ENDOCRINE Flashcards
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM EXERTS CONTROL OVER THE BODY BY
BY RELEASING HORMONES
WHAT DOES THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM RELEASE’
HORMONES
WHERE ARE HORMONES RELEASED INTO
THE BLOOD
HORMONES ARE WHAT
CHEMICAL MESSENGERS
CHEMICALLY HORMONES ARE CLASSIFIED AS EITHER
PEPTIDE/PROTEIN OR STEROID
PEPTIDE/PROTEIN HORMONES ARE CHAINS OF
AMINO ACIDS THAT BIND TO THE RECEPTORS ON THE CELL SURFACES AT TARGET TISSUES
AMINO ACIDS A LINKED WITH WHAT
PEPTIDE BONDS
CELL MEMBRANE IS A
PHOSPHOLIPID BYLAYER
PROTEIN HORMONES STIMULATE CHANGE IN WHAT
METABOLISM
METABOLISM
ALL THE CHEMICAL REACTIONS GOING IN ON BODY TO MAINTAIN CHARACTERISITICS OF LIFE; MOVEMENT, CIRCULATION, ETC. SHOULD BE 10 OF THESE
RECEPTOR IS JUST A PROTEIN WHERE
ON TARGET TISSUE/CELL
EXAMPLES OF PEPTIDE/PROTEIN HORMONES
INSULIN Glucagon Thyrocalcitonin Pituitary hormones Hypothalamic hormones,
INSULIN
CHANGES WAY WE METABOLIZE SUGAR
ADH
ANITDIURETIC HORMONE MAKES YOU RETAIN WATER (ANTI MEANS AGAINST); THIS ALSO AFFECTS YOUR METABOLISM AS ALMOST ALL REACTIONS NEED H2O
ILLNESS AND DISEASE CAN DO WHAT TO BLOOD SUGAR
RAISE BLOOD SUGAR
WHAT IS A PEPTIDE BOND
THE BOND THAT HOLDS AMINO ACIDS TOGETHER
WHAT ARE THE TWO SYSTEMS THAT REGULATE THE BODY
ENDOCRINE AND NERVOUS SYSTEM
CHAINS OF AMINO ACIDS ARE WHICH PART OF THE STRUCTURE OF A HORMONE
THE PRIMARY STRUCTURE
STEROID HORMONES ARE NOT PROTEINS THEY ARE
LIPIDS
EXAMPLES OF STEROID HORMONES
ESTROGEN, TESTOSTERONE, PROGESTERONE
STEROID HORMONES BIND TO RECEPTOR MOLECULES IN
THE CYTOPLASM OF THE CELL THAT ENTERS THE NUCLEUS
IN THE NUCLEUS, STEROID HORMONES CHANGE
THE GENETIC MAKEUP OF THE CELL
STRUCTURE DETERMINES
FUNCTION
STEROIDS FIGHT WHAT
INFLAMMATION
DIENCEPHALON???
MID SAGITAL OF BRAIN???
WHAT IS THE NICKNAME OF THE PITUITARY GLAND
THE MASTER GLAND
INSULIN IS WHAT TYPE OF HORMONE
A PEPTIDE/PROTEIN HORMONE
INSULIN REGULATES WHAT
BLOOD SUGAR, CAUSES BLOOD SUGAR TO DROP - THE SUGAR GOES INTO THE CELLS TO BE USED TO MAKE ENERGY RT insulin-into cell
WHAT IS THE MAIN PURPOSE OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS AND REGULATE VARIOUS PROCESSES SUCH AS GROWTH AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM CONSISTS OF MANY DIFFERENT GLANDS CONTAINING
SPECIFIC CELLS THAT SYNTHESIZE AND RELEASE CHEMICAL MESSENGERS (HORMONES)
HORMONES ENTER THE BLOOD WHERE THEY TRAVEL TO WHAT
THE TARGET TISSUE/CELL
THE TARGET TISSUE/CELL HAS WHAT
A RECEPTOR FOR THAT SPECIFIC HORMONE
AFTER A HORMONE BINDS TO ITS RECEPTOR WHAT HAPPENS
IT INDUCES A RESPONSE IN THE TARGET TISSUE/CELL
WHAT ARE POSSIBLE RESPONSES OF THE TARGET TISSUE/CELL
SECRETE A NEW HORMONE; PRODUCE A NEW ENZYME; INHIBIT CELL FROM DOING A SPECIFIC FUNCTION
HORMONE BINDS ONLY TO A TARGET TISSUE/CELL THAT HAS WHAT
A SHAPE SPECIFIC RECEPTOR FOR THE HORMONE
GLANDS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
PITUITARY; PINEAL; PARATHYROID; PANCREAS; GONADS; ADRENAL; THYROID Peter paid Paul pretty Good and twice
STEROID HORMONES ARE LIPID SOLUBLE AND SYNTHESIZED FROM
CHOLESTEROL
BECAUSE STEROID HORMONES ARE LIPID SOLUBLE AND MUST BE TRANSPORTED THROUGH THE WATERY BLOOD, THEY NEED
SPECIAL TRANSPORTERS CALLED PROTEIN CARRIERS
PROTEIN CARRIERS PREVENT HORMONES FROM BEING
DEGRADED BY ENZYMES IN THE BLOOD
WHAT HAPPENS ONCE HORMONES REACH THEIR TARGET TISSUE/CELL steroid
ENTER NUCLEUS TO STIMULATE DNA TO BEGIN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
TWO KEY FEATURES OF STEROID HORMONES
SLOWER ACTION AND NO AMPLIFICATION
EXPAND ON SLOWER ACTION OF STEROID HORMONES
PRODUCE A RESPONSE IN HOURS OR DAYS AFTER INITIAL BINDING WITH ITS RECEPTOR; SLOWER THAN NONSTEROIDAL HORMONE protein hormones
EXPAND ON NO AMPLIFICATION OF STEROID HORMONE
EFFECTS PRODUCED ARE PROPORTIONAL TO AMOUNT OF HORMONE SECRETED; IE A GREATER AMOUNT OF HORMONE IS NEEDED TO INDUCE A RESPONSE COMPARED WITH A NONSTEROID protein
WHICH ARE THE STEROID HORMONES
ALDOSTERONE; CORTISOL; ADROGENS (TESTOSTERONE; ESTROGEN; PROGESTERONE
WHAT ARE THE TARGET TISSUES/CELLS OF ALDOSTERONE; CORTISOL AND THE ANDROGENS
ADRENAL GLANDS (CORTEX)
WHAT ARE THE TARGET TISSUES OF TESTOSTERONE
TESTES
WHAT ARE THE TARGET TISSUES OF ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE
OVARIES
WHAT ARE THE TARGET TISSUES OF CALCITRIOL
KIDNEYS
STEROID HORMONE TRAVLES THROUGH THE BODY WITH THE HELP OF WHAT
PROTEIN CARRIER
ONCE THE HORMONE IS RELEASED FROM THE PROTEIN CARRIER THE HORMONE DOES WHAT
DIFFUSES THROUGH THE PLASMA MEMBRANE INTO THE CYTOPLASM AND INTO THE NUCLEUS THROUGH THE NUCLEAR PORE
WHAT DOES THE HORMONE DO ONCE INSIDE THE NUCLEUS
THE HORMONE BINDS WITH ITS HORMONE RECEPTOR
HORMONE RECEPTOR COMPLEX
THE RESULT OF THE HORMONE BINDING WITH ITS HORMONE RECEPTOR INSIDE THE NUCLEUS
WHAT DOES THE HORMONE RECEPTOR COMPLEX DO
BINDS TO A SHAPE-SPECIFIC RECEPTOR ON DNA LIKE A KEY IN THE LOCK
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THE HORMONE RECEPTOR COMPLEX BINDS WITH ITS SHAPE-SPECIFIC RECEPTOR ON DNA
IT STIMULATES DNA TO BEGIN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS;
WHAT HAPPENS IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
DNA MAKES A COPY OF ITSELF AS A SINGLE STRANDED MOLECULE (mRNA); THE mRNA IS ABLE TO LEAVE THE NUCLEUS THROUGH THE NUCLEAR PORE; BINDS TO RIBOSOME (PROTEIN FACTORY IN THE CELL) IN CYTOPLASM; THE RIBOSOME FOLLOWS THE INSTRUCTIONS AND STARTS LINKING FREE AMINO ACIDS TO FORM A NEW PROTEIN
WHAT IS THE PROTEIN FACTORY IN THE CELL
THE RIBOSOME
NON-STEROIDAL HORMONES ARE _________SOLUBLE
