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BIO 202 > ENDOCRINE > Flashcards

ENDOCRINE Flashcards

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1
Q

THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM EXERTS CONTROL OVER THE BODY BY

A

BY RELEASING HORMONES

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2
Q

WHAT DOES THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM RELEASE’

A

HORMONES

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3
Q

WHERE ARE HORMONES RELEASED INTO

A

THE BLOOD

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4
Q

HORMONES ARE WHAT

A

CHEMICAL MESSENGERS

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5
Q

CHEMICALLY HORMONES ARE CLASSIFIED AS EITHER

A

PEPTIDE/PROTEIN OR STEROID

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6
Q

PEPTIDE/PROTEIN HORMONES ARE CHAINS OF

A

AMINO ACIDS THAT BIND TO THE RECEPTORS ON THE CELL SURFACES AT TARGET TISSUES

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7
Q

AMINO ACIDS A LINKED WITH WHAT

A

PEPTIDE BONDS

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8
Q

CELL MEMBRANE IS A

A

PHOSPHOLIPID BYLAYER

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9
Q

PROTEIN HORMONES STIMULATE CHANGE IN WHAT

A

METABOLISM

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10
Q

METABOLISM

A

ALL THE CHEMICAL REACTIONS GOING IN ON BODY TO MAINTAIN CHARACTERISITICS OF LIFE; MOVEMENT, CIRCULATION, ETC. SHOULD BE 10 OF THESE

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11
Q

RECEPTOR IS JUST A PROTEIN WHERE

A

ON TARGET TISSUE/CELL

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12
Q

EXAMPLES OF PEPTIDE/PROTEIN HORMONES

A 
INSULIN
Glucagon
Thyrocalcitonin
Pituitary hormones
Hypothalamic hormones,
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13
Q

INSULIN

A

CHANGES WAY WE METABOLIZE SUGAR

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14
Q

ADH

A

ANITDIURETIC HORMONE MAKES YOU RETAIN WATER (ANTI MEANS AGAINST); THIS ALSO AFFECTS YOUR METABOLISM AS ALMOST ALL REACTIONS NEED H2O

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15
Q

ILLNESS AND DISEASE CAN DO WHAT TO BLOOD SUGAR

A

RAISE BLOOD SUGAR

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16
Q

WHAT IS A PEPTIDE BOND

A

THE BOND THAT HOLDS AMINO ACIDS TOGETHER

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17
Q

WHAT ARE THE TWO SYSTEMS THAT REGULATE THE BODY

A

ENDOCRINE AND NERVOUS SYSTEM

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18
Q

CHAINS OF AMINO ACIDS ARE WHICH PART OF THE STRUCTURE OF A HORMONE

A

THE PRIMARY STRUCTURE

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19
Q

STEROID HORMONES ARE NOT PROTEINS THEY ARE

A

LIPIDS

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20
Q

EXAMPLES OF STEROID HORMONES

A

ESTROGEN, TESTOSTERONE, PROGESTERONE

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21
Q

STEROID HORMONES BIND TO RECEPTOR MOLECULES IN

A

THE CYTOPLASM OF THE CELL THAT ENTERS THE NUCLEUS

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22
Q

IN THE NUCLEUS, STEROID HORMONES CHANGE

A

THE GENETIC MAKEUP OF THE CELL

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23
Q

STRUCTURE DETERMINES

A

FUNCTION

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24
Q

STEROIDS FIGHT WHAT

A

INFLAMMATION

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25
Q

DIENCEPHALON???

A

MID SAGITAL OF BRAIN???

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26
Q

WHAT IS THE NICKNAME OF THE PITUITARY GLAND

A

THE MASTER GLAND

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27
Q

INSULIN IS WHAT TYPE OF HORMONE

A

A PEPTIDE/PROTEIN HORMONE

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28
Q

INSULIN REGULATES WHAT

A

BLOOD SUGAR, CAUSES BLOOD SUGAR TO DROP - THE SUGAR GOES INTO THE CELLS TO BE USED TO MAKE ENERGY RT insulin-into cell

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29
Q

WHAT IS THE MAIN PURPOSE OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

A

TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS AND REGULATE VARIOUS PROCESSES SUCH AS GROWTH AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

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30
Q

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM CONSISTS OF MANY DIFFERENT GLANDS CONTAINING

A

SPECIFIC CELLS THAT SYNTHESIZE AND RELEASE CHEMICAL MESSENGERS (HORMONES)

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31
Q

HORMONES ENTER THE BLOOD WHERE THEY TRAVEL TO WHAT

A

THE TARGET TISSUE/CELL

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32
Q

THE TARGET TISSUE/CELL HAS WHAT

A

A RECEPTOR FOR THAT SPECIFIC HORMONE

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33
Q

AFTER A HORMONE BINDS TO ITS RECEPTOR WHAT HAPPENS

A

IT INDUCES A RESPONSE IN THE TARGET TISSUE/CELL

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34
Q

WHAT ARE POSSIBLE RESPONSES OF THE TARGET TISSUE/CELL

A

SECRETE A NEW HORMONE; PRODUCE A NEW ENZYME; INHIBIT CELL FROM DOING A SPECIFIC FUNCTION

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35
Q

HORMONE BINDS ONLY TO A TARGET TISSUE/CELL THAT HAS WHAT

A

A SHAPE SPECIFIC RECEPTOR FOR THE HORMONE

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36
Q

GLANDS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

A

PITUITARY; PINEAL; PARATHYROID; PANCREAS; GONADS; ADRENAL; THYROID Peter paid Paul pretty Good and twice

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37
Q

STEROID HORMONES ARE LIPID SOLUBLE AND SYNTHESIZED FROM

A

CHOLESTEROL

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38
Q

BECAUSE STEROID HORMONES ARE LIPID SOLUBLE AND MUST BE TRANSPORTED THROUGH THE WATERY BLOOD, THEY NEED

A

SPECIAL TRANSPORTERS CALLED PROTEIN CARRIERS

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39
Q

PROTEIN CARRIERS PREVENT HORMONES FROM BEING

A

DEGRADED BY ENZYMES IN THE BLOOD

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40
Q

WHAT HAPPENS ONCE HORMONES REACH THEIR TARGET TISSUE/CELL steroid

A

ENTER NUCLEUS TO STIMULATE DNA TO BEGIN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

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41
Q

TWO KEY FEATURES OF STEROID HORMONES

A

SLOWER ACTION AND NO AMPLIFICATION

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42
Q

EXPAND ON SLOWER ACTION OF STEROID HORMONES

A

PRODUCE A RESPONSE IN HOURS OR DAYS AFTER INITIAL BINDING WITH ITS RECEPTOR; SLOWER THAN NONSTEROIDAL HORMONE protein hormones

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43
Q

EXPAND ON NO AMPLIFICATION OF STEROID HORMONE

A

EFFECTS PRODUCED ARE PROPORTIONAL TO AMOUNT OF HORMONE SECRETED; IE A GREATER AMOUNT OF HORMONE IS NEEDED TO INDUCE A RESPONSE COMPARED WITH A NONSTEROID protein

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44
Q

WHICH ARE THE STEROID HORMONES

A

ALDOSTERONE; CORTISOL; ADROGENS (TESTOSTERONE; ESTROGEN; PROGESTERONE

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45
Q

WHAT ARE THE TARGET TISSUES/CELLS OF ALDOSTERONE; CORTISOL AND THE ANDROGENS

A

ADRENAL GLANDS (CORTEX)

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46
Q

WHAT ARE THE TARGET TISSUES OF TESTOSTERONE

A

TESTES

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47
Q

WHAT ARE THE TARGET TISSUES OF ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE

A

OVARIES

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48
Q

WHAT ARE THE TARGET TISSUES OF CALCITRIOL

A

KIDNEYS

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49
Q

STEROID HORMONE TRAVLES THROUGH THE BODY WITH THE HELP OF WHAT

A

PROTEIN CARRIER

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50
Q

ONCE THE HORMONE IS RELEASED FROM THE PROTEIN CARRIER THE HORMONE DOES WHAT

A

DIFFUSES THROUGH THE PLASMA MEMBRANE INTO THE CYTOPLASM AND INTO THE NUCLEUS THROUGH THE NUCLEAR PORE

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51
Q

WHAT DOES THE HORMONE DO ONCE INSIDE THE NUCLEUS

A

THE HORMONE BINDS WITH ITS HORMONE RECEPTOR

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52
Q

HORMONE RECEPTOR COMPLEX

A

THE RESULT OF THE HORMONE BINDING WITH ITS HORMONE RECEPTOR INSIDE THE NUCLEUS

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53
Q

WHAT DOES THE HORMONE RECEPTOR COMPLEX DO

A

BINDS TO A SHAPE-SPECIFIC RECEPTOR ON DNA LIKE A KEY IN THE LOCK

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54
Q

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THE HORMONE RECEPTOR COMPLEX BINDS WITH ITS SHAPE-SPECIFIC RECEPTOR ON DNA

A

IT STIMULATES DNA TO BEGIN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS;

