigue
dizzy
sob
sudden wt change
i/o
meds/supplements

41
Q

assessment findings with ecv deficit

A

suddent wt loss
skin tenting
vascular underload: rapid thready pulse, postural bp drop w/ concurrent hr increase, lightheadedness, flat neck veins supine, oliguria, syncope, circulatory shock

42
Q

findings with ecv excess

A

suddent wt gain
dependent edema
vascular overload: bounding pulse, distended neck veins upright, dyspnea, pul edema

43
Q

findings with hyponatremia

A

impaired cerebral fxn: decreased loc, nausea, seizures if severe, serum na+ <130

44
Q

findings with hypernatremia

A

impaired cerebral fxn: decreased loc, thirst, seizures if severe; na+ >145

45
Q

what does potassium imabalnces usually affect

A

muscle fxn and cardia dysrhythmias

46
Q

what do calcium imbalances usually affect

A

heart fxn

47
Q

is hypocalcemia usually increased effects or decreased effects

A

increased

48
Q

is hypercalcemia usually increased effects or decreased

A

decreased

49
Q

is hypomagnesemia usually increased effects or decreased effects

A

increased

50
Q

is hypermagnesemia usually increased effects or decreased effects

A

decreased

51
Q

what does imabalnce of magnesium typically cause

A

dysrhythmias

52
Q

what is vasopressin

A

adh
retain water

53
Q
A

NUR 230 (16 decks)

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