WATER SOLUBLE AND EASILY TRANSPORTED THROUGH THE BLOOD; MANY ARE PROTECTED BY PROTEIN CARRIERS TO PREVENT DEGRADATION FROM ENZYMES IN THE BLOOD
NON-STEROIDAL HORMONES BIND TO WHAT
AT RECEPTORS LOCATED AT THE PLASMA MEMBRANE - THIS TRIGGERS A CASCADE INSIDE THE CELL THAT LEADS TO CELLULAR CHANGES
TWO KEY FEATURES OF NON-STEROIDAL HORMONES
RAPID ACTION; AMPLIFICATION
EXPAND ON RAPID ACTION OF NON-STEROIDAL HORMONES
PRODUCE A RESPONSE WITHIN SECONDS OR MINUTES AFTER HORMONE INITIALLY BINDS TO ITS RECEPTOR
EXPAND ON AMPLIFICATION OF NON-STEROIDAL HORMONES
THE CHAIN REACTION IN THE CELL AMPLIFIES THE EFFECTS OF THE HORMONE; A LITTLE HORMONE PRODUCES A BIG RESPONSE
FOUR DIFFERENT CHEMICAL CATEGORIES OF NON-STEROIDAL HORMONES
PROTEINS; GLYCOPROTEINS; PEPTIDES; AMINO ACID DERIVATIVES
EXS OF PROTEIN ON-STEROIDAL HORMONES
INSULIN; GLUCAGON; GROWTH HORMONE(GH)
EXS OF GLYCOPROTEIN NON-STEROIDAL HORMONES
FOLLICLE STIMULATIN HORMONE(FSH); LUTEINIZING HORMONE(LH)
EXS OF PEPTIDE NON-STEROIDAL HORMONES
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE(ADH); AND OXYTOCIN(OT)
EXS OF AMINO ACID DERIVATIVES NON-STEROIDAL HORMONES
EPINEPHRINE; NOREPINEPHRINE; AND THYROXINE(T4)
??
MEMBRANE RECEPTORS FOR THE HORMONE
NON-STEROIDAL HORMONES BIND WITH THE MEMBRANE RECEPTORS TO FORM WHAT
HORMONE RECEPTOR COMPLEX
WITH NON-STEROIDAL HORMONES, THE HORMONE RECEPTOR COMPLEX IS REFERRED TO AS WHAT
THE FIRST MESSENGER
WHY IS IT CALLED THE FIRST MESSENGER
BECAUSE IT BEGINS THE CHAIN REACTION WITHIN THE TARGET TISSUE/CELL
MANY HORMONE RECEPTOR COMPLEXES TRIGGER THIS PROTEIN
G PROTEINS - THEY ARE CONVERTED FROM AN INACTIVE TO ACTIVATED FORM
ACTIVATED G PROTEINS DO WHAT
TRIGGER AN ENZYME CALLED ADENYLATE CYCLASE TO BECOME ACTIVATED
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF ADENYLATE CYCLASE
TO CATALYZE THE CONVERSION OF ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP) INTO CYCLIC AMP (cAMP)
cAMP ACTS AN ENZYME TO CATALYZE THE CONVERSION OF WHAT
CATALYZE THE CONVERSION OF AN INACTIVE PROTEIN KINASE INTO AN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE
ENZYMES ARE JUST
CATALYSTS
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF ANY KINASE
TO TRANSFER A PHOSPHATE GROUP FROM ONE SUBSTANCE TO ANOTHER
cAMP IS ALSO CALLED THE WHAT
SECOND MESSENGER
WHY IS cAMP CALLED THE SECOND MESSENGER
BECAUSE IT IS A CRITICAL PLAYER IN THE CHAIN REACTION OF NON-STEROIDAL HORMONES
WHAT MUST BE REACHED IN A CELL FOR A RESPONSE TO BE INDUCED FROM A NON-STEROIDAL HORMONE
A THRESHOLD LEVEL OF cAMP???
WHAT DOES ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE DO
IT TRANSFERS A PHOSPHATE GROUP FROM ATP ONTO A PROTEIN
WHAT IS A PHOSPHORYLATED PROTEIN
A PROTEIN THAT HAS HAD AN ATP TRANSFERRED ONTO IT
PHOSPHORYLATED PROTEINS EVENTUALLY PRODUCE WHAT
CELLULAR CHANGES WITHIN THE TARGET CELL
WHAT IS THE FINAL FATE OF cAMP
IT IS EITHER DEACTIVATED WITHIN THE TARGET CELL OR IT DIFFUSES OUT OF THE CELL
WHAT ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF PROTEINS
AMINO ACIDS
HOW ARE AMINO ACIDS LINKED TOGETHER
WITH A PEPTIDE BOND
PROTEINS ARE CHAINS OF ______ THAT LOOK FOR WHAT
AMINO ACIDS; LOOK FOR RECEPTORS ON TARGET TISSUE/CELL
RECEPTORS ARE ALSO WHAT
PROTEINS
HYPOPHYSIS
PITUITARY GLAND - SMALL GLAND LOCATED ON A STALK HANGING FROM THE BASE OF THE BRAIN
STALK HANGING FROM THE BASE OF THE BRAIN THAT HOLDS THE PITIUTARY IS CALLED THE
in·fun·dib·u·lum
THE MASTER GLAND OR PITUITARY GLAND/HYPOPHYSIS IS CONTROLLED BY THE
HYPOTHALAMUS
PITUITARY GLAND IS WHERE IN THE CHAIN OF EVENTS
INSIDE
WHAT IS THE TARGET TISSUE OF THE HORMONES RELEASED BY THE HYPOTHALAMUS
THE PITUITARY GLAND
PRIMARY FUNCTION OF MASTER GLAND
TELL OTHER GLANDS WHAT TO DO
WHY IS PITUITARY GLAND CAUSED THE MASTER GLAND
TELLS OTHER GLANDS/TARGET TISSUES WHAT TO DO
MASTER GLAND PRODUCES MANY ______; SECRETION IS CONTROLLED BY ___________
HORMONES; HYPOTHALAMUS
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FEEDBACK HAVE NOTHING TO DO WITH
GOOD AND BAD
HYPOTHALLAMUS CONTROLS THE
PITIUTARY GLAND
HYPOTHALAMUS IS LOCATE IN THE
DIENCEPHALON??
TROPIC HORMONES
CHAIN REACTIONS WILL OCCUR EX HYPHTHALAMUS TO PITUITARY TO TARGET TISSU/CELL
TWO TYPES OF FEEDBACKS
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FEEDBACK; HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH GOOD OR BAD
HYPOTHALAMUS HORMONES
GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING HORMONE; GONADOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE; PROLACTIN RELEASING HORMONE; PROLACTIN INHIBITING HORMONE; PROLACTIN RELEASING HORMONE; PROLACTIN INHIBITING HORMONE; CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK CAN DO WHAT
STOP OR REVERSE CURRENT TREND; BRING BODY BACK TO HOMEOSTASIS; RETURN TO HOMEOSTASIS;
EX OF POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP
BIRTH
ANYTHING THAT COMES FROM THE ADRENAL CORTEX IS A
STEROID
TROPIC MEANS
CHAIN REACTIONS WILL OCCUR EX HYPHTHALAMUS TO PITUITARY TO TARGET TISSU/CELL
HYPOTHALAMUS IS RELEASING THE ACTUAL HORMONES THEMSELVES; TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
THYROTROPIN HORMONE TARGETS WHAT TISSUE
THYROID
GONADOTROPIN HORMONE TARGETS WHAT TISSUE
GONADS
PROLACTIN RELEASING HORMONE TARGETS WHAT TISSUE
MAMMARY GLANDS
CORTICOTROPIN HORMONE TARGETS WHAT TISSUE
ADRENAL CORTEX
CORTICO IS ALWAYS WHAT TYPE OF HORMONE
STEROID
adenohypophysis
the anterior part of the pituitary gland that is derived from the embryonic pharynx and is primarily glandular in nature. — called also anterior lobe, anterior pituitary.
neu·ro·hy·poph·y·sis
the posterior lobe of the hypophysis (pituitary gland), which stores and releases oxytocin and vasopressin produced in the hypothalamus.