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55
Q

WHAT HAPPENS IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

A

DNA MAKES A COPY OF ITSELF AS A SINGLE STRANDED MOLECULE (mRNA); THE mRNA IS ABLE TO LEAVE THE NUCLEUS THROUGH THE NUCLEAR PORE; BINDS TO RIBOSOME (PROTEIN FACTORY IN THE CELL) IN CYTOPLASM; THE RIBOSOME FOLLOWS THE INSTRUCTIONS AND STARTS LINKING FREE AMINO ACIDS TO FORM A NEW PROTEIN

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56
Q

WHAT IS THE PROTEIN FACTORY IN THE CELL

A

THE RIBOSOME

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57
Q

NON-STEROIDAL HORMONES ARE _________SOLUBLE

A

WATER SOLUBLE AND EASILY TRANSPORTED THROUGH THE BLOOD; MANY ARE PROTECTED BY PROTEIN CARRIERS TO PREVENT DEGRADATION FROM ENZYMES IN THE BLOOD

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58
Q

NON-STEROIDAL HORMONES BIND TO WHAT

A

AT RECEPTORS LOCATED AT THE PLASMA MEMBRANE - THIS TRIGGERS A CASCADE INSIDE THE CELL THAT LEADS TO CELLULAR CHANGES

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59
Q

TWO KEY FEATURES OF NON-STEROIDAL HORMONES

A

RAPID ACTION; AMPLIFICATION

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60
Q

EXPAND ON RAPID ACTION OF NON-STEROIDAL HORMONES

A

PRODUCE A RESPONSE WITHIN SECONDS OR MINUTES AFTER HORMONE INITIALLY BINDS TO ITS RECEPTOR

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61
Q

EXPAND ON AMPLIFICATION OF NON-STEROIDAL HORMONES

A

THE CHAIN REACTION IN THE CELL AMPLIFIES THE EFFECTS OF THE HORMONE; A LITTLE HORMONE PRODUCES A BIG RESPONSE

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62
Q

FOUR DIFFERENT CHEMICAL CATEGORIES OF NON-STEROIDAL HORMONES

A

PROTEINS; GLYCOPROTEINS; PEPTIDES; AMINO ACID DERIVATIVES

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63
Q

EXS OF PROTEIN ON-STEROIDAL HORMONES

A

INSULIN; GLUCAGON; GROWTH HORMONE(GH)

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64
Q

EXS OF GLYCOPROTEIN NON-STEROIDAL HORMONES

A

FOLLICLE STIMULATIN HORMONE(FSH); LUTEINIZING HORMONE(LH)

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65
Q

EXS OF PEPTIDE NON-STEROIDAL HORMONES

A

ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE(ADH); AND OXYTOCIN(OT)

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66
Q

EXS OF AMINO ACID DERIVATIVES NON-STEROIDAL HORMONES

A

EPINEPHRINE; NOREPINEPHRINE; AND THYROXINE(T4)

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67
Q

??

A

MEMBRANE RECEPTORS FOR THE HORMONE

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68
Q

NON-STEROIDAL HORMONES BIND WITH THE MEMBRANE RECEPTORS TO FORM WHAT

A

HORMONE RECEPTOR COMPLEX

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69
Q

WITH NON-STEROIDAL HORMONES, THE HORMONE RECEPTOR COMPLEX IS REFERRED TO AS WHAT

A

THE FIRST MESSENGER

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70
Q

WHY IS IT CALLED THE FIRST MESSENGER

A

BECAUSE IT BEGINS THE CHAIN REACTION WITHIN THE TARGET TISSUE/CELL

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71
Q

MANY HORMONE RECEPTOR COMPLEXES TRIGGER THIS PROTEIN

A

G PROTEINS - THEY ARE CONVERTED FROM AN INACTIVE TO ACTIVATED FORM

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72
Q

ACTIVATED G PROTEINS DO WHAT

A

TRIGGER AN ENZYME CALLED ADENYLATE CYCLASE TO BECOME ACTIVATED

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73
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF ADENYLATE CYCLASE

A

TO CATALYZE THE CONVERSION OF ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP) INTO CYCLIC AMP (cAMP)

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74
Q

cAMP ACTS AN ENZYME TO CATALYZE THE CONVERSION OF WHAT

A

CATALYZE THE CONVERSION OF AN INACTIVE PROTEIN KINASE INTO AN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE

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75
Q

ENZYMES ARE JUST

A

CATALYSTS

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76
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF ANY KINASE

A

TO TRANSFER A PHOSPHATE GROUP FROM ONE SUBSTANCE TO ANOTHER

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77
Q

cAMP IS ALSO CALLED THE WHAT

A

SECOND MESSENGER

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78
Q

WHY IS cAMP CALLED THE SECOND MESSENGER

A

BECAUSE IT IS A CRITICAL PLAYER IN THE CHAIN REACTION OF NON-STEROIDAL HORMONES

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79
Q

WHAT MUST BE REACHED IN A CELL FOR A RESPONSE TO BE INDUCED FROM A NON-STEROIDAL HORMONE

A

A THRESHOLD LEVEL OF cAMP???

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80
Q

WHAT DOES ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE DO

A

IT TRANSFERS A PHOSPHATE GROUP FROM ATP ONTO A PROTEIN

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81
Q

WHAT IS A PHOSPHORYLATED PROTEIN

A

A PROTEIN THAT HAS HAD AN ATP TRANSFERRED ONTO IT

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82
Q

PHOSPHORYLATED PROTEINS EVENTUALLY PRODUCE WHAT

A

CELLULAR CHANGES WITHIN THE TARGET CELL

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83
Q

WHAT IS THE FINAL FATE OF cAMP

A

IT IS EITHER DEACTIVATED WITHIN THE TARGET CELL OR IT DIFFUSES OUT OF THE CELL

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84
Q

WHAT ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF PROTEINS

A

AMINO ACIDS

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85
Q

HOW ARE AMINO ACIDS LINKED TOGETHER

A

WITH A PEPTIDE BOND

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86
Q

PROTEINS ARE CHAINS OF ______ THAT LOOK FOR WHAT

A

AMINO ACIDS; LOOK FOR RECEPTORS ON TARGET TISSUE/CELL

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87
Q

RECEPTORS ARE ALSO WHAT

A

PROTEINS

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88
Q

HYPOPHYSIS

A

PITUITARY GLAND - SMALL GLAND LOCATED ON A STALK HANGING FROM THE BASE OF THE BRAIN

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89
Q

STALK HANGING FROM THE BASE OF THE BRAIN THAT HOLDS THE PITIUTARY IS CALLED THE

A

in·fun·dib·u·lum

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90
Q

THE MASTER GLAND OR PITUITARY GLAND/HYPOPHYSIS IS CONTROLLED BY THE

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

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91
Q

PITUITARY GLAND IS WHERE IN THE CHAIN OF EVENTS

A

INSIDE

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92
Q

WHAT IS THE TARGET TISSUE OF THE HORMONES RELEASED BY THE HYPOTHALAMUS

A

THE PITUITARY GLAND

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93
Q

PRIMARY FUNCTION OF MASTER GLAND

A

TELL OTHER GLANDS WHAT TO DO

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94
Q

WHY IS PITUITARY GLAND CAUSED THE MASTER GLAND

A

TELLS OTHER GLANDS/TARGET TISSUES WHAT TO DO

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95
Q

MASTER GLAND PRODUCES MANY ______; SECRETION IS CONTROLLED BY ___________

A

HORMONES; HYPOTHALAMUS

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96
Q

POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FEEDBACK HAVE NOTHING TO DO WITH

A

GOOD AND BAD

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97
Q

HYPOTHALLAMUS CONTROLS THE

A

PITIUTARY GLAND

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98
Q

HYPOTHALAMUS IS LOCATE IN THE

A

DIENCEPHALON??

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99
Q

TROPIC HORMONES

A

CHAIN REACTIONS WILL OCCUR EX HYPHTHALAMUS TO PITUITARY TO TARGET TISSU/CELL

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100
Q

TWO TYPES OF FEEDBACKS

A

POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FEEDBACK; HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH GOOD OR BAD

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101
Q

HYPOTHALAMUS HORMONES

A

GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING HORMONE; GONADOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE; PROLACTIN RELEASING HORMONE; PROLACTIN INHIBITING HORMONE; PROLACTIN RELEASING HORMONE; PROLACTIN INHIBITING HORMONE; CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE

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102
Q

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK CAN DO WHAT

A

STOP OR REVERSE CURRENT TREND; BRING BODY BACK TO HOMEOSTASIS; RETURN TO HOMEOSTASIS;

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103
Q

EX OF POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP

A

BIRTH

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104
Q

ANYTHING THAT COMES FROM THE ADRENAL CORTEX IS A

A

STEROID

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105
Q

TROPIC MEANS

A

CHAIN REACTIONS WILL OCCUR EX HYPHTHALAMUS TO PITUITARY TO TARGET TISSU/CELL

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106
Q

HYPOTHALAMUS IS RELEASING THE ACTUAL HORMONES THEMSELVES; TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE

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107
Q

THYROTROPIN HORMONE TARGETS WHAT TISSUE

A

THYROID

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108
Q

GONADOTROPIN HORMONE TARGETS WHAT TISSUE

A

GONADS

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109
Q

PROLACTIN RELEASING HORMONE TARGETS WHAT TISSUE

A

MAMMARY GLANDS

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110
Q

CORTICOTROPIN HORMONE TARGETS WHAT TISSUE

A

ADRENAL CORTEX

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111
Q

CORTICO IS ALWAYS WHAT TYPE OF HORMONE

A

STEROID

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112
Q

adenohypophysis

A

the anterior part of the pituitary gland that is derived from the embryonic pharynx and is primarily glandular in nature. — called also anterior lobe, anterior pituitary.

