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BIO 202 > Flash Cards from online work - Urinary > Flashcards

Flash Cards from online work - Urinary

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1
Q

Which of the following describes the location of the kidneys?

A

Retroperitoneal at the level of T12 to L3

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2
Q

How do the kidneys regulate blood volume and blood?

A

By regulating water output

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3
Q

The process of separating wastes from the body fluids and eliminating them is called __________.

A

excretion

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4
Q

What is the order of urine-collecting structures found within the kidney?

A

Minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter

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5
Q

Which blood vessel carries blood into a glomerulus?

A

afferent arteriole

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6
Q

When there is a drop in blood pressure, the juxtaglomerular cells respond by secreting which of the following?

A

renin. Renin triggers chain reaction

That creates hormone angiotensin

That signals adrenal glands to release aldosterone

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7
Q

Your uncle has been diagnosed with renal insufficiency and placed on dialysis. He asks you why he has to take EPO now as well. What do you tell him?

A

Diseased kidneys no longer produce enough EPO, which can lead to anemia.
Erythropoietin - stimulates red bone marrow to make RBC’s

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8
Q

What is tubular secretion?

A

The movement of water and solutes from the blood into the tubular fluid. Transfer of materials from peritubular capillaries to the renal tubule. Opposite process of reabsorption. Secretion mainly caused by active transport and passive diffusion

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9
Q

If a patient presents with aStreptococcus viridansinfection, his doctor may prescribe oral penicillin taken four times daily.Why does he have to take the penicillin so often?

A

The renal tubules extract penicillin from the blood and secrete it into the urine. To keep enough in body so do job need to take reguraly

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10
Q

The primary function of the nephron loop is to generate a medullary ECF osmotic gradient that allows for what?
Elf is extra cellular fluid

A

The concentration of urine

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11
Q

A friend confides in you that she’s recently started taking a calcium supplement but then started having very painful urination. You suggest she go to a doctor to get checked for which of the following?

A

Renal calculi

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12
Q

In the kidney, tubular reabsorption refers to the movement of fluid and solutes where?

A

From the tubular fluid into the blood

Ie. The blood is reabsorbing the fluid hence reabsorption

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13
Q

Nephrons are the functional units of the kidneys, responsible for the processes of

A

removing wastes and excess h20 from blood

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14
Q

The process of glomerular filtration occurs within the

A

renal corpuscles of kidney nephrons.

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15
Q

This pressure-driven process moves materials from

A

the glomerulus into the capsular space across a thin, negatively charged filtration membrane.

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16
Q

The filtration membrane is composed of the

A

fenestrated endothelium of the glomerulus, the filtration slits of the podocytes found within the visceral glomerular capsule, and the porous basement membrane found between these two cell layers.

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17
Q

This membrane is size selective. It is permeable to smaller substances such as

A

ions, water, and glucose and impermeable to larger materials such as formed elements and most proteins.

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18
Q

systemic blood pressure drives the movement of what

A

movement of blood from the afferent arterioles into the glomerulus.

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19
Q

Changes in system blood pressure impact the blood flow into glomerulus, how do the arterioloes compensate for this

A

altering their diameter so that glomerular blood pressure will be maintained

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20
Q

as systemic blood pressure increases how does the arteriole react

A

decreases its diameter
Contraction resists The increased pressure

Thereby keeping blood flow consistent

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21
Q

as systemic blood pressure decreases how does the arteriole react

A

increases its diameter

By increasing in diameter compensates For reduced body in systemic system and maintains consistent flow to glomerular

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22
Q

the capsular space is the region where this collects

A

filtrate

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23
Q

what are the five substances that can cross the filtration membrane

A

urea; small protein; h20; ions; glucose; erythrocytes

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24
Q

Glomerular filtration is highly regulated because of its influence on

A

the amount of substances reabsorbed into the blood and the amount excreted in the urine.

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25
Q

The glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg) is responsible for

A

forcing materials through the filtration membrane from the blood into the capsular space.

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26
Q

Two smaller forces, the blood colloid osmotic pressure (OPg) and the capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc), work together to

A

oppose HPg.

Colloid osmotic pressure - induced by proteins in blood that causes A pull on fluid back into the capillary

Capsular hydrostatic pressure - is aback pressure that opposes filtration

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27
Q

Cumulatively, the difference between these pressures determines

A

the net filtration pressure (NFP), which must be greater than zero for filtration to occur.

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28
Q

By being able to control the glomerular filtration, the kidney is able to control

A

urine production based on physiological conditions such as hydration

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29
Q

in order for filtration to occur the overall pressure moving outward from the glomerulus to the capsular space muse be

A

greater than the combined inward pressures

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30
Q

If both the glomerular ( HPg) and capsular hydrostatic (HPc) pressures remain unchanged, an increase in the blood colloid osmotic pressure (OPc) results in __________the net filtration pressure.

A

a decrease in

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31
Q

Which of the following forces oppose glomerular filtration?

A

capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc) and blood colloid osmotic pressure (OPg)Correct

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32
Q

Glomerulosclerosis results in a __________ of the basement membrane.

A

thickening

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33
Q

Proteinuria occurs when the filtration membrane becomes leaky, allowing proteins to cross. This impacts the blood colloid osmotic pressure by __________ the osmolarity gradient between the blood and filtrate, thereby __________ the strength of this pressure.

A

decreasing; reducing results in net increase in filtration

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34
Q

glycosylation

A

plasma glucose levels become elevated, and this excess glucose can attach to proteins, as a result basement membranes of a majority of capillaries around the body are thickened and hardened by deposits of glycosylated proteins.

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35
Q

glomerulosclerosis

A

general name for hardening or scarring of the glomeruli within the kidneys is

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36
Q

diabetic glomerulosclerosis, not only is there thickening of the basement membranes that form one of the layers of the filtration membrane, but there is also

A

proliferation and expansion of the intraglomerular mesangial cells and associated matrix.

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37
Q

Most proteins cannot normally cross the filtration membrane due to

A

their large size and the negative charge of the basement membrane.

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38
Q

During glomerulosclerosis, however, the filtration membrane becomes a less effective barrier, allowing

A

proteins to enter into the filtrate. Thus, this is one of several conditions that leads to proteinuria

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39
Q

proteinuria

A

a condition in which proteins leak from blood into the urine.

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40
Q

The net filtration pressure (NFP) is the driving force of the

A

glomerular filtration process. It is responsible for pushing the filtrate into the capsular space

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41
Q

The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the measurement of

A

filtrate volume per unit time, normally recorded as ml/min, and is influenced by the rate of blood flow into the glomerulus.