WHAT DOES THE GROWTH RELEASING HORMONE AND THE GROWTH INHIBITING HORMONE TELL THE PITUITARY
TELLS THE PITUITARY TO RELEASE GROWTH HORMONE; TELLS THE PITUITATY TO STOP RELEASING THE GROWTH HORMONE
THE TARGET TISSUE FOR ALL HORMONES RELEASED BY THE HYPOTHALAMUS
THE PITUITARY GLAND
WHAT TWO HORMONES ARE STORED IN THE NEUROHYPOPHYSIS; WHERE ARE THEY MADE
OXYTOCIN (OT) AND ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH) OR VASOPRESSIN; MADE IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH) IS ALSO KNOWN AS
VASOPRESSIN
NERVE IMPULSES FROM THE HYPOTHALAMUS REGULATE SECRETION OF WHICH TWO HORMONES
OXYTOCIN (OT) AND ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH) OR VASOPRESSIN
HOW IS THE POSTERIOR PITUITARY REGULATING WHAT IT STORES AND RELEASES
BY NERVE IMPULSES BY THE HYPOTHALAMUS
ADENOHYPOPHYSIS PRIMARILY REGULATES WHAT
OTHER ENDOCRINE GLANDS
THIS PART OF THE PITUITARY IS RARELY A FACTOR IN ENDOCRINE EMERGENCIES
ANTERIOR PITUITARY
THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY (ADENOHYPOPHYSIS) IS REGULATED BY HORMONES RELEASED BY
THE HYPOTHALAMUS
THE TWO AREAS OF THE PITUITARY ARE COMPLETELY DIFFERENT IN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION: TRUE OF FALSE
TRUE
THIS PAIN RELEIVING PROCEDURE CAN CAUSE CONTRACTIONS
EPIDURAL
THE NEUROHYPOPHYSIS IS REGULATED BY WHILE THE ADENOPHYSIS IS REGULATED BY
NERVE IMPULSES OF HYPOTHALAMUS VS HORMONES RELEASED BY THE HYPOTHALAMUS
OXYTOCIN IS THE NATURAL FORM OF
PITOCIN
WHAT IS THE TARGET TISSUE OF OXYTOCIN
UTERUS AND MAMMARY GLANDS; UTERINE CONTRACTIONS; LET DOWN MILK (NOT PUMPING OR MAKING MILK-THAT IS ANOTHER HORMONE); ALSO CRAMPING DURING MENSTRUAL CYCLE
PITOCIN IS WHAT TYPE OF HORMONE
SYNTHETIC HORMONE
WHAT ARE THE KEY FUNCTIONS OF OXYTOCIN
MAKES UTERUS CONTRACT TO HELP PUSH BABY OUT; LETS MILK DOWN
SYNTHETIC HORMONES ARE MORE HARSH ON THE BODY THAN NATURAL HORMONES: TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
WHAT ARE THE OTHER TWO NAMES FOR ANTIDIURETIC HORMONES (ADH)
VASOPRESSIN;
WHAT IS TARGET TISSUE FOR ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)
KIDNEYS
WHAT ARE KEY FUNCTIONS OF ADH
TELLS KIDNEYS TO HOLD ONTO WATER
VASO MEANS WHAT
VASCULAR (ARTERIES/VEINS)
PRESSIN MEANS WHAT
PRESSURE
WHAT HAPPENS IN DEHYDRATION
KIDNEYS HAVE TO WORK HARDER; PUTS MORE STRESS ON ARTERIES AND VEINS
KIDNEYS HAVING TO WORK HARDER IMPACTS WHAT
BLOOD PRESSURE
DIURECTIC MEANS WHAT
LOSES H2O
PITOCIN - A SYNTHETIC HORMONE - CAN MAKE THIS WORSE
LABOR/CONTRACTIONS
WHY IS IT DANGEROUS TO BE DEHYDRATED
KIDNEYS ARE NOT RELEASING WASTES
ANTIDIURETIC MEANS WHAT
HOLD H2O
WHAT ARE THE TWO NAMES FOR TSH
THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE; THYROTROPIN
WHAT IS TARGET TISSUE FOR THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH)
THYROID
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH)
STIMULATE THYROID
EVERY CHAIN REACTION STARTS WHERE
THE HYPOTHALAMUS
WHAT ARE THE OTHER TWO NAMES FOR GROWTH HORMONE (GH)
GROWTH HORMONE
WHAT IS THE TARGET TISSUE OF GROWTH HORMONE (GH)
WHOLE BODY
WHAT ARE THE KEY FUNCTIONS GROWTH HORMONE (GH)
TISSUE GROWTH/CELL DIVISION
WHAT DOES CORTICO MEAN
CORTEX
ACTH IS
ad·re·no·cor·ti·co·tro·pic
WHAT IS THE TARGET TISSUE OF ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE
ADRENAL CORTEX
EVERYTHING IN THE ANTERIOR HYPOTHALAMUS (ADENOHYPOPHYSIS) COMES FROM WHERE
HYPROTHALAMUS
WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE
SECRETION OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS
WHAT IS FSH
FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH)
WHAT IS LH
LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH)
WHAT ARE THE TARGET TISSUES OF FHS AND LH
THE GONADS
WHAT ARE THE KEY FUNCTIONS OF FSH AND LH
TELLS GONADS TO SECRETE HORMONES (EGGS AND SPERM) ??