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113
Q

neu·ro·hy·poph·y·sis

A

the posterior lobe of the hypophysis (pituitary gland), which stores and releases oxytocin and vasopressin produced in the hypothalamus.

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114
Q

WHAT DOES THE GROWTH RELEASING HORMONE AND THE GROWTH INHIBITING HORMONE TELL THE PITUITARY

A

TELLS THE PITUITARY TO RELEASE GROWTH HORMONE; TELLS THE PITUITATY TO STOP RELEASING THE GROWTH HORMONE

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115
Q

THE TARGET TISSUE FOR ALL HORMONES RELEASED BY THE HYPOTHALAMUS

A

THE PITUITARY GLAND

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116
Q

WHAT TWO HORMONES ARE STORED IN THE NEUROHYPOPHYSIS; WHERE ARE THEY MADE

A

OXYTOCIN (OT) AND ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH) OR VASOPRESSIN; MADE IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS

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117
Q

ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH) IS ALSO KNOWN AS

A

VASOPRESSIN

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118
Q

NERVE IMPULSES FROM THE HYPOTHALAMUS REGULATE SECRETION OF WHICH TWO HORMONES

A

OXYTOCIN (OT) AND ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH) OR VASOPRESSIN

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119
Q

HOW IS THE POSTERIOR PITUITARY REGULATING WHAT IT STORES AND RELEASES

A

BY NERVE IMPULSES BY THE HYPOTHALAMUS

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120
Q

ADENOHYPOPHYSIS PRIMARILY REGULATES WHAT

A

OTHER ENDOCRINE GLANDS

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121
Q

THIS PART OF THE PITUITARY IS RARELY A FACTOR IN ENDOCRINE EMERGENCIES

A

ANTERIOR PITUITARY

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122
Q

THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY (ADENOHYPOPHYSIS) IS REGULATED BY HORMONES RELEASED BY

A

THE HYPOTHALAMUS

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123
Q

THE TWO AREAS OF THE PITUITARY ARE COMPLETELY DIFFERENT IN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION: TRUE OF FALSE

A

TRUE

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124
Q

THIS PAIN RELEIVING PROCEDURE CAN CAUSE CONTRACTIONS

A

EPIDURAL

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125
Q

THE NEUROHYPOPHYSIS IS REGULATED BY WHILE THE ADENOPHYSIS IS REGULATED BY

A

NERVE IMPULSES OF HYPOTHALAMUS VS HORMONES RELEASED BY THE HYPOTHALAMUS

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126
Q

OXYTOCIN IS THE NATURAL FORM OF

A

PITOCIN

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127
Q

WHAT IS THE TARGET TISSUE OF OXYTOCIN

A

UTERUS AND MAMMARY GLANDS; UTERINE CONTRACTIONS; LET DOWN MILK (NOT PUMPING OR MAKING MILK-THAT IS ANOTHER HORMONE); ALSO CRAMPING DURING MENSTRUAL CYCLE

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128
Q

PITOCIN IS WHAT TYPE OF HORMONE

A

SYNTHETIC HORMONE

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129
Q

WHAT ARE THE KEY FUNCTIONS OF OXYTOCIN

A

MAKES UTERUS CONTRACT TO HELP PUSH BABY OUT; LETS MILK DOWN

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130
Q

SYNTHETIC HORMONES ARE MORE HARSH ON THE BODY THAN NATURAL HORMONES: TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

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131
Q

WHAT ARE THE OTHER TWO NAMES FOR ANTIDIURETIC HORMONES (ADH)

A

VASOPRESSIN;

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132
Q

WHAT IS TARGET TISSUE FOR ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)

A

KIDNEYS

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133
Q

WHAT ARE KEY FUNCTIONS OF ADH

A

TELLS KIDNEYS TO HOLD ONTO WATER

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134
Q

VASO MEANS WHAT

A

VASCULAR (ARTERIES/VEINS)

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135
Q

PRESSIN MEANS WHAT

A

PRESSURE

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136
Q

WHAT HAPPENS IN DEHYDRATION

A

KIDNEYS HAVE TO WORK HARDER; PUTS MORE STRESS ON ARTERIES AND VEINS

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137
Q

KIDNEYS HAVING TO WORK HARDER IMPACTS WHAT

A

BLOOD PRESSURE

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138
Q

DIURECTIC MEANS WHAT

A

LOSES H2O

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139
Q

PITOCIN - A SYNTHETIC HORMONE - CAN MAKE THIS WORSE

A

LABOR/CONTRACTIONS

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140
Q

WHY IS IT DANGEROUS TO BE DEHYDRATED

A

KIDNEYS ARE NOT RELEASING WASTES

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141
Q

ANTIDIURETIC MEANS WHAT

A

HOLD H2O

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142
Q

WHAT ARE THE TWO NAMES FOR TSH

A

THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE; THYROTROPIN

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143
Q

WHAT IS TARGET TISSUE FOR THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH)

A

THYROID

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144
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH)

A

STIMULATE THYROID

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145
Q

EVERY CHAIN REACTION STARTS WHERE

A

THE HYPOTHALAMUS

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146
Q

WHAT ARE THE OTHER TWO NAMES FOR GROWTH HORMONE (GH)

A

GROWTH HORMONE

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147
Q

WHAT IS THE TARGET TISSUE OF GROWTH HORMONE (GH)

A

WHOLE BODY

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148
Q

WHAT ARE THE KEY FUNCTIONS GROWTH HORMONE (GH)

A

TISSUE GROWTH/CELL DIVISION

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149
Q

WHAT DOES CORTICO MEAN

A

CORTEX

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150
Q

ACTH IS

A

ad·​re·​no·​cor·​ti·​co·​tro·​pic

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151
Q

WHAT IS THE TARGET TISSUE OF ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE

A

ADRENAL CORTEX

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152
Q

EVERYTHING IN THE ANTERIOR HYPOTHALAMUS (ADENOHYPOPHYSIS) COMES FROM WHERE

A

HYPROTHALAMUS

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153
Q

WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE

A

SECRETION OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS

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154
Q

WHAT IS FSH

A

FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH)

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155
Q

WHAT IS LH

A

LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH)

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156
Q

WHAT ARE THE TARGET TISSUES OF FHS AND LH

A

THE GONADS

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157
Q

WHAT ARE THE KEY FUNCTIONS OF FSH AND LH

A

TELLS GONADS TO SECRETE HORMONES (EGGS AND SPERM) ??

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158
Q

WHAT IS PRL

A

PROLACTIN RELEASING HORMONE (PRL)

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159
Q

WHAT IS THE TARGET TISSUE OF PRL

A

MAMMARY GLANDS

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160
Q

WHAT ARE THE KEY FUNCTIONS OF PRL

A

KEEP BREAST MILK PUMPING

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161
Q

WHERE DOES PRL COME FROM

A

ADENOHYPOPHYSIS

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162
Q

PINEAL GLAND IS LOCATED WHERE

A

DEEP IN THE INTERIOR OF THE BRAIN; BATHED IN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID; CALCIFIES WITH AGE; MORE TOWARDS THE BACK OF THE BRAIN

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163
Q

WHAT HORMONE DOES PINEAL GLAND SECRETE

A

MELATONIN

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164
Q

PINEAL GLAND IS PART OF WHICH THALAMUS

A

THE EPITHALAMUS

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165
Q

One particular nomenclature that refers to the duality of the brain is the

A

DIENCEPHALON

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166
Q

WHERE IS THE HYPOTHALAMUS, THE EPITHALAMUS; AND THE THALAMUS LOCATED

A

DIENCEPHALON

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167
Q

The diencephalon is comprised of the:

A

EPITHALAMUS; THALAMUS; SUBTHALAMUS; METATHALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS

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168
Q

WHAT IS THE TARGET TISSUE OF MELATONIN

A

THE BRAIN

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169
Q

MELATONIN IS ALSO CALLED THE _______HORMONE

A

SLEEP HORMONE

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170
Q

WHAT IS KEY FUNCTION OF MELATONIN

A

REGULATES OUR SLEEP (CIRCADIAN RHTHYMS) MELATONIN INCREASES DURING EVENINGS/NIGHT AND DROPS DURING DAY

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171
Q

EXPLAIN THE PATTERN OF HOW MELATONIN WORKS

A

LIGHT ACTIVATES MELATONIN; SO TV/SCREEN TIME CAN MESS WITH IT?? EXPAND ON THIS; SURING DAY WE SHOULD BE AWAKE; AT NIGHT SHOULD BE ASLEEP; LESS LIGHT (IE CLOUDY DAY) FEEL MORE TIRED