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42
Q

The body quickly adjusts to changes in systemic blood pressure within a narrow range by modifying

A

the rate of blood flow to the glomerulus from the afferent arterioles via vasodilation and vasoconstriction – this is referred to as

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43
Q

the rate of blood flow to the glomerulus from the afferent arterioles via vasodilation and vasoconstriction – this is referred to as

A

intrinsic regulation

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44
Q

Extrinsic regulatory pathways include the

A

nervous and endocrine systems, produce their effects through neurotransmitters and hormones, and have longer lasting effects.

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45
Q

An increase in the NFP would result in __________the GFR

A

AN INCREASE IN

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46
Q

Renin is released in response to __________ stimulation.

A

SYMPATHETIC

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47
Q

NFP AND GFR HAVE WHAT TYPE OF RELATIONSHIP

A

POSITIVE CORRELATION; WHEN NFP INCREASES, GFR INCREASES

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48
Q

EXTRINSIC CONTROLS INFLUENCING GFR INCLUDE

A

NEURAL AND HORMONAL REGULATION

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49
Q

SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS STIMULATION CAN REDUCE GFR IN TWO WAYS _ ask hormonal is extrinsic-regulation while arterioles
Vasodilation vasoconstriction are intrinsic controls

A

STIMULATING VASOCONSTRICTION OF ARTERIOLES; OR STIMULALTING RELEASE OF RENIN

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50
Q

WHAT CELLS RELEASE RENIN

A

JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS

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51
Q

WHAT DOES RENIN CAUSE TO BE RELEASED

A

ANGIOTENSIN II - RESULTS IN AN OVERALL DECREASE IN THE FILTRATION SURFACE

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52
Q

THE HEART RELEASES THE HORMONE ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE (ANP) IN RESPONSE TO

A

INCREASES IN BLOOD VOLUME OR BLOOD PRESSURE.

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53
Q

ANP RESULTS IN AN INCREASE IN GFR IN THREE PATHWAYS

A

INHIBITION OF RENIN; DILATION OF ARTERIOLOES; INCREASE IN FILTRATION SURFACE

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54
Q

WHAT CAUSES FILTRATION SURFACE TO INCREASE

A

RELAXATION OF MESANGIAL CELLS - and causes this relaxation - relaxes basement membrane thereby increasing surface area of basement membrane and, this increases glomerular filtration rate

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55
Q

Renin is released from the

A

juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) cells in response to reduced renal arterial pressure, sympathetic neural stimulation, or increased sodium concentration at the distal renal tubule.

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56
Q

The release of renin is regulated by

A

sympathetic nervous system stimuli.

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57
Q

Renin converts the plasma protein angiotensinogen into

A

angiotensin I, which is then converted to angiotensin II in the lungs by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE).

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58
Q

Angiotensin II stimulates a number of pathways, including the

A

synthesis of the hormone aldosterone by the adrenal cortex which results in increased sodium and water retention, thus increasing blood pressure. Other effects within the kidney include 1) efferent arteriole vasoconstriction, and 2) the contraction of intraglomerular mesangial cells.

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59
Q

Both angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB) decrease the

A

angiotensin mechanism.

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60
Q

ACE inhibitors directly reduce

A

the amount of angiotensin II being formed, while ARBs depress the effects of angiotensin II by preventing it from binding to its effector cells.

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61
Q

ACE inhibitors lower blood pressure mainly by

A

decreasing peripheral vascular resistance.

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62
Q

Patients with chronic kidney disease are often prescribed ACE inhibitors because

A

they stabilize renal function and diminish proteinuria.

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63
Q

Angiotensin II triggers the __________ of the intraglomerular mesangial cells, which results in a(an) __________ of the filtration surface area.

A

contraction; decreaseCorrect

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64
Q

ACE inhibitors are prescribed to control blood pressure. These drugs work by reducing __________.

A

the conversion of angiotensin I to angiontensin IICorrect

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65
Q

After blood is filtered in the renal corpuscle, the filtrate passes into

A

the renal tubule,

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66
Q

the renal tubule CONSISTS OF

A

which consists of three fairly distinct regions of cells specialized to promote molecular exchange between the renal tubule and the interstitial fluid.

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67
Q

The primary goal of the renal tubule is to

A

reabsorb substances into the blood that the body needs to help maintain homeostasisand to eliminate substances the body does not need or that might be toxic to the body.

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68
Q

In addition to urine formation, the kidneys help regulate

A

blood pressure by balancing the levels of water and sodium that are reabsorbed versus excreted. This is a prime example of the integrative nature of body systems.

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69
Q

The renal tubule consists of the

A

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), nephron loop (Loop of Henle), and distal convoluted tubule (DCT).

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70
Q

As the filtrate moves through the renal tubules, its composition is selectively altered through the processes of

A

tubular reabsorption and secretion.

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71
Q

Materials that are reabsorbed move out of the tubular filtrate by crossing both

A

the luminal and basolateral membranes of the tubular cells, entering the interstitial fluid, and moving into the peritubular capillaries.

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72
Q

Materials that are secreted move in the opposite direction, from

A

the blood in the peritubular capillary to the tubular filtrate.

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73
Q

Both reabsorption and secretion occur where

A

throughout the renal tubule;

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74
Q

the majority of reabsorption occurs within

A

the proximal convoluted tubule.

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75
Q

Tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion differ in that __________.

A

tubular secretion adds materials to the tubular filtrate while tubular reabsorption removes materials from the tubular filtrate

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76
Q

Which of the following substances utilizes paracellular transport in order to cross the basolateral membrane of the tubule cell during the process of reabsorption?

A

potassium

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77
Q

filtrate formed at the renal corpuscle enters the

A

renal tubule at the pct where it is now referred to as tubular fluid

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78
Q

what is path of filtrate tubular flow

A

renal corpuscle to p.c.t.to nephron loop to d.c.t to collecting duct

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79
Q

reabsorption occurs as

A

materials are selectively moved out of the tubular fluid and return to the blood at the peritubular capillary

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80
Q

secretion occurs as

A

materials are moved out of the pertibular capillary into the tubular fluid

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81
Q

materials that are reabsorbed ultimately remain where

A

the blood supply

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82
Q

what eventually happens to the materials that are secreted

A

become components of urine

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83
Q

paracellular transport

A

crossing between the epithelial cells; such as potassium

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84
Q

transceullar transport

A

entering tubular cells at the luminal membrane and exiting cells at the basolateral membrane; such as sodium, glucose, water

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85
Q

Materials are selectively reabsorbed through either

A

passive or active transport processes.