WHAT IS PRL
PROLACTIN RELEASING HORMONE (PRL)
WHAT IS THE TARGET TISSUE OF PRL
MAMMARY GLANDS
WHAT ARE THE KEY FUNCTIONS OF PRL
KEEP BREAST MILK PUMPING
WHERE DOES PRL COME FROM
ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
PINEAL GLAND IS LOCATED WHERE
DEEP IN THE INTERIOR OF THE BRAIN; BATHED IN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID; CALCIFIES WITH AGE; MORE TOWARDS THE BACK OF THE BRAIN
WHAT HORMONE DOES PINEAL GLAND SECRETE
MELATONIN
PINEAL GLAND IS PART OF WHICH THALAMUS
THE EPITHALAMUS
One particular nomenclature that refers to the duality of the brain is the
DIENCEPHALON
WHERE IS THE HYPOTHALAMUS, THE EPITHALAMUS; AND THE THALAMUS LOCATED
DIENCEPHALON
The diencephalon is comprised of the:
EPITHALAMUS; THALAMUS; SUBTHALAMUS; METATHALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS
WHAT IS THE TARGET TISSUE OF MELATONIN
THE BRAIN
MELATONIN IS ALSO CALLED THE _______HORMONE
SLEEP HORMONE
WHAT IS KEY FUNCTION OF MELATONIN
REGULATES OUR SLEEP (CIRCADIAN RHTHYMS) MELATONIN INCREASES DURING EVENINGS/NIGHT AND DROPS DURING DAY
EXPLAIN THE PATTERN OF HOW MELATONIN WORKS
LIGHT ACTIVATES MELATONIN; SO TV/SCREEN TIME CAN MESS WITH IT?? EXPAND ON THIS; SURING DAY WE SHOULD BE AWAKE; AT NIGHT SHOULD BE ASLEEP; LESS LIGHT (IE CLOUDY DAY) FEEL MORE TIRED
WHAT HAPPENS TO THE PINEAL GLAND AS WE GET OLDER
IT CALCIFIES AND PRODUCES LESS MELATONIN; AS WE GET OLDER WE BECOME MORE SENSITIVE TO LIGHT; WHY OLDER PEOPLE MAY SLEEP LESS
WHAT EFFECT TO MELATONIN SUPPLEMENTS HAVE ON OUR BODIES
THEY CAN CAUSE OUR BODIES TO PRODUCE LESS MELATONIN
WHAT CERTAIN POPULATIONS MAY BE IMPACTED WITH REGARD TO MELATONIN AND WHY
THE BLIND; NO LIGHT TO EVER ACTIVATE MELATONIN; ALSO VERY DIFFICULT FOR PEOPLE WHO WORK AT NIGHT; PLACES WHERE THERE IS NOT A LOT OF LIGHT
CIRCADIAN RYTHYMS
EXPAND ON THIS
WHERE IS THE THYROID GLAND LOCATED
ANTERIOR PORTION OF NECK BELOW
HOW MANY LOBES DOES THE THYROID GLAND HAVE
2
HOW ARE THE LOBES OF THE THYROID JOINED
THE ISTHMUS - A NARROW BAND OF TISSUE
SACS INSIDE THE THYROID GLAND FILLED WITH WHAT FLUID
COLLOID
WHAT TYPE OF CELLS ARE AROUND THE COLLOID
THYROID FOLLICULAR CELLS
Thyroid follicular cells (thyrocytes OR THYROID EPITHELIAL CELLS) form
form a simple cuboidal epithelium and are arranged in spherical thyroid follicles surrounding a fluid filled space known as the colloid. They form the single layer of cuboidal epithelium that makes up the outer structure of the almost spherical thyroid follicle.
Thyroid follicular cells (thyrocytes OR THYROID EPITHELIAL CELLS) ARE THE MAJOR CELL TYPE IN THE THYROID GLAND AND PRODUCE AND SECRETE WHAT
the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).
T3
TRIIODOTHYRONINE; tri-i-o-do-thy-ro-nine
T4
tetraiodothy-ro-nine
WHAT CAUSES BUMPY LOOK OF THYROID
??
WHAT MINERAL IS REQUIRED FOR T3 AND T4 TO WORK PROPERLY
IODINE
HOW MOST OF GET THE MINERAL FILL THIS IN
IODIZED TABLE SALT; NOT ALL SALTS (EX HIMYLAYAN SEA SALT) MAY NOT HAVE IODINE; FISH HAVE A LOT OF IODINE
WITHIN THE COLLOID ARE THE THYROID HORMONES
T3 AND T4
WHAT ARE THE TWO OTHER NAMES FOR T4
tetraiodothy-ro-nine; THYROXINE
WHAT IS THE OTHER NAME FOR T3
TRIIODOTHYRONINE; tri-i-o-do-thy-ro-nine
WHEN T3 AND T4 ARE RELEASED; WHAT ARE THEY RELEASED INTO
THE BLOOD; EXOCRINE GLAND
WHAT IS THE TARGET TISSUE OF T3 AND T4
??
WHAT IS THE KEY FUNCTION OF T3 AND T4
SPEEDS UP METABOLISM
“C” CELLS WITHIN THE THYROID PRODUCE WHAT HORMONE
CALCITONIN
WHAT IS THE OTHER NAME FOR “C” CELLS
PARAFOLLICULAR CELLS
ARE THE THYROID AND PARATHYROID GLANDS THE SAME GLANDS
NO
WHY IS IT GOOD THAT EXTREME COLD CAN ACTIVATE THYROID GLAND
INCREASED METABOLISM WILL HELP KEEP US WARM ? CONFIRM THIS
ARE C CELLS THE SAME AS THE FOLLICULAR CELLS
NO
CALCITONIN COMES FROM WHAT GLAND
THYROID
WHAT DOES CALCITONIN DO
TONES YOUR BONES; ; ACTIVATES OSTEOBLASTS
WHAT IS IT CALLED IF YOU HAVE INADEQUATE LEVELS OF THYROID HORMONES (BELOW NORMAL LEVELS)
HYPOTHYROIDISM
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF
FACIAL BLOATING; WEAKNESS; COLD INTOLERANCE; LETHARGIC; ALTERED MENTAL STATUS; OILY SKIN/HAIR; WEIGHT GAIN
WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR LOW THYROID HORMONE LEVELS
MEDS; SYNTHROID OR GENERIC LEVOTHYROXINE - SYNTHETIC VERSION OF T3 AND T4
WHAT DO OSTEOBLASTS DO
BUILD BONE; MAKE BONE STRONGER
WHY IS IT GOOD TO HAVE HIGH BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS
ALLOWS YOU TO STORE UP CALCIUM FOR DAY WHEN YOU DO NOT HAVE ENOUGH CALCIUM
COLD INTLOERANCE MEANS
FEELS LIKE COLD HURTS THEIR BONES
CALCITONIN IS EXO OR ENDO
ENDOCRINE; RELEASED DIRECTLY INTO BLOOD
HOW DOES BODY STORE CALCIUM
BY C CELLS RELEASING CALCITONIN INTO BLOOD; ACTIVATES OSTEOBLASTS WHICH BUILD BONE (IE STORE CALCIUM)
IS HYPOTHYROIDISM GENETIC
YES
HORMONAL PROBLEMS CAN CAUSE AN EMOTIONAL TOLL BECAUSE
IT IS A CHEMICAL IMBALANCE
WHAT IS IT CALLED IF YOU HAVE INCREASED THYROID HORMONE RELEASE
HYPERTHYROIDISM
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF HYPERTHYROIDISM
INSOMNIA; FATIGUE; TACHYCARDIA; HYPERTENSION; HEAT INTOLERANCE; WEIGHT LOSS
TACHYCARDIA
FAST HEART RATE
HYPERTENSION
HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE
HEAT INTOLERANCE MEANS
CANNOT STAND HEAT
LONG TERM HYPERTHYROIDISM CAN CAUSE
EXOPHTHALMOS
WHAT IS THYROTOXICOSIS
THYROID HAS BECOME TOXIC; TO MUCH T3 AND T4; a condition in which you have too much thyroid hormone in your body
EXOPHTHALMOS/Exophthalmos
known as proptosis, is the medical term for bulging or protruding eyeballs
WHAT IS MOST SEVERE FORM OF HYPERTHYROIDISM
THYROTOXICOSIS
WHAT IS TREATMENT OF HYPERTHYROIDISM
USUALLY KILL OFF PART OF THYROID (RADIATION); IE KILL OFF SOME FOLLICES AND DESTROY SOME COLLOID; CAN KILL OF TOO MUCH AND THEN HYPOTHYROIDISM(MEDS)
WHERE ARE THE PARATHYROID GLANDS
ENMBEDDED IN THYROID
WHAT DO THE PARATHYROID GLANDS LOOK LIKE
LITTLE PEAS
HOW MANY PARATHYROID GLANDS ARE THERE
4 SEPARATE GLANDS
WHAT DOES THE PARATHYROID GLANDS PRODUCE
PTH - PARATHYROID HORMONE
WHAT DOES PTH DO
ACTIVATES OSTEOCLASTS
WHAT IS HYPOCALCEMIA
CALCIUM LEVELS ARE TO LOW; CAN RESULT FROM DAMAGE TO PARATHYROID GLANDS
WHEN DOES HYPOCALCEMIA OCCUR
??