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172
Q

WHAT HAPPENS TO THE PINEAL GLAND AS WE GET OLDER

A

IT CALCIFIES AND PRODUCES LESS MELATONIN; AS WE GET OLDER WE BECOME MORE SENSITIVE TO LIGHT; WHY OLDER PEOPLE MAY SLEEP LESS

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173
Q

WHAT EFFECT TO MELATONIN SUPPLEMENTS HAVE ON OUR BODIES

A

THEY CAN CAUSE OUR BODIES TO PRODUCE LESS MELATONIN

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174
Q

WHAT CERTAIN POPULATIONS MAY BE IMPACTED WITH REGARD TO MELATONIN AND WHY

A

THE BLIND; NO LIGHT TO EVER ACTIVATE MELATONIN; ALSO VERY DIFFICULT FOR PEOPLE WHO WORK AT NIGHT; PLACES WHERE THERE IS NOT A LOT OF LIGHT

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175
Q

CIRCADIAN RYTHYMS

A

EXPAND ON THIS

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176
Q

WHERE IS THE THYROID GLAND LOCATED

A

ANTERIOR PORTION OF NECK BELOW

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177
Q

HOW MANY LOBES DOES THE THYROID GLAND HAVE

A

2

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178
Q

HOW ARE THE LOBES OF THE THYROID JOINED

A

THE ISTHMUS - A NARROW BAND OF TISSUE

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179
Q

SACS INSIDE THE THYROID GLAND FILLED WITH WHAT FLUID

A

COLLOID

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180
Q

WHAT TYPE OF CELLS ARE AROUND THE COLLOID

A

THYROID FOLLICULAR CELLS

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181
Q

Thyroid follicular cells (thyrocytes OR THYROID EPITHELIAL CELLS) form

A

form a simple cuboidal epithelium and are arranged in spherical thyroid follicles surrounding a fluid filled space known as the colloid. They form the single layer of cuboidal epithelium that makes up the outer structure of the almost spherical thyroid follicle.

182
Q

Thyroid follicular cells (thyrocytes OR THYROID EPITHELIAL CELLS) ARE THE MAJOR CELL TYPE IN THE THYROID GLAND AND PRODUCE AND SECRETE WHAT

A

the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).

183
Q

T3

A

TRIIODOTHYRONINE; tri-i-o-do-thy-ro-nine

184
Q

T4

A

tetraiodothy-ro-nine

185
Q

WHAT CAUSES BUMPY LOOK OF THYROID

A

??

186
Q

WHAT MINERAL IS REQUIRED FOR T3 AND T4 TO WORK PROPERLY

A

IODINE

187
Q

HOW MOST OF GET THE MINERAL FILL THIS IN

A

IODIZED TABLE SALT; NOT ALL SALTS (EX HIMYLAYAN SEA SALT) MAY NOT HAVE IODINE; FISH HAVE A LOT OF IODINE

188
Q

WITHIN THE COLLOID ARE THE THYROID HORMONES

A

T3 AND T4

189
Q

WHAT ARE THE TWO OTHER NAMES FOR T4

A

tetraiodothy-ro-nine; THYROXINE

190
Q

WHAT IS THE OTHER NAME FOR T3

A

TRIIODOTHYRONINE; tri-i-o-do-thy-ro-nine

191
Q

WHEN T3 AND T4 ARE RELEASED; WHAT ARE THEY RELEASED INTO

A

THE BLOOD; EXOCRINE GLAND

192
Q

WHAT IS THE TARGET TISSUE OF T3 AND T4

A

??

193
Q

WHAT IS THE KEY FUNCTION OF T3 AND T4

A

SPEEDS UP METABOLISM

194
Q

“C” CELLS WITHIN THE THYROID PRODUCE WHAT HORMONE

A

CALCITONIN

195
Q

WHAT IS THE OTHER NAME FOR “C” CELLS

A

PARAFOLLICULAR CELLS

196
Q

ARE THE THYROID AND PARATHYROID GLANDS THE SAME GLANDS

A

NO

197
Q

WHY IS IT GOOD THAT EXTREME COLD CAN ACTIVATE THYROID GLAND

A

INCREASED METABOLISM WILL HELP KEEP US WARM ? CONFIRM THIS

198
Q

ARE C CELLS THE SAME AS THE FOLLICULAR CELLS

A

NO

199
Q

CALCITONIN COMES FROM WHAT GLAND

A

THYROID

200
Q

WHAT DOES CALCITONIN DO

A

TONES YOUR BONES; ; ACTIVATES OSTEOBLASTS

201
Q

WHAT IS IT CALLED IF YOU HAVE INADEQUATE LEVELS OF THYROID HORMONES (BELOW NORMAL LEVELS)

A

HYPOTHYROIDISM

202
Q

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF

A

FACIAL BLOATING; WEAKNESS; COLD INTOLERANCE; LETHARGIC; ALTERED MENTAL STATUS; OILY SKIN/HAIR; WEIGHT GAIN

203
Q

WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR LOW THYROID HORMONE LEVELS

A

MEDS; SYNTHROID OR GENERIC LEVOTHYROXINE - SYNTHETIC VERSION OF T3 AND T4

204
Q

WHAT DO OSTEOBLASTS DO

A

BUILD BONE; MAKE BONE STRONGER

205
Q

WHY IS IT GOOD TO HAVE HIGH BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS

A

ALLOWS YOU TO STORE UP CALCIUM FOR DAY WHEN YOU DO NOT HAVE ENOUGH CALCIUM

206
Q

COLD INTLOERANCE MEANS

A

FEELS LIKE COLD HURTS THEIR BONES

207
Q

CALCITONIN IS EXO OR ENDO

A

ENDOCRINE; RELEASED DIRECTLY INTO BLOOD

208
Q

HOW DOES BODY STORE CALCIUM

A

BY C CELLS RELEASING CALCITONIN INTO BLOOD; ACTIVATES OSTEOBLASTS WHICH BUILD BONE (IE STORE CALCIUM)

209
Q

IS HYPOTHYROIDISM GENETIC

A

YES

210
Q

HORMONAL PROBLEMS CAN CAUSE AN EMOTIONAL TOLL BECAUSE

A

IT IS A CHEMICAL IMBALANCE

211
Q

WHAT IS IT CALLED IF YOU HAVE INCREASED THYROID HORMONE RELEASE

A

HYPERTHYROIDISM

212
Q

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF HYPERTHYROIDISM

A

INSOMNIA; FATIGUE; TACHYCARDIA; HYPERTENSION; HEAT INTOLERANCE; WEIGHT LOSS

213
Q

TACHYCARDIA

A

FAST HEART RATE

214
Q

HYPERTENSION

A

HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE

215
Q

HEAT INTOLERANCE MEANS

A

CANNOT STAND HEAT

216
Q

LONG TERM HYPERTHYROIDISM CAN CAUSE

A

EXOPHTHALMOS

217
Q

WHAT IS THYROTOXICOSIS

A

THYROID HAS BECOME TOXIC; TO MUCH T3 AND T4; a condition in which you have too much thyroid hormone in your body

218
Q

EXOPHTHALMOS/Exophthalmos

A

known as proptosis, is the medical term for bulging or protruding eyeballs

219
Q

WHAT IS MOST SEVERE FORM OF HYPERTHYROIDISM

A

THYROTOXICOSIS

220
Q

WHAT IS TREATMENT OF HYPERTHYROIDISM

A

USUALLY KILL OFF PART OF THYROID (RADIATION); IE KILL OFF SOME FOLLICES AND DESTROY SOME COLLOID; CAN KILL OF TOO MUCH AND THEN HYPOTHYROIDISM(MEDS)

221
Q

WHERE ARE THE PARATHYROID GLANDS

A

ENMBEDDED IN THYROID

222
Q

WHAT DO THE PARATHYROID GLANDS LOOK LIKE

A

LITTLE PEAS

223
Q

HOW MANY PARATHYROID GLANDS ARE THERE

A

4 SEPARATE GLANDS

224
Q

WHAT DOES THE PARATHYROID GLANDS PRODUCE

A

PTH - PARATHYROID HORMONE

225
Q

WHAT DOES PTH DO

A

ACTIVATES OSTEOCLASTS

226
Q

WHAT IS HYPOCALCEMIA

A

CALCIUM LEVELS ARE TO LOW; CAN RESULT FROM DAMAGE TO PARATHYROID GLANDS

227
Q

WHEN DOES HYPOCALCEMIA OCCUR

A

??