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86
Q

the majority of sodium reabsorption occurs where

A

at the p.c.t.

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87
Q

approximately 65% of the cumulative h20 reabsorption happens where

A

at the p.c.t.

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88
Q

obligatory h20 reabsorption

A

approximately 65% of the cumulative h20 reabsorption happens where

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89
Q

glucose enters the tubular cells through ________ which allows glucose to move against its concentration gradient

A

sodium-glucose symport channels found at the luminal membrane

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90
Q

The majority of sodium reabsorption occurs at the proximal convoluted tubule. During this process, sodium enters the tubule cells at the __________ and exits the tubule cells at the __________.

A

luminal membrane by facilitated diffusion; basolateral membrane through the sodium potassium pumpCorrect

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91
Q

Glucose that is reabsorbed into tubular cells travels __________ its concentration gradient through sodium-glucose symport channels at the luminal membrane. Glucose in tubular cells exits the basolateral membrane into interstitial fluid through the process of __________.

A

against; facilitated diffusion

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92
Q

Materials are selectively reabsorbed through either

A

passive or active transport processes.

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93
Q

Uric acid is a nitrogenous waste produced by

A

peroxisomes as a result of nucleic acid metabolism.

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94
Q

Uric acid levels increase with

A

increased tissue breakdown and a high purine diet.

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95
Q

Uric acid is produced in

A

the liver, transported in the blood, and excreted by the kidneys.

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96
Q

Uric acid has limited solubility and high levels can result in

A

crystallization within the joints. This is termed goutand is considered a type of inflammatory arthritis.

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97
Q

Essentially all of the uric acid within the blood crosses

A

the filtration membrane and becomes part of the tubular filtrate.

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98
Q

Uric acid is almost entirely reabsorbed at the

A

proximal convoluted tubule through anion-exchange.

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99
Q

Approximately 10% of this reabsorbed uric acid gets secreted back into

A

the filtrate at the distal convoluted tubuleand is excreted in the urine.

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100
Q

At normal levels, uric acid partially acts as an

A

anti-oxidant in the body.

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101
Q

Hyperuricemia,

A

or high blood uric acid levels, may occur if the levels of uric acid rise (ex. when tissue breakdown is accelerated) or if the kidneys fail.

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102
Q

Many medications can affect both the reabsorption and secretion of uric acid within the renal tubule. is one such drug used to treat chronic gout by inhibiting the reabsorption of uric acid.

A

Probenecid®

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103
Q

Under normal conditions, the majority of uric acid reabsorption occurs at the __________.

A

proximal convoluted tubuleCorrect

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104
Q

Treatment with Probenecid®results in __________ levels of uric acid in the urine and __________ levels of uric acid in the blood.

A

increased; decreasedCorrect

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105
Q

The tubular filtrate in the nephron loop and blood within the vasa recta run parallelbut in

A

opposite directions.

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106
Q

This arrangement is referred to as the

A

countercurrent exchange system.

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107
Q

countercurrent exchange system. This design system together with urea recylcing is repsonsible for

A

establishing the interstitial fluid concentration gradient within the medulla.

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108
Q

The descending and ascending limbs of the nephron loop vary in

A

permeability.

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109
Q

The descending thin limb is

A

highly permeable to water and impermeable to salts

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110
Q

while the thick ascending limb is

A

impermeable to water and highly permeable to sodium.

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111
Q

Water moves out of tubular filtrate at the

A

descending limb due to osmotic pressure differences between the tubular filtrate and interstitial fluid. This causes the tubular filtrate to become more and more concentrated as it descends.

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112
Q

In contrast, the thick ascending limb is impermeable to

A

water but actively pumps salt out of the tubular filtrate. This causes the tubular filtrate to become more and more dilute as it ascends.

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113
Q

At the beginning of the nephron loop, the tubular filtrate is essentially

A

isotonic to the interstitial fluid in the cortex.

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114
Q

The countercurrent multiplier allows for

A

the tubular filtrate to become much more concentrated (hypertonic) as it descends deeper into the medullawhereas the tubular filtrate becomes hypotonic to the cortex as it ascends and exits the nephron loop.

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115
Q

the area of the medullary is an area of increasing ??

A

osmolarity

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116
Q

blood flow in the vasa recta runs how

A

opposite to the flow of the tubular fluid; rsulting in countercurrent exchange of materials between these two regions

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117
Q

the opposing flow encourages what

A

the movement of h20 out of the tubular fluid and into the blood in the descending limb while enhancing movement of h20 out of blood and into interstial fluid in ascending limb

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118
Q

the higher concentration of solutes in the medulla is largely influenced by

A

the high conentration of urea in the region

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119
Q

where does urea enter the tubular fluid

A

at the permeable thin segment of the ascending limb

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120
Q

where does urea leave the tubular fluid

A

reenters interstitial fluid at collecting ducts

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121
Q

The interstitial fluid within the medulla has a __________ osmolarity than the interstitial fluid within the cortex.

A

higher

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122
Q

The vasa recta is a specialized capillary that branches from the __________ arteriole. The blood flow in the vasa recta runs __________ to the flow of tubular filtrate within the nephron loop.

A

efferent; parallel but in the opposite direction

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123
Q

Hypertension affects approximately ____of the adult population in the U.S. and is classified into ‘primary hypertension’ and ‘secondary hypertension.’

A

20%

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124
Q

Primary hypertension

A

has no specific, single identifiable factor and is the most common cause of hypertension.

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125
Q

Secondary hypertension

A

can be attributed to a specific cause, such as chronic volume overload. For patients in which modified diet and exercise plans do not significantly improve hypertensive symptoms, diuretics may be prescribed.

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126
Q

Diuretics increase

A

urine output and decrease fluid volume by reversibly inhibiting Na+ reabsorption at specific sites of the nephronand increasing the excretion of both Na+ and water. This results in decreased blood volume and blood pressure, improving hypertension.

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127
Q

Diuretics work at

A

different sites on the nephron.

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128
Q

Loop diuretics

A

(ex. Furosemide, Bumetanide, and Torsemide) act at specific sites along the nephron loopand specifically inhibit the Na+/K+/2Cl- symport (NKCC2) found at the luminal membrane of the thick ascending loop, thereby preventing the reabsorption of sodium, chloride, and potassium.