WHY DOES HYPOCALCEMIA OCCUR
USUALLY AS A RESULT OF DAMAGE TO PARATHYROID GLANDS
OSTEOCLASTS DO WHAT
BREAK DOWN BONE; THEREFORE RELEASING CALCIUM INTO BLOODSTREAM AND RAISES BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS
WHEN BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS ARE LOW WHAT HORMONE IS RELEASED
PARATHYROID HORMONE IS RELEASED BY PARATHYROID GLANDS
TO MUCH PTH CAN LEAD TO
OSTEOPOROSIS (BRITTLE BONES)
Osteoporosis
CAUSES BRITTLE AND WEAK BONES
CACLIUM CANNOT BE ABSORBED WITHOUT THIS VITAMIN
VITAMIN D
WHERE IS THE THYMUS LOCATED
LOCATED IN THE me·di·as·ti·num / IS SUPERIOR TO THE HEART/ The anterior mediastinum TO BE PRECISE
WHAT HORMONE DOES THE THYMUS PRODUCE
The thymus produces all our T cells before we become teenagers. The thymus also produces a hormone called thymosin that helps make and develop T cells. ALSO PRODUCES Thymopoietin AND THYMULIN
WHAT IS THE TARGET TISSUE OF
THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM?? CONFIRM THIS
WHAT IS THE KEY FUNCTION OF
HELPS DEVELOP THE IMMUNE SYSTEM/LYMPHATIC SYSTEM (T CELLS)
WHAT HAPPENS AS WE AGE BOTH ANATOMICALLY AND PHYSIOLOGICALLY
THE THYMUS GLAND GETS SMALLER AND SMALLER. It gradually becomes less active and eventually gets smaller and is replaced by fat tissue
WHY IS ___ IMPORTANT FOR CHILDREN
BECAUSE CHILDREN DO NOT HAVE AN IMMUNE SYSTEM WHEN THEY ARE BORN; ONLY IMMUNITY HAVE AT BIRTH IS THE NATURAL PASSIVE IMMUNITY PASSED FROM MOTHER WHICH IS ONLY TEMPORARY
WHY ARE T CELLS CALLED T CELLS
BECAUSE THEY MATURE IN THE THYMUS
WHERE IS THE PANCREAS LOCATED
DEEP IN ABDOMINAL CAVITY; BEHIND STOMACH AND IN FOLDS OF DUODENUM (IN FOLDS OF THE DUODENUM)
DUODENUM
The duodenum, the first and shortest section of the small intestine, is a key organ in the digestive system.
DOES PANCREAS HAVE BOTH EXOCRINE AND ENDOCRINE FUNCTIONS
YES
WHAT ARE THE SPECIALIZED TISSUES THAT ALLOW THE ENDOCRINE FUNCTIONS
islet of langerhans
WHAT ARE THE THREE TYPES OF CELLS IN THIS SPECIALIZED TISSUE
ALPHA; BETA; DELTA
WHAT HORMONE DO ALPHA CELLS SECRETE
GLUCAGON
WHAT HORMONE DO BETA CELLS SECRETE
INSULIN
WHAT HORMONE DO BETA CELLS SECRETE
Somatostatin; ALSO CALLED growth hormone-inhibiting hormone; A PEPTIDE OR PROTEIN
ALPHA CELLS RELEASE WHAT HORMONE
GLUCAGON
WHAT FUNCTION DOES GLUCAGON HAVE
INCREASE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL
WHAT DOES GLUCOSE + O2 PRODUCES WHAT
ATP + CO2
WHEN DOES THIS OCCUR
WHEN BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS DROP
WHERE IS THE TARGET TISSUE FOR GLUCAGON HORMONE
LIVER
WHY IS THE LIVER THE TARGET TISSUE
BECAUSE THE LIVER HAS STORED SUGAR (GLYCOGEN)
WHAT IS GLYCOGEN
STORED GLUCOSE
WHEN BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL IS HIGH WHAT HAPPENS
GLUCAGON IS STORED IN LIVER BUT AS GLYCOGEN
WHAT IS THE NAME FOR THE PROCESS IN WHICH GLYCOGEN MADE (IE TURNS GLUCOSE INTO GLYCOGEN)
glycogenesis
WHAT IS GLYCOGEN MADE FROM
GLUCOSE
CAN GLYCOGEN BE RELEASED INTO THE BLOOD
NO
WHAT IS THE PROCESS THAT TURNS GLYCOGEN BACK TO GLUCOSE FOR RELEASE
Glycogenolysis
IF NO AVAILABLE CARBOHYDRATE MOLECULES ARE AVAILABLE, WHAT CAN THE LIVER DO
CAN MAKE CARBS FROM NON-CARB MOLECULES
WHAT IS THIS CALLED
Gluconeogenesis
WHY DOES GLYCOGEN HAVE TO BE TURNED BACK INTO GLUCOSE BEFORE RELEASE INTO THE BLOOD
BECAUSE GLYCOGEN CANNOT BE RELEASED INTO THE BLOOD
Gluconeogenesis
formation of new glucose molecules in the body as opposed to glucose that is broken down from the long storage molecule
CAN YOU LIVE WITHOUT CARBS
NO; LIVER CANNOT MAKE CARBS INDEFINATELY
WHY IS KETO DIET DANGEROUS
BECAUSE IT IS AN ALL FAT DIET; BODY FORGETS WHAT TO DO WHEN IT FINALLY DOES RECEIVE CARBS; ALL THE FAT GOES INTO ARTERIES AND VEINS
WHAT IS STORED GLUCOSE
GLYCOGEN
WHAT HORMONE IS RELEASED BY BETA CELLS
INSULIN
WHAT IS THE TARGET TISSUE OF INSULIN
EVERY BODY CELL; ONCE GLUCOSE IS IN THE CELL IT CREATES ATP
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF INSULIN
LOWER BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL (WANT TO GET GLUCOSE FROM BLOOD INTO CELLS); TELLS CELLS TO LET GLUCOSE IN
WHAT IS THE HELPER THAT ALLOWS/TELLS TO ACCEPT GLUCOSE WHICH IS NORMALLY TO BIG OF A MOLECULE TO DIFFUSE INTO CELL
INSULIN
WHAT IS THIS CALLED
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
HOW OFTEN IS INSULIN SECRETED
CONSTANTLY
WHY
TO MAKE SURE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS ARE AT RIGHT LEVEL (SO CELLS DON’T HAVE TO WAIT TO ACCEPT GLUCOSE); BECAUSE LIVER IS CONSTANTLY BURNING OFF INSULIN;
PROBLEMS WITH INSULIN CAN LEAD TO
DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2
DELTA CELLS PRODUCE WHAT HORMONE
Somatostatin
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF ___HORMONE
TO INHIBIT GLUCAGON AND INSULIN
WHAT TYPE OF MOLECULE IS GLUCOSE
monosaccharide
WHY CAN IT BE A BATTLE FOR BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS
ALPHA AND DELTA CELLS ARE ANTAGONIST; ??? ASK FOR CONFIRMATION
WHAT IS OTHER NAME OF SOMATOSTATIN
GROWTH HORMONE INHIBITING HORMONE
SOMATOSTATIN IS PRODUCED IN ______; BUT SECRETED BY DELTA CELLS
??
WHERE ARE THE ADRENAL GLANDS
SUPERIOR TO THE KIDNEYS; THERE IS A RIGHT AND LEFT ADRENAL GLAND; ASLO CALLED SUPRA RENAL GLANDS
HOW MANY ADRENAL GLANDS ARE THERE
2
EACH _____HAS DIVISIONS THAT HAVE
2 - EACH DIVISION HAS A DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS (ADRENAL CORTEX AND ADRENAL MEDULLA)
ADRENALL MEDULLA SECRETES WHAT TYPE OF HORMONE
catecholamine
WHAT ARE EXAMPLES OF HORMONES SECRETED BY ADRENAL MEDULLA
Dopamine(FEEL GOOD - RELEASED WHEN EXERCISE), epinephrine (adrenaline), and norepinephrine
WHICH PART OF THE NERVOUSE SYSTEM ARE _____HORMONES RELATED TO
catecholamine; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM SPECIFICALLY THE SYMPHATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM(AKA FIGHT OR FLIGHT)
WHAT ARE THE 3 CLASSES OF ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES
mineralocorticoids; CORTICOIDS; ANDROGENIC
ALL ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES ARE CLASSIFIED AS WHAT TYPE OF HORMONES
STEROIDS
WHICH TYPE OF HORMONE ACCOUNTS FOR 95% OF ADRENAL CORTEX PROBLEMS
GLUCOCORTICOID
EXAMPLE OF GLUCOCORTICOID
CORTISOL/AKA STRESS HORMONE (PRODUCTION AND SECRETION OF THIS HORMONE INCREASES WHEN UNDER STRESS)
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF CORTISOL
CORTISOL/INCREASES LEVEL OF GLUCOSE IN YOUR BLOOD;
WHEN ARE THE CORTISOL HORMONES RELEASED
WHEN UNDER STRESS (EX. BIG INJURY - CORTISOL GOES UP - BODY THINKS NEED MORE SUGAR TO PRODUCE MORE ENERGY TO REBUILD INJURY)
WHY ARE THE CORTISOL HORMONES RELEASED WHEN YOU ARE UNDER STRESS
BECAUSE BODY THINKS YOU NEED MORE ENERGY (ATP)????