228
Q

WHY DOES HYPOCALCEMIA OCCUR

A

USUALLY AS A RESULT OF DAMAGE TO PARATHYROID GLANDS

229
Q

OSTEOCLASTS DO WHAT

A

BREAK DOWN BONE; THEREFORE RELEASING CALCIUM INTO BLOODSTREAM AND RAISES BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS

230
Q

WHEN BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS ARE LOW WHAT HORMONE IS RELEASED

A

PARATHYROID HORMONE IS RELEASED BY PARATHYROID GLANDS

231
Q

TO MUCH PTH CAN LEAD TO

A

OSTEOPOROSIS (BRITTLE BONES)

232
Q

Osteoporosis

A

CAUSES BRITTLE AND WEAK BONES

233
Q

CACLIUM CANNOT BE ABSORBED WITHOUT THIS VITAMIN

A

VITAMIN D

234
Q

WHERE IS THE THYMUS LOCATED

A

LOCATED IN THE me·di·as·ti·num / IS SUPERIOR TO THE HEART/ The anterior mediastinum TO BE PRECISE

235
Q

WHAT HORMONE DOES THE THYMUS PRODUCE

A

The thymus produces all our T cells before we become teenagers. The thymus also produces a hormone called thymosin that helps make and develop T cells. ALSO PRODUCES Thymopoietin AND THYMULIN

236
Q

WHAT IS THE TARGET TISSUE OF

A

THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM?? CONFIRM THIS

237
Q

WHAT IS THE KEY FUNCTION OF

A

HELPS DEVELOP THE IMMUNE SYSTEM/LYMPHATIC SYSTEM (T CELLS)

238
Q

WHAT HAPPENS AS WE AGE BOTH ANATOMICALLY AND PHYSIOLOGICALLY

A

THE THYMUS GLAND GETS SMALLER AND SMALLER. It gradually becomes less active and eventually gets smaller and is replaced by fat tissue

239
Q

WHY IS ___ IMPORTANT FOR CHILDREN

A

BECAUSE CHILDREN DO NOT HAVE AN IMMUNE SYSTEM WHEN THEY ARE BORN; ONLY IMMUNITY HAVE AT BIRTH IS THE NATURAL PASSIVE IMMUNITY PASSED FROM MOTHER WHICH IS ONLY TEMPORARY

240
Q

WHY ARE T CELLS CALLED T CELLS

A

BECAUSE THEY MATURE IN THE THYMUS

241
Q

WHERE IS THE PANCREAS LOCATED

A

DEEP IN ABDOMINAL CAVITY; BEHIND STOMACH AND IN FOLDS OF DUODENUM (IN FOLDS OF THE DUODENUM)

242
Q

DUODENUM

A

The duodenum, the first and shortest section of the small intestine, is a key organ in the digestive system.

243
Q

DOES PANCREAS HAVE BOTH EXOCRINE AND ENDOCRINE FUNCTIONS

A

YES

244
Q

WHAT ARE THE SPECIALIZED TISSUES THAT ALLOW THE ENDOCRINE FUNCTIONS

A

islet of langerhans

245
Q

WHAT ARE THE THREE TYPES OF CELLS IN THIS SPECIALIZED TISSUE

A

ALPHA; BETA; DELTA

246
Q

WHAT HORMONE DO ALPHA CELLS SECRETE

A

GLUCAGON

247
Q

WHAT HORMONE DO BETA CELLS SECRETE

A

INSULIN

248
Q

WHAT HORMONE DO BETA CELLS SECRETE

A

Somatostatin; ALSO CALLED growth hormone-inhibiting hormone; A PEPTIDE OR PROTEIN

249
Q

ALPHA CELLS RELEASE WHAT HORMONE

A

GLUCAGON

250
Q

WHAT FUNCTION DOES GLUCAGON HAVE

A

INCREASE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL

251
Q

WHAT DOES GLUCOSE + O2 PRODUCES WHAT

A

ATP + CO2

252
Q

WHEN DOES THIS OCCUR

A

WHEN BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS DROP

253
Q

WHERE IS THE TARGET TISSUE FOR GLUCAGON HORMONE

A

LIVER

254
Q

WHY IS THE LIVER THE TARGET TISSUE

A

BECAUSE THE LIVER HAS STORED SUGAR (GLYCOGEN)

255
Q

WHAT IS GLYCOGEN

A

STORED GLUCOSE

256
Q

WHEN BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL IS HIGH WHAT HAPPENS

A

GLUCAGON IS STORED IN LIVER BUT AS GLYCOGEN

257
Q

WHAT IS THE NAME FOR THE PROCESS IN WHICH GLYCOGEN MADE (IE TURNS GLUCOSE INTO GLYCOGEN)

A

glycogenesis

258
Q

WHAT IS GLYCOGEN MADE FROM

A

GLUCOSE

259
Q

CAN GLYCOGEN BE RELEASED INTO THE BLOOD

A

NO

260
Q

WHAT IS THE PROCESS THAT TURNS GLYCOGEN BACK TO GLUCOSE FOR RELEASE

A

Glycogenolysis

261
Q

IF NO AVAILABLE CARBOHYDRATE MOLECULES ARE AVAILABLE, WHAT CAN THE LIVER DO

A

CAN MAKE CARBS FROM NON-CARB MOLECULES

262
Q

WHAT IS THIS CALLED

A

Gluconeogenesis

263
Q

WHY DOES GLYCOGEN HAVE TO BE TURNED BACK INTO GLUCOSE BEFORE RELEASE INTO THE BLOOD

A

BECAUSE GLYCOGEN CANNOT BE RELEASED INTO THE BLOOD

264
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

formation of new glucose molecules in the body as opposed to glucose that is broken down from the long storage molecule

265
Q

CAN YOU LIVE WITHOUT CARBS

A

NO; LIVER CANNOT MAKE CARBS INDEFINATELY

266
Q

WHY IS KETO DIET DANGEROUS

A

BECAUSE IT IS AN ALL FAT DIET; BODY FORGETS WHAT TO DO WHEN IT FINALLY DOES RECEIVE CARBS; ALL THE FAT GOES INTO ARTERIES AND VEINS

267
Q

WHAT IS STORED GLUCOSE

A

GLYCOGEN

268
Q

WHAT HORMONE IS RELEASED BY BETA CELLS

A

INSULIN

269
Q

WHAT IS THE TARGET TISSUE OF INSULIN

A

EVERY BODY CELL; ONCE GLUCOSE IS IN THE CELL IT CREATES ATP

270
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF INSULIN

A

LOWER BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL (WANT TO GET GLUCOSE FROM BLOOD INTO CELLS); TELLS CELLS TO LET GLUCOSE IN

271
Q

WHAT IS THE HELPER THAT ALLOWS/TELLS TO ACCEPT GLUCOSE WHICH IS NORMALLY TO BIG OF A MOLECULE TO DIFFUSE INTO CELL

A

INSULIN

272
Q

WHAT IS THIS CALLED

A

FACILITATED DIFFUSION

273
Q

HOW OFTEN IS INSULIN SECRETED

A

CONSTANTLY

274
Q

WHY

A

TO MAKE SURE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS ARE AT RIGHT LEVEL (SO CELLS DON’T HAVE TO WAIT TO ACCEPT GLUCOSE); BECAUSE LIVER IS CONSTANTLY BURNING OFF INSULIN;

275
Q

PROBLEMS WITH INSULIN CAN LEAD TO

A

DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2

276
Q

DELTA CELLS PRODUCE WHAT HORMONE

A

Somatostatin

277
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF ___HORMONE

A

TO INHIBIT GLUCAGON AND INSULIN

278
Q

WHAT TYPE OF MOLECULE IS GLUCOSE

A

monosaccharide

279
Q

WHY CAN IT BE A BATTLE FOR BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS

A

ALPHA AND DELTA CELLS ARE ANTAGONIST; ??? ASK FOR CONFIRMATION

280
Q

WHAT IS OTHER NAME OF SOMATOSTATIN

A

GROWTH HORMONE INHIBITING HORMONE

281
Q

SOMATOSTATIN IS PRODUCED IN ______; BUT SECRETED BY DELTA CELLS

A

??

282
Q

WHERE ARE THE ADRENAL GLANDS

A

SUPERIOR TO THE KIDNEYS; THERE IS A RIGHT AND LEFT ADRENAL GLAND; ASLO CALLED SUPRA RENAL GLANDS

283
Q

HOW MANY ADRENAL GLANDS ARE THERE

A

2

284
Q

EACH _____HAS DIVISIONS THAT HAVE

A

2 - EACH DIVISION HAS A DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS (ADRENAL CORTEX AND ADRENAL MEDULLA)

285
Q

ADRENALL MEDULLA SECRETES WHAT TYPE OF HORMONE

A

catecholamine

286
Q

WHAT ARE EXAMPLES OF HORMONES SECRETED BY ADRENAL MEDULLA

A

Dopamine(FEEL GOOD - RELEASED WHEN EXERCISE), epinephrine (adrenaline), and norepinephrine

287
Q

WHICH PART OF THE NERVOUSE SYSTEM ARE _____HORMONES RELATED TO

A

catecholamine; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM SPECIFICALLY THE SYMPHATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM(AKA FIGHT OR FLIGHT)

288
Q

WHAT ARE THE 3 CLASSES OF ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES

A

mineralocorticoids; CORTICOIDS; ANDROGENIC

289
Q

ALL ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES ARE CLASSIFIED AS WHAT TYPE OF HORMONES

A

STEROIDS

290
Q

WHICH TYPE OF HORMONE ACCOUNTS FOR 95% OF ADRENAL CORTEX PROBLEMS

A

GLUCOCORTICOID

291
Q

EXAMPLE OF GLUCOCORTICOID

A

CORTISOL/AKA STRESS HORMONE (PRODUCTION AND SECRETION OF THIS HORMONE INCREASES WHEN UNDER STRESS)

292
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF CORTISOL

A

CORTISOL/INCREASES LEVEL OF GLUCOSE IN YOUR BLOOD;

293
Q

WHEN ARE THE CORTISOL HORMONES RELEASED

A

WHEN UNDER STRESS (EX. BIG INJURY - CORTISOL GOES UP - BODY THINKS NEED MORE SUGAR TO PRODUCE MORE ENERGY TO REBUILD INJURY)

294
Q

WHY ARE THE CORTISOL HORMONES RELEASED WHEN YOU ARE UNDER STRESS

A

BECAUSE BODY THINKS YOU NEED MORE ENERGY (ATP)????