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129
Q

Thiazides

A

(ex. Chlorothiazide and hydrochlorothiazide) act on the Na+/Cl- cotransporter at the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and inhibit Na+ and water reabsorption in this region.

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130
Q

Individuals with Bartter syndrome have a defective gene coding for Na+/K+/2Cl- symport (NKCC2) that disables it from functioning. These individuals are expected to have __________ than normal blood potassium levels. This response is the __________ what is expected from individuals taking prescribed loop diuretics.

A

lower; same asCorrect

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131
Q

The nephron loop is responsible for approximately 25% of the reabsorption of sodium. Loop diuretics cause an overall __________ in the reabsorption of sodium in this region resulting in a(n) __________ in the osmolarity of the tubular filtrate.

A

decrease; increase

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132
Q

Decreased Na+ and water reaborption due to the use of loop diuretics and thiazides __________ the concentration gradient of the interstitial fluid, thereby __________ the osmotic force at the collecting tubule and duct.

A

lowers; reducing

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133
Q

The peritubular capillaries are separated from the nephron by

A

the interstitial fluid, thus movement of substances between the nephron and blood is always through the interstitial fluid.

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134
Q

The processes of reabsorption and secretion occur at the

A

distal convoluted tubule, collecting tubule, and collecting ductand regulate the composition of both blood and urine.

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135
Q

the distal convoluted tubule, collecting tubule and collecting duct regions of the nephron in particular are susceptible to

A

hormonal regulation of ion and water transport.

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136
Q

Hormones that regulate both sodium and water include

A

aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

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137
Q

Aldosterone enhances sodium reabsorption by

A

upregulating sodium transport proteins and the sodium-potassium pump.

138
Q

Sodium transport proteins are located at the

A

luminal membrane facing the tubular filtrate;

139
Q

the sodium-potassium pump is located at

A

the basolateral membrane associated with the interstitial fluid.

140
Q

The increase in the presence of both of these membrane proteins

A

increases the reabsorption of sodium.

141
Q

The resulting increase in osmolarity

A

enhances water reabsorption.

142
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) also enhances water reabsorptionbut by a different mechanism. This hormone stimulates the upregulation of

A

aquaporin proteins on both the luminal and basolateral membranes.

143
Q

This upregulation

A

increases water reabsorption back into the interstitial fluidand ultimately the blood.

144
Q

Aldosterone enhances the reabsorption of sodium through the upregulation of the sodium-potassium pump found at the __________.

A

basolateral membrane

145
Q

In addition to enhancing the reabsorption of sodium, aldosterone also enhances the __________ of potassium.

A

secretion

146
Q

Antidiuretic hormone enhances water __________ by __________ the number of aquaporins at the tubular cell membrane.

A

reabsorption; increasingCorrect

147
Q

water follows the movement of potassium by

A

osmosis; therefore aldosterone inderectly enhances h20 reabsorption

148
Q

how does ADH increase h20 reabsorption

A

by increasing the number of aquaporins present

149
Q

If the counterion is sodium, what is responsible for maintaining its concentration gradient?

A

th esodium potassium pump

150
Q

Within the limits of this animation, what is the ultimate source of energy for cotransport or countertransport?

A

atp

151
Q

Which pair of terms is correctly matched to move substances in the same direction?

A

Cotransport; symport

152
Q

Small molecules, such as sugars and amino acids, can be transported

A

up a concentration gradient.

153
Q

The sugar moves via a

A

membrane transport protein from outside the cell where the sugar concentration is low to the inside of the cell where the sugar concentration is high

154
Q

the transport of the sugar through a coupled transport protein is driven by the movement of

A

counter ions such as sodium ions or protons that are moving down their concentration gradients from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration

155
Q

moving down a concentration gradient is which direction

A

area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

156
Q

sodium ions and sugar or amino acid simultaneously bind to

A

the same transmember protein on the outside of the cell called a symport

157
Q

when the counter ion is sodium, the low concentration of the sodium on the inside of the cell required to transport the sugar is maintained by the

A

sodium potassium pump which is powered by atp

158
Q

what powers the sodium potassum pump

A

atp

159
Q

counter transport

A

the inward movement of sodium ions is coupled with the outer movement of another substance such as calcium ions

160
Q

contransport

A

the sodium ions and the other substance bind to the same transport protein called the antiport but bind to opposite sides of the membrane and are moved in opposite directions

161
Q

antiport

A

??

162
Q

synmport

A

a cotransporter in the kidney which has the function of reabsorbing sodium and chloride ions from the tubular fluid into the cells of the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron…

163
Q

low internal sodium ion concentration is maintained by

A

the sodium potassium pump

164
Q

transmember protein

A

??

165
Q

During cotransport…

A

The counterion and transport substance bind to the same side of the symport.

166
Q

The rate of diffusion is affected by

A

Temperature, size of molecules, and the incline of the concentration gradient

167
Q

Molecules dissolved in a solution are in constant random motion due

A

to their kinetic energy.

168
Q

One result of this motion is

A

that dissolved molecules become evenly distributed throughout the solution.

169
Q

example of diffusion.

A

This tendency of molecules to spread out

170
Q

ions constantly move from the area where they are common

A

to the area where they are scarce.

171
Q

diffusion.

A

when molecules move from areas of their higher concentration to areas of their lower concentration

172
Q

Diffusion continues until

A

all the molecules become evenly disbursed or equilibrium is achieved

173
Q

The rate of diffusion is affected by

A

temperature, size of molecules and the steepness of the concentration gradient

174
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

a special carrier protein (ONLY BINED WITH SPECIFIC MOLECULES FOR EX SUGAR OR AMINO ACID) with a central channel acts as a selective corridor which helps molecules move across the membrane

175
Q

HOW DOES THE PROTEIN CARRIER AID IN FACILITATED DIFFUSION

A

CHANGING SHAPE AND MOVING THE MOLECULE DOWN ITS CONCENTRATION GRADIENT AND THE THE MEMBRANE INTO THE CELL WHERE IT IS RELEASED

176
Q

HOW IS FACILITATED DIFFUSION SIMILAR TO SIMPLE DIFFUSION

A

BOTH INVOLVE MOVEMENT OF MOLECULES DOWN THEIR CONCENTRATION GRADIENT AND THIS MOVEMENT IS CARRIED OUT WITHOUT THE INPUT OF ENERGY