WHAT DOE THIS REMIND YOU OF
FIGHT OR FLIGHT
IF YOU HAVE PROLONGED INCREASE OF PRODUCTION OF CORTEX HORMONES, YOU COULD DEVELOP
CUSHING’S DISEASE - MIMICS DIABETES (HAVE HIGH BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS)
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF CUSHING’S DISEASE
BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS; UNUSUAL BODY FAT DISTRIBUTION; RAPID MOOD SWINGS
THESE SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS CAN REMIND YOU OF
DIABETES MELLITUS SPECIFICALLY TYPE 2
WHAT DO MINERALOCORTICOIDS DO
INFLUENCE MINERALS IN BODY (INORGANIC SALTS (ELECTROLYTES) - SPECIFICALLY SODIUM AND POTASSIUM
EX’S OF MINERALOCORTICOIDS
Aldosterone
IF THERE IS AN INCREASE IN MINERALOCORTICOIDS, SERIOUS PROBLEMS MAY DEVELOP(IE WHEN MINERALOCORTICOIDS OUT OF WACK)
HYPOKALEMIA
WHAT IS HYPOKALEMIA
LOW POTASSIUM LEVELS IN BLOOD(IE PEED ALL POTASSIUM OUT) - IE WOULD HAVE HIGH POTASSIUM LEVELS IN URINE
WHAT IS HYPOTRANATREMIA
LOW SODIUM LEVELS IN BLOOD(KIDNEYS ARE RETAINING SODIUM) IE WOULD HAVE LOW SODIUM IN URINE
PROBLEMS WITH IMBALANCES OF ELECTROLYTES CAN CAUSE WHAT
HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE (IE HYPERTENSION)(HYPOTRANATREMIA); WHAT IS OTHER ISSUE (HYPOKALEMIA) CAN CAUSE Dysrhythmia; CAN ALSO LEAD TO COMA; STROKE; KILL YOU; IMPORTANT TO DRINK WATER TO HELP KEEP ELECTROLYTES BALANCED
WHAT ENDOCRINE GLANDS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH REPRODUCTION
TESTES AND OVARIES
FEMALE GONAD
OVARY
FEMALE SEX CELL
EGG(OOCYTE)
MALE GONAD
TESTIS
MALE SEX CELL
SPERM
WHERE ARE THE OVARIES LOCATED
IN THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY
OVARIES UNDER THE CONTROL OF FSH AND LH; OVARIES MANUFACTURE WHAT HORMONE
LUTEINIZING HORMONE AND FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE ARE PRODUCED
WHAT SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH FEMALE HORMONES
BREASTS; HIPS WIDEN IN PREP FOR DELIVERY
WHAT OTHER FUNCTIONS DO ESTROGENAND PROGESTERON DO
DEVELOP MORE FAT AND GET A LITTLE POUCH IN LOWER ABDOMEN; THERE TO PROTECT UTERUS; DEVELOP HAIR UNDERARMS AND PUBIC
WHERE ARE THE TESTES LOCATING
OUTSIDE THE BODY IN THE BALL SAC/SCROTUM
WHAT IS THE KEY HORMONE OF THE TESTES
TESTOSTERONE
WHAT ARE THE SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH MALE HORMONES
DEEPER VOICE; HAIRY; MUSCLE MASS; HIGHER SEX DRIVE; BROAD SHOULDERS; NARROW WAIST
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THIS MALE HORMONE
??
DO BOTH MALES AND FEMALS HAVE THESE HORMONES
YES
WHAT HAPPENS IF THESE HORMONES GET OUT OF BALANCE
CAN IMPACT PRODUCTION OF SEX CELLS; AND APPEARANCE OF SECONDARY OF SEX CHARACTERISTICS
WHAT HAPPENS TO WOMEN AS THEY GET OLDER
TESTOSTERONE GOES UP; ESTROGEN GOES DOWN; HAIR ON CHIN; DEEPER VOICE
WHAT IS THE ISSUE IN DIABETES MELLITUS
GLUCOSE METABOLISM IS THE ISSUE
THIS SIMPLE SUGAR IS REQUIRED BY THE BODY TOE PRODUCE ENERGY (ATP)
GLUCOSE/DEXTROSE
MOST SUGARS IN THE HUMAN DIET ARE _________ AND MUST BE BROKEN DOWN INTO SIMPLE SUGARS BEFORE USE
COMPLEX
BREAKDOWN OF SUGARS IS CARRIED OUT BY
ENZYMES IN GASTRO-INTESTINAL SYSTEM
MORE THAN 95% OF SUGARS ENTER BODY AS
GLUCOSE/DEXTROSE - #1 MONOSACCHARIDE
TO BE CONVERTED INTO ENERGY WHAT MUST HAPPEN TO GLUCOSE
IT MUST FIRST BE TRANSMITTED THROUGH CELL MEMBRANE
GLUCOSE MOLECULE IS LARGE SO
IT DOES NOT READILY DIFFUSE THROUGH CELL MEMBRANE’
HOW DOES GLUCOSE PASS INTO CELL
BY BINDING TO A SPECIAL CARRIER PROTEIN ON THE CELLS SURFACE
WHAT IS FACILITATED DIFFUSION
DOESN’T USE ENERGY (PASSIVE); CARRIER PROTEIN BINDS WITH GLUCOSE AND CARRIES IT INTO THE CELL
WHAT IS REQUIRED TO GET GLUCOSE INTO CELL
INSULIN
THE RATE AT WHICH GLUCOSE CAN ENTER THE CELL IS DEPENDENT ON
INSULIN LEVELS
INSULIN SERVES AS
MESSENGER - TRAVELS VIA BLOOD TO TARGET TISSUE
WHAT DOES INSULIN COMBINE WITH
SPECIFIC INSULIN RECEPTORS ON THE SURFACE OF THE CELL MEMBRANE
RIGHT AND LEFT OREINTATION IS BASED ON WHAT
PATIENTS OREINTATION
WHAT ARE THE TEN GLANDS;
PINEAL; HYPOTHALAMUS; PITUITARY; THYROID; THYMUS; ADRENAL GLAND; PANCREAS; PARATHYROID GLANDS; GONDAS(TESTES AND OVARIES)
WHAT IS NUCLEUS CALLED
BRAIN OF THE CELL
IF STEROIDS GO INTO NUCLEUS, WHAT ARE THEY GOING TO DO
GOING TO CHANGE THE GENETIC MAKEUP OF THE CELL
ESTROGEN IS WHAT TYPE OF HORMONE
STEROID
ESTROGEN AND TESTOSTERONE TARGET TISSUE IS WHAT
GONADS
ESTROGEN AND TESTOSTERONE ARE IN BOTH ——
MALES AND FEMALES; CAN CHANGE OUR GENETIC MAKEUP; CHANGE OUR VOICE, THE WAY WE LOOK, ETC.