295
Q

WHAT DOE THIS REMIND YOU OF

A

FIGHT OR FLIGHT

296
Q

IF YOU HAVE PROLONGED INCREASE OF PRODUCTION OF CORTEX HORMONES, YOU COULD DEVELOP

A

CUSHING’S DISEASE - MIMICS DIABETES (HAVE HIGH BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS)

297
Q

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF CUSHING’S DISEASE

A

BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS; UNUSUAL BODY FAT DISTRIBUTION; RAPID MOOD SWINGS

298
Q

THESE SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS CAN REMIND YOU OF

A

DIABETES MELLITUS SPECIFICALLY TYPE 2

299
Q

WHAT DO MINERALOCORTICOIDS DO

A

INFLUENCE MINERALS IN BODY (INORGANIC SALTS (ELECTROLYTES) - SPECIFICALLY SODIUM AND POTASSIUM

300
Q

EX’S OF MINERALOCORTICOIDS

A

Aldosterone

301
Q

IF THERE IS AN INCREASE IN MINERALOCORTICOIDS, SERIOUS PROBLEMS MAY DEVELOP(IE WHEN MINERALOCORTICOIDS OUT OF WACK)

A

HYPOKALEMIA

302
Q

WHAT IS HYPOKALEMIA

A

LOW POTASSIUM LEVELS IN BLOOD(IE PEED ALL POTASSIUM OUT) - IE WOULD HAVE HIGH POTASSIUM LEVELS IN URINE

303
Q

WHAT IS HYPOTRANATREMIA

A

LOW SODIUM LEVELS IN BLOOD(KIDNEYS ARE RETAINING SODIUM) IE WOULD HAVE LOW SODIUM IN URINE

304
Q

PROBLEMS WITH IMBALANCES OF ELECTROLYTES CAN CAUSE WHAT

A

HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE (IE HYPERTENSION)(HYPOTRANATREMIA); WHAT IS OTHER ISSUE (HYPOKALEMIA) CAN CAUSE Dysrhythmia; CAN ALSO LEAD TO COMA; STROKE; KILL YOU; IMPORTANT TO DRINK WATER TO HELP KEEP ELECTROLYTES BALANCED

305
Q

WHAT ENDOCRINE GLANDS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH REPRODUCTION

A

TESTES AND OVARIES

306
Q

FEMALE GONAD

A

OVARY

307
Q

FEMALE SEX CELL

A

EGG(OOCYTE)

308
Q

MALE GONAD

A

TESTIS

309
Q

MALE SEX CELL

A

SPERM

310
Q

WHERE ARE THE OVARIES LOCATED

A

IN THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY

311
Q

OVARIES UNDER THE CONTROL OF FSH AND LH; OVARIES MANUFACTURE WHAT HORMONE

A

LUTEINIZING HORMONE AND FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE ARE PRODUCED

312
Q

WHAT SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH FEMALE HORMONES

A

BREASTS; HIPS WIDEN IN PREP FOR DELIVERY

313
Q

WHAT OTHER FUNCTIONS DO ESTROGENAND PROGESTERON DO

A

DEVELOP MORE FAT AND GET A LITTLE POUCH IN LOWER ABDOMEN; THERE TO PROTECT UTERUS; DEVELOP HAIR UNDERARMS AND PUBIC

314
Q

WHERE ARE THE TESTES LOCATING

A

OUTSIDE THE BODY IN THE BALL SAC/SCROTUM

315
Q

WHAT IS THE KEY HORMONE OF THE TESTES

A

TESTOSTERONE

316
Q

WHAT ARE THE SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH MALE HORMONES

A

DEEPER VOICE; HAIRY; MUSCLE MASS; HIGHER SEX DRIVE; BROAD SHOULDERS; NARROW WAIST

317
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THIS MALE HORMONE

A

??

318
Q

DO BOTH MALES AND FEMALS HAVE THESE HORMONES

A

YES

319
Q

WHAT HAPPENS IF THESE HORMONES GET OUT OF BALANCE

A

CAN IMPACT PRODUCTION OF SEX CELLS; AND APPEARANCE OF SECONDARY OF SEX CHARACTERISTICS

320
Q

WHAT HAPPENS TO WOMEN AS THEY GET OLDER

A

TESTOSTERONE GOES UP; ESTROGEN GOES DOWN; HAIR ON CHIN; DEEPER VOICE

321
Q

WHAT IS THE ISSUE IN DIABETES MELLITUS

A

GLUCOSE METABOLISM IS THE ISSUE

322
Q

THIS SIMPLE SUGAR IS REQUIRED BY THE BODY TOE PRODUCE ENERGY (ATP)

A

GLUCOSE/DEXTROSE

323
Q

MOST SUGARS IN THE HUMAN DIET ARE _________ AND MUST BE BROKEN DOWN INTO SIMPLE SUGARS BEFORE USE

A

COMPLEX

324
Q

BREAKDOWN OF SUGARS IS CARRIED OUT BY

A

ENZYMES IN GASTRO-INTESTINAL SYSTEM

325
Q

MORE THAN 95% OF SUGARS ENTER BODY AS

A

GLUCOSE/DEXTROSE - #1 MONOSACCHARIDE

326
Q

TO BE CONVERTED INTO ENERGY WHAT MUST HAPPEN TO GLUCOSE

A

IT MUST FIRST BE TRANSMITTED THROUGH CELL MEMBRANE

327
Q

GLUCOSE MOLECULE IS LARGE SO

A

IT DOES NOT READILY DIFFUSE THROUGH CELL MEMBRANE’

328
Q

HOW DOES GLUCOSE PASS INTO CELL

A

BY BINDING TO A SPECIAL CARRIER PROTEIN ON THE CELLS SURFACE

329
Q

WHAT IS FACILITATED DIFFUSION

A

DOESN’T USE ENERGY (PASSIVE); CARRIER PROTEIN BINDS WITH GLUCOSE AND CARRIES IT INTO THE CELL

330
Q

WHAT IS REQUIRED TO GET GLUCOSE INTO CELL

A

INSULIN

331
Q

THE RATE AT WHICH GLUCOSE CAN ENTER THE CELL IS DEPENDENT ON

A

INSULIN LEVELS

332
Q

INSULIN SERVES AS

A

MESSENGER - TRAVELS VIA BLOOD TO TARGET TISSUE

333
Q

WHAT DOES INSULIN COMBINE WITH

A

SPECIFIC INSULIN RECEPTORS ON THE SURFACE OF THE CELL MEMBRANE

334
Q

RIGHT AND LEFT OREINTATION IS BASED ON WHAT

A

PATIENTS OREINTATION

335
Q

WHAT ARE THE TEN GLANDS;

A

PINEAL; HYPOTHALAMUS; PITUITARY; THYROID; THYMUS; ADRENAL GLAND; PANCREAS; PARATHYROID GLANDS; GONDAS(TESTES AND OVARIES)

336
Q

WHAT IS NUCLEUS CALLED

A

BRAIN OF THE CELL

337
Q

IF STEROIDS GO INTO NUCLEUS, WHAT ARE THEY GOING TO DO

A

GOING TO CHANGE THE GENETIC MAKEUP OF THE CELL

338
Q

ESTROGEN IS WHAT TYPE OF HORMONE

A

STEROID

339
Q

ESTROGEN AND TESTOSTERONE TARGET TISSUE IS WHAT

A

GONADS

340
Q

ESTROGEN AND TESTOSTERONE ARE IN BOTH ——

A

MALES AND FEMALES; CAN CHANGE OUR GENETIC MAKEUP; CHANGE OUR VOICE, THE WAY WE LOOK, ETC.