177
Q

UNLIKE SIMPLE DIFFUSION, IN FACILITATED DIFFUSION, THE MOVEMENT OF MOLECULES WILL ONLY TAKE PLACE IF

A

IT IS FACILITATED OR HELPED BY A SPECIAL PROTEIN CARRIER IN THE MEMBRANE

178
Q

WHAT DIRECTION CAN FACILITATED DIFFUSION OCCUR IN

A

EITHER DIRECTION DEPENDING ON THE CONCENTRATION GRADIENT. IF THERE IS A HIGHER CONCENTRATION OF THE MOLECULE INSIDE THE CELL, THE SAME CARRIER PROTEIN WOULD THEN TRANSPORT THE MOLECULE OUT OF THE CELL

179
Q

SPECIAL CARRIER MOLECULES ARE COMPOSED OF

A

PROTEIN

180
Q

Facilitated diffusion is similar to simple diffusion in that both processes

A

Involve the movement of substances down their concentration gradients

181
Q

WHAT IS THE LOCATION OF THE KIDNEYS

A

BEAN SHAPED ORGANS LOCATED IN A RETROPERITONEAL POSITION ON THE POSTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL ON EITHER SIDE OF THE VERTERBRAL COLUMN

182
Q

THE HILUM IS LOCATED WHERE

A

ON THE CONCAVE MEDIAL BORDER WHERE BLOOD VESSELS AND NERVES ENTER AND EXIT THE KIDNEY

183
Q

THE HILUM ALSO SERVES AS A POINT OF EXIT FOR

A

THE RENAL VEIN AND THE RENAL PELVIS; WHICH TRANSPORTS URING TO THE URETER

184
Q

RENAL PELVIS

A

TRANSPORTS URINE TO THE URETER

185
Q

THE HILUM IS CONTINUOUS WITH AN EXPANDED AREA WITHIN THE KIDNEY KNOWN AS

A

THE RENAL SINUS

186
Q

RENAL SINUS

A

??

187
Q

THE KIDNEY TISSUE IS DIVIDED INTO

A

AN OUTER RENAL CORTEX AND AND INNER RENAL MEDULLA

188
Q

RENAL COLUMNS

A

EXTENSIONS OF THE CORTEX THAT PROJECT INTO THE MEDULLA BETWEEN RENAL PYRAMIDS

189
Q

RENAL PAPILLA

A

BASE OF EACH MEDULLA PYRAMID; LOCATED AT THE JUNCTION OF THE CORTEX AND THE MEDULLA

190
Q

THE CORTICOMEDULLARY JUNCTION

A

WHERE THE CORTEX AND MEDULLA MEET - THEIR JUNCTION

191
Q

APEX OF PYRAMID IS KNOWN AS

A

THE RENAL PAPILLA

192
Q

THE RENAL PAPILLA PROJECTS INTO A FUNNEL SHAPED STRUCTURE IN THE RENAL SINUS CALLED

A

A MINOR CALYX

193
Q

SEVERAL MINOR CALYCES MERGER TO FORM LARGER STRUCTURES CALLED

A

MAJOR CALYCES

194
Q

HOW MANY MAJOR CALYCES DOES THE AVG KIDNEY HAVE

A

‘2-3

195
Q

MAJOR CALYCES MERGE TO FORM

A

A SINGLE FUNNEL SHAPED RENAL PELVIS

196
Q

HOW MANY LOBES DOES AN AVG KIDNEY HAVE

A

8-15

197
Q

WHAT DOES EACH LOBE CONSIST OF

A

A RENAL PYRAMID WITH A RENAL COLUMN ON EACH SIDE AND THE CORTEX EXTERNAL TO THE PYRAMID BASE

198
Q

BLOOD IS CARRIED TO EACHBKIDNEY FOR FILTRATIO THROUGH THE

A

RENAL ARTERY

199
Q

THE RENAL ARTERY BRANCHES IN THE RENAL SINUS TO FORM

A

SEGMENTED ARTERIES

200
Q

SEGMENTED ARTERIES BRANCH TO FORM

A

INTERLOBAR ARTERIES

201
Q

INTERLOBAR ARTERIIES PASS THROUGH

A

THE RENAL COLUMNS TO THE CORTICOMEDULLARY JUNCTION

202
Q

AT THE CORTICOMEDULLARY JUNCTION, INTERLOBAR ARTERIES BRANCH TO

A

ARCUATE ARTERIES

203
Q

ARCUATE ARTERIES PROJECT ALONG

A

THE BASE OF RENAL PYRAMIDS TO GIVE OFF INTERLOBULAR ARTERIES THAT ENTER THE RENAL CORTEX

204
Q

INTERLOBULAR ARTERIES

A

IN THE RENAL CORTEX; FROM THE ARCUATE ARTERIES BRANCHING AT THE BASE OF THE RENAL PYRAMID

205
Q

REMEMBER BASE OF RENAL PYRAMID IS LOCATED WHERE

A

NEAR THE CORTEX, APEX IS NEAR THE HILUM

206
Q

INTERLOBULAR ARTERIES BRANCH TO FORM A SERIES OF

A

AFFERENT ARTERIOLES

207
Q

AFFERENT ARTERIOLES FEED A CAPILLARY NETWORK CALLED A

A

GLOMERULUS

208
Q

THE GLOMERULUS FORMS WHAT

A

THE VASCULAR CORE OF THE RENAL CORPUSCLE

209
Q

THE GLOMERULUS IS THE INITIAL ____________ COMPONENT OF THE KIDNEY

A

FILTERING

210
Q

THE RENAL CORPUSCLE AND ITS ASSOCIATED DUCTS FORM THE

A

FUNCTIONAL FILTRATION UNIT OF THE KIDNEY KNOWN AS THE NEPHRON

211
Q

Nephrons

A

are the functional units of the kidneys,

212
Q

WHAT IS THE ARTERIOLE THAT LEAVES THE GLOMERULUS

A

EFFERENT ARTERIOLE

213
Q

WHERE DOES THE EFFERENT ARTERIOLE GO

A

ENTERS A SECOND CAPILLARY NETWORK

214
Q

A PERITUBULAR CAPILLARY NETWORK FORMS AROUND

A

THE PROXIMAL AND DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULES

215
Q

WHERE DOES BLOOD GO FROM THE PERTIBULAR CAPILLARY NETWORK

A

BLOOD LEAVES THE CORTEX BY FLOWING INTO THE INTERLOBULAR VEINS

216
Q

WHERE DO THE INTERLOBULAR VEINS DRAIN INTO

A

THE ARCUATE AND INTERLOBAR VEINS AND FINALLY THE RENAL VEIN

217
Q

THE EFFERENT ARTERIOLES ASSOCIATED WITH THE NEPHRONS AT THE CORTICOMEDULLARY JUNCTION GO WHERE

A

ENTER A SECOND CAPILLARY NETWORK ALONG THE NEPHRON LOOP OR LOOP OF HENLE

218
Q

VASA RECTA

A

CAPILLARIES THAT RUN PARALLEL TO LOOP OF HENLE BUT FLOW IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION

219
Q

FROM THE VASCA RECTA BLOOD FLOWS TO

A

INTERLOBULAR VEINS TO ARCUATE VEIN TO INTERLOBAR VEIN TO RENAL VEIN

220
Q

What is the correct branching sequence of arteries in the kidney?