STEROID HORMONES IMPACT WHAT
YOUR GENETICS
ANY HORMONE CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS
STEROID OR PROTEIN HORMONE
ENDO MEANS WHAT
MEANS INTO (IE INTO THE BLOOD)
WHAT ARE TARGET TISSUES
WHERE THE HORMONE IS GOING
EXOCRINE GLANDS - EXO MEANS WHAT
STILL SECRETING; BUT SECRETE TO TARGET TISSUES VIA DUCTS; BLOOD IS NOT NECESSARILY USED WITH EXOCRINE GLANDS
ENDOCRINE GLANDS DERIVE THEIR NAME FROM THE FACT THAT
THE VARIOUS GLANDS RELEASE THE HORMONES DIRECTLY INTO THE BLOOD; THE BLOOD THE TRANSPORTS THE HORMONES TO THE TARGET TISSUES VIA DUCTS
EXAMPLES OF EXOCRINE GLANDS
SWEAT GLANDS (SUDORIFERIOUS GLANDS): MAMMARY GLANDS; THE LIVER
Sudoriferous glands, also known as
also known as sweat glands, are either of two types of secretory skin glands, eccrine or apocrine. Merocrine, Eccrine and apocrine glands reside within the dermis and consist of secretory cells and a central lumen into which material is secreted. SECRETE SWEAT
ENDOCRINE GLANDS SECRETIONS HAVE TO GO WHERE FIRST
THE BLOOD
GLAND MEANS WHAT
SOMETHING IS BEING SECRETED
ENDOCRINE GLANDS PUT HORMONES DIRECTLY INTO BLOOD; BUT EXOCRINE GLANDS SECRETE THROUGH
DUCTS
SUDORIFEROUS GLANDS
SWEAT GLANDS
MAMMARY GLANDS SECRETE AS WHAT TYPE OF GLAD
EXOCRINE GLANDS; SECRETE COLUSTRUM AND MILK
ALL GLANDS DO WHAT
SECRETE
TWO LOBES OF PITIUTARY GLAND
ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR
NUCLEI OF HYPOTHALAMUS CONTAINS
PARAVENTRICULAR AND SUPRAOPTIC NUCLEUS
ADENHYPOPHYSIS
ANTERIO PITIUTARY
ANTERIOR LOBE HORMONES
FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONES; LUTEINIZING HORMONES; THYRHOID STIMULATING HORMONE; ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONES; PROLACTIN; GROWTH HORMONE
HYPOTHALAMUS HORMONES
GONADOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE; THRYOTOPIN RELEASING HORMONE’ CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE; PROLACTIN INHIBITING HORMONE’ GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING HORMONE; SOMATOSTATIN
WHERE IS THE NUCLEI OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS
THIRD VENTRICLE OF THE BRAIN
NEUROPHYSIS IS COMPOSED OF WHAT PARTS
MEDIAN EMINENCE; HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSEAL TRACT; STALK iINFINDIBULUM); AND POSTEIR LOBE
WHICH HORMONES ARE SECRETED BY THE HYPOTHALAMUS
OXYTOCIN AND ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE ???
THE PITIUTARY GLAND IS DIVIED INTO TWO AREAS WHICH DIFFER HOW
STRUCTURALLY AND FUNCTIONALLY
EACH LOBE OF THE PITIUTARY HAS
A SEPARATE TYPE OF HORMONE PRODUCTION
NEUROPHYSIS STORES AND RELEASES TWO TYPES OF HORMONES THAT ARE MADE INT HE HYPOTHALAMUS
STORES AND RELEASES OXYTOCIN AND ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE ???POSERIOR PUTIUTARY - DOES NOT MAKE HORONES;
WHICH HORMONES ARE MADE IN HYPOTHALAMUS
OXYTOCIN AND ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH), ALSO CALLED VASSOPRESSIN
NERVE IMPULSES FROM HYPOTHALAMUS REGULATE SECRETION OF’
OXYTOCIN AND ADH/VASSOPRESSIN
NERVE IMPULSES FROM HYPOTHALAMUS REGULATE SECRETION OF’
OXYTOCIN AND ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH) ALSO CALLED VASSOPRESSIN
HOW IS POSTERIOR PITUITARY REGULATING AND SECRETING
NERVE IMPULSES FROM THE HYPOTHALAMUS
ADENOHYPOPHYIS
ANTERIOR PITUITARY (FRONT PORTION OF PITUITARY GLAND (BROWN PART)
ADENOHYPOPHYSIS PRIMARILY REGULATES AND CONTROLS OTHER
ENDOCRINED GLANDS
ADENOHYPOPHYSIS IS RARELY A FACTOR IN
ENDOCRINE EMERGENCIES
ADENOHYPOPHYIS IS REGULATED BY
HORMONES RELEASED BY THE ???
POTOCIN
SYNTHETIC FORM OF OXYTOCIN
HYPOTHALAMUS SEND HORMONES TO ACTIVATE
ANTERIOR PITUITARY (FRONT PORTION OF PITUITARY GLAND (BROWN PART)
SYNTHETIC HORMONES ARE
HARDER ON THE BODY THAN NATURAL HORMONES
BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS ARE CONTROLLED BY WHAT TWO HORMONES
CALCITONIN (CT) AND PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH)/ AKA PARATHORMONE
WHERE IS CALCITONIN (CT) PRODUCED
THE THYROID GLAND
WHERE IS THE PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH) PRODUCED
THE PARATHYROID GLANDS
CALCITONIN (CT) AND PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH) ARE ANTAGONISTS BECAUSE
THEY WORK AGAINST EACH OTHER (IE HAVE OPPOSITE FUNCTIONS)
WHAT DOES CALCITONIN (CT) DOES WHAT TO BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS
CAUSES BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS TO DECREASE
PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH) DOES WHAT TO BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS
CAUSES BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS TO INCREASE
ARE BOTH CALCITONIN AND PARATHYROID HORMONE ESSENTIAL FOR LIFE
NO; ONLY PTH IS ESSENTIAL FOR LIFE; BUT CT IS NOT (ONLYIN PREGNANT WOMEN)
WHAT HAPPENS WITHOUT PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH)
CALCIUM LEVELS WOULD FALL SO LOW THAT IT WOULD IMPAIR NORMAL MUSCLE CONTRACTION AND BLOOD CLOTTING
WHAT IS THE OUTER REGION OF ADRENAL GLAND CALLED
ADRENAL CORTEX
WHAT IS THE INNER REGION OF THE ADRENAL MEDULLA CALLED
ADRENAL MEDULLA
WHY IS THE ADRENAL GLAND LOOK YELLOW AND BUBBLY
ADIPOSE TISSUE (PART OF LIPID FAMILY) SURROUNDING ORGAN - PROVIDES PROTECTION
WHAT ARE TWO PARTS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
WHAT ARE TWO PARTS OF PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
AUTONOMIC (AUTOMATIC) AND SOMATIC (VOLUNTARY)
WHAT ARE TWO PARTS OF AUTOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
SYMPATHETIC (FIGHT OR FLIGHT) AND PARASYMPATHETIC
ANDROGENIC HORMONES INFLUENCE WHAT OTHER HORMONES
OTHER SEX HORMONES
androgynous
SHOWING SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS OF BOTH MALES AND FEMALES ?? CONFIRIM SECONDARY????
GLUCOCORTICOID HORMONES INFLUENCE WHAT
INFLUENCES HOW YOU USE GLUCOSE
WHY ARE HIGH CORTISOL LEVELS BAD
BECAUSE YOU USUALLY ALREADY HAVE ENGOUGH GLUCOSE AND THE EXTRA GLUCOSE JUST TURNS INTO FAT(USUALLY HAVE A SPARE TIRE - HIGH CORTISOL LEVELS FOR A LONG TIME)
WHAT IS BEST WAY TO MANAGE YOUR STRESS
EXERCISE - IMPORTANT TO MANAGE STRESS LEVEL - WHICH MAY REDUCE CORTISOL LEVELS
WHY IS IT SO IMPORTANT FOR DIABETICS TO MANAGE THEIR STRESS LEVELS
BECUASE THEY ALREADY HAVE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL ISSUES
SODIUM POTASSIUM PUMP EFFECTS WHAT ORGANS
KIDNEYS???