341
Q

STEROID HORMONES IMPACT WHAT

A

YOUR GENETICS

342
Q

ANY HORMONE CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS

A

STEROID OR PROTEIN HORMONE

343
Q

ENDO MEANS WHAT

A

MEANS INTO (IE INTO THE BLOOD)

344
Q

WHAT ARE TARGET TISSUES

A

WHERE THE HORMONE IS GOING

345
Q

EXOCRINE GLANDS - EXO MEANS WHAT

A

STILL SECRETING; BUT SECRETE TO TARGET TISSUES VIA DUCTS; BLOOD IS NOT NECESSARILY USED WITH EXOCRINE GLANDS

346
Q

ENDOCRINE GLANDS DERIVE THEIR NAME FROM THE FACT THAT

A

THE VARIOUS GLANDS RELEASE THE HORMONES DIRECTLY INTO THE BLOOD; THE BLOOD THE TRANSPORTS THE HORMONES TO THE TARGET TISSUES VIA DUCTS

347
Q

EXAMPLES OF EXOCRINE GLANDS

A

SWEAT GLANDS (SUDORIFERIOUS GLANDS): MAMMARY GLANDS; THE LIVER

348
Q

Sudoriferous glands, also known as

A

also known as sweat glands, are either of two types of secretory skin glands, eccrine or apocrine. Merocrine, Eccrine and apocrine glands reside within the dermis and consist of secretory cells and a central lumen into which material is secreted. SECRETE SWEAT

349
Q

ENDOCRINE GLANDS SECRETIONS HAVE TO GO WHERE FIRST

A

THE BLOOD

350
Q

GLAND MEANS WHAT

A

SOMETHING IS BEING SECRETED

351
Q

ENDOCRINE GLANDS PUT HORMONES DIRECTLY INTO BLOOD; BUT EXOCRINE GLANDS SECRETE THROUGH

A

DUCTS

352
Q

SUDORIFEROUS GLANDS

A

SWEAT GLANDS

353
Q

MAMMARY GLANDS SECRETE AS WHAT TYPE OF GLAD

A

EXOCRINE GLANDS; SECRETE COLUSTRUM AND MILK

354
Q

ALL GLANDS DO WHAT

A

SECRETE

355
Q

TWO LOBES OF PITIUTARY GLAND

A

ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR

356
Q

NUCLEI OF HYPOTHALAMUS CONTAINS

A

PARAVENTRICULAR AND SUPRAOPTIC NUCLEUS

357
Q

ADENHYPOPHYSIS

A

ANTERIO PITIUTARY

358
Q

ANTERIOR LOBE HORMONES

A

FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONES; LUTEINIZING HORMONES; THYRHOID STIMULATING HORMONE; ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONES; PROLACTIN; GROWTH HORMONE

359
Q

HYPOTHALAMUS HORMONES

A

GONADOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE; THRYOTOPIN RELEASING HORMONE’ CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE; PROLACTIN INHIBITING HORMONE’ GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING HORMONE; SOMATOSTATIN

360
Q

WHERE IS THE NUCLEI OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS

A

THIRD VENTRICLE OF THE BRAIN

361
Q

NEUROPHYSIS IS COMPOSED OF WHAT PARTS

A

MEDIAN EMINENCE; HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSEAL TRACT; STALK iINFINDIBULUM); AND POSTEIR LOBE

362
Q

WHICH HORMONES ARE SECRETED BY THE HYPOTHALAMUS

A

OXYTOCIN AND ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE ???

363
Q

THE PITIUTARY GLAND IS DIVIED INTO TWO AREAS WHICH DIFFER HOW

A

STRUCTURALLY AND FUNCTIONALLY

364
Q

EACH LOBE OF THE PITIUTARY HAS

A

A SEPARATE TYPE OF HORMONE PRODUCTION

365
Q

NEUROPHYSIS STORES AND RELEASES TWO TYPES OF HORMONES THAT ARE MADE INT HE HYPOTHALAMUS

A

STORES AND RELEASES OXYTOCIN AND ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE ???POSERIOR PUTIUTARY - DOES NOT MAKE HORONES;

366
Q

WHICH HORMONES ARE MADE IN HYPOTHALAMUS

A

OXYTOCIN AND ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH), ALSO CALLED VASSOPRESSIN

367
Q

NERVE IMPULSES FROM HYPOTHALAMUS REGULATE SECRETION OF’

A

OXYTOCIN AND ADH/VASSOPRESSIN

368
Q

NERVE IMPULSES FROM HYPOTHALAMUS REGULATE SECRETION OF’

A

OXYTOCIN AND ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH) ALSO CALLED VASSOPRESSIN

369
Q

HOW IS POSTERIOR PITUITARY REGULATING AND SECRETING

A

NERVE IMPULSES FROM THE HYPOTHALAMUS

370
Q

ADENOHYPOPHYIS

A

ANTERIOR PITUITARY (FRONT PORTION OF PITUITARY GLAND (BROWN PART)

371
Q

ADENOHYPOPHYSIS PRIMARILY REGULATES AND CONTROLS OTHER

A

ENDOCRINED GLANDS

372
Q

ADENOHYPOPHYSIS IS RARELY A FACTOR IN

A

ENDOCRINE EMERGENCIES

373
Q

ADENOHYPOPHYIS IS REGULATED BY

A

HORMONES RELEASED BY THE ???

374
Q

POTOCIN

A

SYNTHETIC FORM OF OXYTOCIN

375
Q

HYPOTHALAMUS SEND HORMONES TO ACTIVATE

A

ANTERIOR PITUITARY (FRONT PORTION OF PITUITARY GLAND (BROWN PART)

376
Q

SYNTHETIC HORMONES ARE

A

HARDER ON THE BODY THAN NATURAL HORMONES

377
Q

BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS ARE CONTROLLED BY WHAT TWO HORMONES

A

CALCITONIN (CT) AND PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH)/ AKA PARATHORMONE

378
Q

WHERE IS CALCITONIN (CT) PRODUCED

A

THE THYROID GLAND

379
Q

WHERE IS THE PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH) PRODUCED

A

THE PARATHYROID GLANDS

380
Q

CALCITONIN (CT) AND PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH) ARE ANTAGONISTS BECAUSE

A

THEY WORK AGAINST EACH OTHER (IE HAVE OPPOSITE FUNCTIONS)

381
Q

WHAT DOES CALCITONIN (CT) DOES WHAT TO BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS

A

CAUSES BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS TO DECREASE

382
Q

PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH) DOES WHAT TO BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS

A

CAUSES BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS TO INCREASE

383
Q

ARE BOTH CALCITONIN AND PARATHYROID HORMONE ESSENTIAL FOR LIFE

A

NO; ONLY PTH IS ESSENTIAL FOR LIFE; BUT CT IS NOT (ONLYIN PREGNANT WOMEN)

384
Q

WHAT HAPPENS WITHOUT PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH)

A

CALCIUM LEVELS WOULD FALL SO LOW THAT IT WOULD IMPAIR NORMAL MUSCLE CONTRACTION AND BLOOD CLOTTING

385
Q

WHAT IS THE OUTER REGION OF ADRENAL GLAND CALLED

A

ADRENAL CORTEX

386
Q

WHAT IS THE INNER REGION OF THE ADRENAL MEDULLA CALLED

A

ADRENAL MEDULLA

387
Q

WHY IS THE ADRENAL GLAND LOOK YELLOW AND BUBBLY

A

ADIPOSE TISSUE (PART OF LIPID FAMILY) SURROUNDING ORGAN - PROVIDES PROTECTION

388
Q

WHAT ARE TWO PARTS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

389
Q

WHAT ARE TWO PARTS OF PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

AUTONOMIC (AUTOMATIC) AND SOMATIC (VOLUNTARY)

390
Q

WHAT ARE TWO PARTS OF AUTOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

SYMPATHETIC (FIGHT OR FLIGHT) AND PARASYMPATHETIC

391
Q

ANDROGENIC HORMONES INFLUENCE WHAT OTHER HORMONES

A

OTHER SEX HORMONES

392
Q

androgynous

A

SHOWING SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS OF BOTH MALES AND FEMALES ?? CONFIRIM SECONDARY????

393
Q

GLUCOCORTICOID HORMONES INFLUENCE WHAT

A

INFLUENCES HOW YOU USE GLUCOSE

394
Q

WHY ARE HIGH CORTISOL LEVELS BAD

A

BECAUSE YOU USUALLY ALREADY HAVE ENGOUGH GLUCOSE AND THE EXTRA GLUCOSE JUST TURNS INTO FAT(USUALLY HAVE A SPARE TIRE - HIGH CORTISOL LEVELS FOR A LONG TIME)

395
Q

WHAT IS BEST WAY TO MANAGE YOUR STRESS

A

EXERCISE - IMPORTANT TO MANAGE STRESS LEVEL - WHICH MAY REDUCE CORTISOL LEVELS

396
Q

WHY IS IT SO IMPORTANT FOR DIABETICS TO MANAGE THEIR STRESS LEVELS

A

BECUASE THEY ALREADY HAVE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL ISSUES

397
Q

SODIUM POTASSIUM PUMP EFFECTS WHAT ORGANS

A

KIDNEYS???