A

Renal artery, segmental arteries, interlobar arteries

221
Q

The junction of the renal medulla and renal cortex is called the

A

Corticomedullary junction

222
Q

The major calices merge to form a single, funnel-shaped

A

RENAL PELVIS

223
Q

Blood vessels, nerves and the renal pelvis enter/exit the kidney at the

A

HILUM

224
Q

EACH KIDNEY CONTAINS HOW MANY NEPHRONS

A

ABOUT 1.3 MILLION

225
Q

EACH NEPHRON CONSISTS OF

A

A RENAL CORPUSCLE AND A RENAL TUBULE

226
Q

THE RENAL CORPUSLCE CONTAINS WHAT TWO STRUCTURES

A

GLOMERULUS AND GLOMERULAR CAPSULE

227
Q

WHAT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR GLOMERULAR CAPSULE

A

BOWMANS CAPSULE

228
Q

BLOOD VESSELS ENTER AND EXIT THE RENAL CORPUSCLE WHERE

A

AT ITS VASCULAR POLE, THE TUBULAR POLE IS CONTINUOUS WITH THE RENAL TUBULE

229
Q

GLOMERULAR CAPSULE HAS TWO LAYERS

A

VISCERAL LAYER; PARIETAL LAYER

230
Q

VISCERAL LAYER

A

ENVELOPES CAPILLARIES OF GLOMERULUS; EPITHELIAL CELLS CALLED PODOCYTES

231
Q

PODOCYTES

A

HAVE MULTIPLE INTERDIGITATING FOOT LIKE PROCESSED CALLED PEDICELS

232
Q

PEDICELS

A

??

233
Q

INTERDIGITATING

A

??

234
Q

PARIETAL LAYER

A

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM; FORMS A CAPSULE AROUND THE GLOMERULUS

235
Q

WHERE IS THE CAPSULAR SPACE IN THE GLOMERULAR

A

BETWEEN THE PARIETAL LAYER AND THE VISCERAL LAYER

236
Q

FILTRATION MEMBRANE OF GLOMERULUS IS FORMED BY THREE COMPONENTS

A

FENESTRATIONS; BASEMENT MEMBRANE; FILTRATION SLITS

237
Q

FENESTRATIONS

A

SMALL PORES IN THE CAPILLARY ENDOTHELIUM

238
Q

WHERE IS THE BASEMENT MEMBRANE LOCATED

A

BETWEEN THE ENDOTHELIUM AND THE PODOCYTES

239
Q

WHERE ARE THE FILTRATION SLITS

A

BETWEEN THE PEDICELS

240
Q

RENAL TUBULE IS COMPOSED OF

A

P.C.T. A NEPHRON LOOP. D.C.T.

241
Q

WHERE DOES THE P.C.T. ORIGINATE FROM

A

AT THE TUBULAR POLE OF THE RENAL CORPUSCLE AND IS CONTINOUS WITH THE NEPHRON LOOP

242
Q

THE NEPHRON LOOP IS DIVIDED INTO WHAT KIND OF SEGMENTS

A

THICK AND THIN

243
Q

THE THICK SEGMENT IS LINED WITH

A

SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

244
Q

THIN SEGMENTS ARE LINED WITH

A

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

245
Q

AS FLUID MOVES THROUGH THE RENAL TUBULE, USEFUL SOLUTES MOVE

A

OUT OF THE TUBULAR FLUID AND RETURN TO THE BLOOD AND WASTE PRODUCTS IN THE BLOOD MOVE INTO THE RENAL TUBULAR FLUID ULTIMATELY TO BE EXRETED AS URINE

246
Q

TWO TYPES OF NEPHRONS CAN BE IDENTIFIED BASED ON THEIR LOCATION WITHIN THE RENAL CORTEX

A

CORTICAL NEPHRONS; JUXTAMEDULLARY NEPHRONS

247
Q

CORTICOL NEPHRONS

A

85% OF NEPHRONS; HAVE GLOMERULUS NEAR THE PERIPHERY OF THE CORTEX AND NEPHRON LOOPS IN THE MEDULLA

248
Q

JUXTAMEDULLARY NEPHRONS

A

GLOMERULUS IS LOCATED AT THE CORTICOMEDULLARY JUNCTION; HAVE RELATIVELY LONG NEPHRON LOOPS; AND EXTEND DEEP INTO THE MEDULLA

249
Q

JUXTAGLO0MERULAR APPARTUS IS LOCATED WHERE

A

WHERE AFFERENT AND EFFERENT ARTERIES MEET

250
Q

3 PARTS OF JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS

A

MACULA DENSA; JUXTAGLOMERULAR CELLS; EXTRAGLOMERULAR MESANGIAL CELLS

251
Q

MACULA DENSA;

A

COMPOSED OF SPECIALIZED CELLS OF THE DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE

252
Q

JUXTAGLOMERULAR CELLS

A

MODIFIED SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS

253
Q

; EXTRAGLOMERULAR MESANGIAL CELLS

A

??

254
Q

JUXTAGLO0MERULAR APPARTUS MONITORS

A

BLOOD SODIUM CONCENTRATION AND ADJUSTS GLOMERULAR FILTRATE VOLUME THROUGH HORMONAL FEEDBACK MECHANISMS

255
Q

THE EFFERENT ARTERIOLES A EACH GLOMERULUS ENTERS A SECOND

A

CAPILLARY NETWORK CALLED THE PERTIBULAR CAPILLARY NETWORK

256
Q

THE EFFERENT ARTIOLES OF JUXTAMEDULLARY NEPHRONS ENTER

A

CAPILLARIES KNOWN AS THE VESA RECTA

257
Q

WHAT DOES THE VESA RECTA SURROUND

A

THE DESCENDING AND ASCENDING LIMBS OF THE NEPHRON LOOP

258
Q

WHERE DOES BLOOD FLOW FROM THE VESA RECTA

A

INTO THE INTERLOBULAR VEINS

259
Q

The micturition reflex involves impulses TO WHAT REGION

A

traveling from the urinary bladder to the sacral region of the spinal cord

260
Q

MICTURATION REFLEX IS COORDINATED BY

A

NEURONS IN THE SPINAL CORD AND CAN BE INFLUENCED BY SIGNALS FROM THE BRAIN

261
Q

When a urinary bladder becomes stretched there is

A

an increase in the frequency of action potentials carried from the bladder wall to the sacral region of the spinal cord.