398
Q

WHY IS HYPOTRANATREMIA DANGEROUS

A

HIGH SODIUM PUTS PRESSURE ON VASCULAR SYSTEM (HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE)

399
Q

Dysrhythmia

A

pertains to the irregular heartbeat rhythm, and this condition could be detrimental

400
Q

GONAD

A

MEANS PRODUCES A SEX CELL (SPREM OR EGG)

401
Q

OVARIES SINGULAR VERSION

A

OVARY

402
Q

TESTES SINGULAR VERSION

A

TESTIS

403
Q

WHAT IS NUMBER ONE HORMONE THAT TESTES PRODUCE

A

TESTOSTERONE

404
Q

EXAMPLES OF PROTEIN HORMONES

A

Insulin, glucagon, thyrocalcitonin, pituitary hormones, and hypothalamic hormones; ADH

405
Q

ALL HORMONES ARE CLASSIFIED AS ONE OF THESE

A

PROTEIN OR STEROID

406
Q

STEROIDS ARE MEMBERS OF WHAT FAMILY

A

LIPID FAMILY

407
Q

EXAMPLES OF ENDOCRINE GLANDS

A

THYROID; PITUITARY

408
Q

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EXOCRINE AND ENDOCRINE GLANDS

A

ENDO GLANDS RELEASE INTO BLOOD AND EXO RELEASE INTO DUCTS

409
Q

WHAT DO MAMMARY GLANDS SECRETE

A

COLOSTRUM AND MILK

410
Q

ENOD AND EXOCRINE GLANDS BOTH TARGET

A

TARGET TISSUES/CELLS

411
Q

REGULATION OF BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS IS CONTROLLED BY WHAT TWO HORMONES

A

INSULIN AND GLUCAGON

412
Q

INSULIN AND GLUCAGON ARE CALLED ANTAGONIST BECAUSE

A

THEY HAVE OPPOSITE FUNCTIONS

413
Q

INSULIN CAUSES BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS TO_______; GLUCAGON CAUSES BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS TO_____

A

DECREASE; INCREASE

414
Q

WHERE IS INSULIN AND GLUCAGON PRODUCED

A

IN THE PANCREAS

415
Q

GLUCOSE LEVELS TYPICALLY RISE AFTER

A

A MEAL RICH IN CARBOHYDRATES; SUCH AS BAKED POTATOES OR CORN FLAKES

416
Q

HIGH GLUCOSE LEVELS ARE DETECTED BY

A

INSULIN SECRETING CELLS WITHIN THE PANCREAS

417
Q

WHEN BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS RISE WHAT HAPPENS TO THE INSULIN SECRETING CELLS IN THE PANCREAS

A

THEY SECERET MORE INSULIN INTO THE BLOOD - INSULING IS THE ‘FEEDING HORMONE”

418
Q

AS INSULIN TRAVELS THROUGH THE BLOOD; IT INDUCES TWO MAJOR RESPONSES

A

STIMULATES STORAGE OF EXCESS GLUCOSE IN THE FORM OF GLYCOGEN WITHIN THE LIVER AND SOME OTHER TISSUES; STIMULATES UPTAKE OF GLUCOSE BY MOSE BODY CELLS

419
Q

WHAT DOES INSULIN DO

A

BINDS TO RECEPTORS IN THE PLASMA MEMBRANE WHICH OPENS CHANNELS FOR GLUCOSE TO PASS THROUGH

420
Q

WHEN LOOKING AT GLANDS ON THE RIGHT AND LEFT SIDE OF THE BODY AND MARKING THEM, WHAT DO YOU NEED TO REMEMBER

A

TO MARK THEM AS RIGHT OR LEFT (FROM PATIENT VIEW) AND SINGULAR VS. PLURAL (GONADS/TESTIS; TESTES; OVARY; OVARIES

421
Q

GLUCOSE IS METABOLIZED TO PRODUCE WHAT

A

LARGE AMOUNTS OF THE ENERGY MOLECULE ATP

422
Q

WHEN DOES INSULIN SECRETION STOP

A

WHEN BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS FALL BACK TO NORMAL LEVELS

423
Q

IF YOU HAVE NOT EATEN IN A LONG TIME, WHAT HAPPENS TO BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS

A

THEY FALL BELOW NORMAL AND IS DETECTED BY GLUCAGON SECRETING CELLS IN THE PANCREAS; THEY THEN SECRETE GLUCAGON - ‘THE STARVATION HORMONE” INTO THE BLOOD

424
Q

PANCREAS IS AN EXO OR ENDO GLAND

A

EXOCRINE - SECRETES DIRECTLY INTO THE BLOOD

425
Q

WHAT ORGAN DOES GLUCAGON TARGET

A

THE LIVER; SKELETAL TISSUE(GLYCOGEN IS STORED)

426
Q

WHAT DOES GLUCAGON DO

A

STIMULATES CONVERSION OF GLYCOGEN INTO GLUCOSE; THE RESULT IS GLUCOSE RISES TO NORMAL LEVELS

427
Q

GLUCAGON SECRETION STOPS WHEN

A

BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS RISE TO NORMAL LEVELS

428
Q

DIABETES MELLITUS

A

CAUSED BY BODY’S INABILITY TO PRODUCE OR USE INSULIN; RESULTS IN ABNORMALLY HIGH BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS

429
Q

WHAT IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON ENDOCRINE DISORDUSERS AND ONE OF THE LEADING CAUSES OF DEATH IN THE

A

DIABETES MELLITUS

430
Q

WHAT IS ONE METHOD OF DETECTING DIABETES MELLITUS

A

DETECTION OF HIGH LEVELS OF GLUCOSE IN THE URINE

431
Q

IF DIABETES MELLITUS IS LEFT UNTREATED, IT CAN LEAD TO

A

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, VISION PROBLEMS, KIDNEY DAMAGE AND NERVE DAMAGE

432
Q

TWO TYPES OF DIABETES MELLITUS

A

TYPE 1 (INSULIN DEPENDENT) AND TYPE 2(NON-INSULIN DEPENDENT

433
Q

TYPE I DIABETES MELLITUS IS WHAT

A

INSULIN DEPENDENT; RESULT OF BODY’S INABILITY TO PRODUCE INSULIN; NO CURE; OFTEN OCCURS IN CHILDREN (JUVENILE DIABETES); LESS COMMON; REQUIRES SELF-MONITORING OF BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS; DAILY INSULIN INJECTIONS/INSULIN PUMP

434
Q

TYPE 11 DIABETES MELLITUS IS

A

NON-INSULIN DEPENDENT; MORE COMMON; TYPICALLY OBESE ADULTS; PRODUCE INSULIN BUT BODY CELLS BECOME RESISTANT TO IT; TREATMENT IS BEHAVIOUR MODIFICATION - DIET/EXERCISE/WEIGHT LOSS

435
Q

CALCIUM RICH FOODS INCLUDE

A

MILK; BROCCOLI; TOFU; CAUSE BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS TO RISE

436
Q

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS RISE

A

CALCITONIN PRODUCING CELLS WITHIN THE THYROID GLAND SENSE THIS AND SECRETE CALCITONIN (CT) INTO BLOOD

437
Q

WHAT ARE THE TARGET TISSUES OF CALCITONIN (CT)

A

OSTEOCLASTS

438
Q

OSTEOCLASTS

A

BONE DEGRADING CELLS WITHIN THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

439
Q

CT BINDS TO WHAT ON OSTEOCLASTS

A

PLASMA MEMBRANES ON OSTEOCLASTS CONTAIN RECEPTORS FOR CT

440
Q

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN CT BINDS TO CT RECEPTORS ON OSTEOCLASTS

A

INHIBITS OSTEOCLASTS FROM DOING NORMAL JOB OF DEGRADING BONE

441
Q

DOES CT EFFECT OSTOBLASTS

A

NO

442
Q

OSTEOBLASTS

A

BONE FORMING CELLS - NORMAL FUNCTION IS DEPOSITING CALCIUM SALTS IN BONE

443
Q

CT CAUSES BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS IN BLOOD TO RISE OR FALL

A

FALL

444
Q

WHEN DOES CT STOP BEING PRODUCED

A

WHEN BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS RETURN TO NORMAL

445
Q

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS FALL TO LOW

A

DETECTED BY PARATHYROID GLANDS - PTH IS RELEASED INTO THE BLOOD

446
Q

WHAT IS PTH

A

PARATHYROID HORMONE

447
Q

WHAT IS PTH TARGET TISSUE/CELLS

A

OSTEOCLASTS

448
Q

OSTEOCLASTS

A

BONE DEGRADING CELLS WITHIN THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

449
Q

OSTEOCLASTS CONTAIN RECEPTORS FOR WHICH HORMONE

A

PTH

450
Q

WHAT DOES PTH CAUSE ONCE IT BINDS WITH OSTEOCLASTS

A

STIMULATES OSTEOCLASTS TO DECOMPOSE BONE AND RELEASE CALCIUM INTO THE BLOOD; RAISING BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS

451
Q

WHEN IS PTH NO LONGER PRODUCED

A

WHEN BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS RETURN TO NORMAL

452
Q

DOES PTH CAUSE BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS TO RISE OR FALL

A

RISE

BIO 202 (14 decks)

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