262
Q

IN RESPONSE TO THESE ACTION POTENTIALS

A

parasympathetic neurons from the spinal cord to the bladder are activated and this causes the smooth muscle on the bladder wall to contract.

263
Q

CENTURY SIGNAL ?? CAN ALSO STIMULATE WHAT

A

The century signal to the sacral region of the spinal card also stimulate ascending pathways to the pons and cerebrum which results in a conscious desire to urinate.

264
Q

If urination is not convenient at the time, the brain sends impulses down the spinal cord

A

to inhibit the micturition reflex.

265
Q

Impulses carried via somatic motor neurons keep

A

the external urinary sphincter contracted which also prevents urination.

266
Q

When urination is desired signals

A

from brain stimulate the micturition reflex.

267
Q

The brain also decreases action potentials in the somatic motor neurons TO

A

RELAX EXTERNAL URINARY SPHINCTER

268
Q

The external urethral sphincter is under ___________ control.

A

voluntary control

269
Q

Relaxation of the external urethral sphincter is caused by

A

SIGNALS FROM THE BRAIN

270
Q

The micturition reflex involves impulses from the bladder traveling to which region of the spinal cord?

A

??

271
Q

What causes an increase in the frequency of action potentials from the bladder to the spinal cord?

A

??

272
Q

Diffusion is

A

the net movement of molecules down a concentration gradient.

273
Q

DIFFUSION ALLOWS WHAT

A

SMALL MOLECULES, SUCH AS 02 AND CO2 TO CROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE

274
Q

MOST POLAR MOLECULES, SUCH AS SUGARS AND PROTEINS CANNOT FREELY CROSS THE LIPD MEMBER. TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

275
Q

ALTHOUGH WATER MOLECULES ARE POLAR, WHY ARE THEY ABLE TO PASS TRHOUGH THE MEMBRANE

A

THEY ARE SMALL ENOUGH

276
Q

OSMOSIS

A

SPECIAL CASE OF DIFFUSION WHERE WATER MOLECULES, EVEN THOUGH THEY ARE POLAR, ARE ABLE TO PASS THROUGH THE MEMBRANE

277
Q

If a molecule, such as urea, is added to one side of a membrane, it will not be able to diffuse across the membrane because

A

IT IS BOTH LARGE AND POLAR

278
Q

ISOTONIC SOLUTIONS

A

WHEN THE OSMOTIC CONCENTRATIONS OF TWO SOLUTIONS ARE EQUAL

279
Q

HYPERTONIC

A

SOLUTION WITH THE HIGHER CONCENTRATION

280
Q

HYPOTONIC

A

SOLUTION WIT THE LOWER CONCENTRATION

281
Q

The net movement of molecules down a concentration gradient is known as

A

DIFFUSION

282
Q

Osmosis deals specifically with the diffusion of

A

H20 MOLECULES

283
Q

When the osmotic concentrations of two solutions are equal, the solutions are said to be

A

??

284
Q

WHAT IS THE MAIN FUNCTION OF THE FEMAL URETHRA

A

TO TRANSPORT URINE TO THE OUTSIDE OF THE BODY

285
Q

WHAT IS THE MAIN FUNCTION OF THE MALE URETHRA

A

SERVES URINARY AND REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONS; ACTS AS A PASSAGEWAY FOR BOTH URINE AND SEMEN

286
Q

MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF URINARY SYSTEM ARE

A

REMOVAL OF WASTE PRODUCTS AND REGULATION OF WATER AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE

287
Q

ORGANS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM

A

KIDNEYS URETERS BLADDER AND URETHRA

288
Q

WHAT ARE URETERS

A

FIBROMUSCULAR TUBES THAT CONDUCT URINE FROM THE KIDNEYS TO THE BLADDER

289
Q

EACH URETER BEGINS AS __________ AND EXTENDS DOWNWARD TO

A

RENAL PELVIS; BLADDER

290
Q

WHAT DOES THE PRESENCE OF URINE IN THE RENAL PELVIS INTITIATE

A

A PERISTALIC WAVE IN THE MUSCULAR LAYERS OF THE URETER THAT PROPEL URINE THROUGH THE URETERS AND INTO THE URINARY BLADDER

291
Q

WHAT IS THE URINARY BLADDER

A

AN EXPANDABLE MUSCULAR CONTAINER THAT SERVES AS A RESERVOIR FOR URINE

292
Q

WHERE IS THE URINARY BLADDER LOCATED

A

BEHIND THE PUBIC SYMPHYSIS

293
Q

WHERE DO URETERS ENTER THE URINARY BLADDER

A

THE POSTEROLATERAL WALL THROUGH THE URETERAL OPENINGS

294
Q

WHAT IS THE BLADDER WALL MADE UP OF WHAT TISSUES

A

THREE LAYERS OF SMOOTH MUSCLE, COLLECTIVELY CALLED THE DETRUSOR MUSCLE

295
Q

WHAT DOES THE DETRUSOR MUSCLE DO DURING URINATION/MICTURITION

A

CONTRACTS TO EXPEL URINE FROM THE BLADDER

296
Q

THE BLADDER NARROWS TOWARDS IT BASE FORMING A CONSTRICTED NECK THAT IS CONTINOUS WITH

A

THE URETHRA

297
Q

THE URETHRA IS

A

FIBROMUSCULAR TUBES THAT CONDUCT URINE FROM THE KIDNEYS TO THE BLADDER

298
Q

ARE MALE AND FEMAL URETHRAS THE SAME LENGTH

A

NO, MALE URETHRA APPROX 4x AS LONG THAN FEMALE

299
Q

IN BOTH MALES AND FEMALES, THE DETRUSOR MUSCLE THICKENS AT THE NECK OF THE BLADDER NEAR THE URETHRA TO FORM

A

AN INTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER; SMOOTH MUSCLE, INVOLUNTARY CONTROL

300
Q

WHERE THE URETHRA PASSES THROUGH THE UROGENITAL DIAPHRAGM IT IS ENCIRCLED BY

A

AN EXTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER; SKELETAL MUSCLE; VOLUNTARY CONTROL

301
Q

WHAT HAPPENS DURING URINATION

A

BOTH URETHRAL SPHINCTERS RELAX, ALLOWING URINE TO EXIT

302
Q

ETERNAL URETHRAL ORIFICE

A

ON GUYS, HOLE IN THEIR PENIS, GIRLS IS IT THE VAGINA??

303
Q

The main functions of the urinary system are

A

Removal of waste and regulation of water and electrolyte balance AND Ph

304
Q

Blood vessels and the renal calices are located in the

A

RENAL SINUS

305
Q

What is the collective name for the layers of muscle in the wall of the urinary bladder?

A

??

306
Q

WHERE IS URINE FORMED

A

IN THE NEPRON

307
Q

WHAT ARE THE THREE PROCESSES OF URINE FORMATION

A

GLOMERULAR FILTRATION; TUBULAR REABSORPTION; TUBULAR SECRRETION

308
Q

glomerular filtration occurs when

A

BLOOD CIRCULATES THROUGH THE GLOMERULUS; WASTES WITHIN THE GLOMERULAR CAPILLARIES MOVE ACROSS THE FILTRATION MEMBRANE INTO THE CAPSULAR SPACE TO FORM FILTRATE; ONCE FILTRATE ENTERS THE RENAL TUBULE, IT IS CALLED TUBULAR FLUID

309
Q

WHAT PROCESSES CAN BE USED TO WHEN SOLUTES MOVE ACROSS THE TUBULE WALL IN THE INTERSTITIAL FLUID

A

DIFFUSION, FACILITATED DIFFUSION, ACTIVE TRANSPORT, COTRANSPORT, OSMOSIS

310
Q

WHAT PERCENTAGE OF H20 IS REABSORBED FROM THE P.C.T.

A

65%

311
Q

WHAT PERCENTAGE OF H20 IS REABSORBED FROM THE NEPHRON LOOP

A

15%

312
Q

WHAT PERCENTAGE OF H20 IS REABSORBED FROM THE D.C.T. AND COLLECTING DUCTS

A

19%

313
Q

WHAT PERCENTAGE OF GLOMERULAR FILTRATE ULTIMATELY RETURNS TO THE BLOODSTREAM

A

99%; THE REMAINING 1% WILL BE EXCRETED AS URINE

314
Q

TUBULAR FLUID THAT ENTERS COLLECTING DUCTS IS CALLED

A

urine production based on physiological conditions such as hydration

315
Q

DEPENDING ON THE NEED TO ELIMINATE OR CONSERVE H20, THE COLLECTING DUCTS CAN

A

REABSORB H20 TO PR0ODUCE DILUTE OR CONCENTRATED URINE

316
Q

WHEN H20 INTAKE IS HIGH, THE KIDNEYS PRODUCE

A

LARGE VOLUME OF DILUTE URINE

317
Q

WHEN H20 INTAKE IS LOW, THE KIDNEYS PRODUCE

A

THE KIDNEYS CONSERVE H20 BY PRODUCING A SMALL AMOUNT OF COCENTRATED URINE, HENCE PREVENTING DEHYDRATION

318
Q

WHAT ARE THE TWO KEY FACTORS THAT DETERMINE THE KIDNEYS ABILITY TO CONCENTRATE URINE

A

MAINTAINING A HIGH CONCENTRATION OF NaCl AND UREA IN RENAL MEDULLA; AND PRESENCE OF ADH

319
Q

How do the kidneys KEEP A HIGH CONCENTRATION OF NaCl

A

THE COUNTERCURRENT FUNCTIONS OF THE NEPHRON LOOPS

320
Q

WHAT DOES ADH DO TO THE COLLECTING DUCTS

A

MAKES THEM MORE PERMEABLE TO WATER

321
Q

Urine is formed in the

A

NEPHRON

322
Q

What percentage of glomerular filtrate becomes urine?

A

1%

323
Q

Most of the water in tubular fluid is resorbed in the

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

324
Q

Tubular secretion involves the movement of substances

A

From capillary blood to tubular fluid

325
Q

In fact, the body must produce at least

A

0.5 liters of urine per day to adequately remove waste from the body.

326
Q

Each kidney filters approximately

A

1 liter of blood per minute.

327
Q

The amount of urine produced will vary based on

A

fluid intake, blood pressure, and temperature, amongst other factors.

328
Q

Fresh urine is normally

A

clear and pale yellow.

329
Q

Darker-color urine indicates the urine may be

A

more concentrated.

330
Q

Cloudy urine may indicate the

A

presence of a urinary tract infection.

331
Q

Urine pH ranges from

A

4.5 through 8.0 depending on diet and the body’s needs. A pH of 6.0 is typical.

332
Q

Normal healthy urine is

A

sterile and formed from filtered blood. It is mostly water with solutes such as salts (Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+, Mg2+, H2PO4-, SO42-, NH4+), nitrogenous wastes (urea, creatinine, uric acid), some hormones, and small quantities of ketones. Some drugs can also be found within urine.

333
Q

The presence of glucose, blood (erythrocytes), leukocytes, excess protein, or ketones is

A

abnormal and indicates infection or disease.

334
Q

Glucose is normally fully absorbed back into the body from

A

the filtrate. Its presence in urine indicates abnormally high levels of glucose, such as that found in diabetics.

335
Q

Erythrocytes (red blood cells) are not n

A

ormally found in urine as they should not be able to pass through the filtration membrane. Their presence indicates disease or infection.

336
Q

Leukocytes are part of the immune response and

A

should not be found in urine. The presence of leukocytes indicates infection, such as a kidney or urinary tract infection.

337
Q

Protein is not usually found in urine as it cannot typically pass into the filtrate. Presence of excess protein, known as proteinuria,

A

may indicate problems with the kidney.

338
Q

Ketones are formed during

A

fatty acid metabolism. A small amount of ketones in urine is normal. However, excessive ketones in urine is a sign of diabetes.

339
Q

The pads on a urinalysis test strip contain which of the following?

A

reagents that react with solutes

340
Q

loudy urine may indicate what

A

UTI

341
Q

Why is it important to wait 60 seconds before reading the urine values?

A

have to allow adquate time for urine to react with each test pad on the urine test strip

BIO 202 (14 decks)

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