WHY IS HYPOTRANATREMIA DANGEROUS
HIGH SODIUM PUTS PRESSURE ON VASCULAR SYSTEM (HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE)
Dysrhythmia
pertains to the irregular heartbeat rhythm, and this condition could be detrimental
GONAD
MEANS PRODUCES A SEX CELL (SPREM OR EGG)
OVARIES SINGULAR VERSION
OVARY
TESTES SINGULAR VERSION
TESTIS
WHAT IS NUMBER ONE HORMONE THAT TESTES PRODUCE
TESTOSTERONE
EXAMPLES OF PROTEIN HORMONES
Insulin, glucagon, thyrocalcitonin, pituitary hormones, and hypothalamic hormones; ADH
ALL HORMONES ARE CLASSIFIED AS ONE OF THESE
PROTEIN OR STEROID
STEROIDS ARE MEMBERS OF WHAT FAMILY
LIPID FAMILY
EXAMPLES OF ENDOCRINE GLANDS
THYROID; PITUITARY
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EXOCRINE AND ENDOCRINE GLANDS
ENDO GLANDS RELEASE INTO BLOOD AND EXO RELEASE INTO DUCTS
WHAT DO MAMMARY GLANDS SECRETE
COLOSTRUM AND MILK
ENOD AND EXOCRINE GLANDS BOTH TARGET
TARGET TISSUES/CELLS
REGULATION OF BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS IS CONTROLLED BY WHAT TWO HORMONES
INSULIN AND GLUCAGON
INSULIN AND GLUCAGON ARE CALLED ANTAGONIST BECAUSE
THEY HAVE OPPOSITE FUNCTIONS
INSULIN CAUSES BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS TO_______; GLUCAGON CAUSES BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS TO_____
DECREASE; INCREASE
WHERE IS INSULIN AND GLUCAGON PRODUCED
IN THE PANCREAS
GLUCOSE LEVELS TYPICALLY RISE AFTER
A MEAL RICH IN CARBOHYDRATES; SUCH AS BAKED POTATOES OR CORN FLAKES
HIGH GLUCOSE LEVELS ARE DETECTED BY
INSULIN SECRETING CELLS WITHIN THE PANCREAS
WHEN BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS RISE WHAT HAPPENS TO THE INSULIN SECRETING CELLS IN THE PANCREAS
THEY SECERET MORE INSULIN INTO THE BLOOD - INSULING IS THE ‘FEEDING HORMONE”
AS INSULIN TRAVELS THROUGH THE BLOOD; IT INDUCES TWO MAJOR RESPONSES
STIMULATES STORAGE OF EXCESS GLUCOSE IN THE FORM OF GLYCOGEN WITHIN THE LIVER AND SOME OTHER TISSUES; STIMULATES UPTAKE OF GLUCOSE BY MOSE BODY CELLS
WHAT DOES INSULIN DO
BINDS TO RECEPTORS IN THE PLASMA MEMBRANE WHICH OPENS CHANNELS FOR GLUCOSE TO PASS THROUGH
WHEN LOOKING AT GLANDS ON THE RIGHT AND LEFT SIDE OF THE BODY AND MARKING THEM, WHAT DO YOU NEED TO REMEMBER
TO MARK THEM AS RIGHT OR LEFT (FROM PATIENT VIEW) AND SINGULAR VS. PLURAL (GONADS/TESTIS; TESTES; OVARY; OVARIES
GLUCOSE IS METABOLIZED TO PRODUCE WHAT
LARGE AMOUNTS OF THE ENERGY MOLECULE ATP
WHEN DOES INSULIN SECRETION STOP
WHEN BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS FALL BACK TO NORMAL LEVELS
IF YOU HAVE NOT EATEN IN A LONG TIME, WHAT HAPPENS TO BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS
THEY FALL BELOW NORMAL AND IS DETECTED BY GLUCAGON SECRETING CELLS IN THE PANCREAS; THEY THEN SECRETE GLUCAGON - ‘THE STARVATION HORMONE” INTO THE BLOOD
PANCREAS IS AN EXO OR ENDO GLAND
EXOCRINE - SECRETES DIRECTLY INTO THE BLOOD
WHAT ORGAN DOES GLUCAGON TARGET
THE LIVER; SKELETAL TISSUE(GLYCOGEN IS STORED)
WHAT DOES GLUCAGON DO
STIMULATES CONVERSION OF GLYCOGEN INTO GLUCOSE; THE RESULT IS GLUCOSE RISES TO NORMAL LEVELS
GLUCAGON SECRETION STOPS WHEN
BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS RISE TO NORMAL LEVELS
DIABETES MELLITUS
CAUSED BY BODY’S INABILITY TO PRODUCE OR USE INSULIN; RESULTS IN ABNORMALLY HIGH BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS
WHAT IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON ENDOCRINE DISORDUSERS AND ONE OF THE LEADING CAUSES OF DEATH IN THE
DIABETES MELLITUS
WHAT IS ONE METHOD OF DETECTING DIABETES MELLITUS
DETECTION OF HIGH LEVELS OF GLUCOSE IN THE URINE
IF DIABETES MELLITUS IS LEFT UNTREATED, IT CAN LEAD TO
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, VISION PROBLEMS, KIDNEY DAMAGE AND NERVE DAMAGE
TWO TYPES OF DIABETES MELLITUS
TYPE 1 (INSULIN DEPENDENT) AND TYPE 2(NON-INSULIN DEPENDENT
TYPE I DIABETES MELLITUS IS WHAT
INSULIN DEPENDENT; RESULT OF BODY’S INABILITY TO PRODUCE INSULIN; NO CURE; OFTEN OCCURS IN CHILDREN (JUVENILE DIABETES); LESS COMMON; REQUIRES SELF-MONITORING OF BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS; DAILY INSULIN INJECTIONS/INSULIN PUMP
TYPE 11 DIABETES MELLITUS IS
NON-INSULIN DEPENDENT; MORE COMMON; TYPICALLY OBESE ADULTS; PRODUCE INSULIN BUT BODY CELLS BECOME RESISTANT TO IT; TREATMENT IS BEHAVIOUR MODIFICATION - DIET/EXERCISE/WEIGHT LOSS
CALCIUM RICH FOODS INCLUDE
MILK; BROCCOLI; TOFU; CAUSE BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS TO RISE
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS RISE
CALCITONIN PRODUCING CELLS WITHIN THE THYROID GLAND SENSE THIS AND SECRETE CALCITONIN (CT) INTO BLOOD
WHAT ARE THE TARGET TISSUES OF CALCITONIN (CT)
OSTEOCLASTS
OSTEOCLASTS
BONE DEGRADING CELLS WITHIN THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
CT BINDS TO WHAT ON OSTEOCLASTS
PLASMA MEMBRANES ON OSTEOCLASTS CONTAIN RECEPTORS FOR CT
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN CT BINDS TO CT RECEPTORS ON OSTEOCLASTS
INHIBITS OSTEOCLASTS FROM DOING NORMAL JOB OF DEGRADING BONE
DOES CT EFFECT OSTOBLASTS
NO
OSTEOBLASTS
BONE FORMING CELLS - NORMAL FUNCTION IS DEPOSITING CALCIUM SALTS IN BONE
CT CAUSES BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS IN BLOOD TO RISE OR FALL
FALL
WHEN DOES CT STOP BEING PRODUCED
WHEN BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS RETURN TO NORMAL
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS FALL TO LOW
DETECTED BY PARATHYROID GLANDS - PTH IS RELEASED INTO THE BLOOD
WHAT IS PTH
PARATHYROID HORMONE
WHAT IS PTH TARGET TISSUE/CELLS
OSTEOCLASTS
OSTEOCLASTS
BONE DEGRADING CELLS WITHIN THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
OSTEOCLASTS CONTAIN RECEPTORS FOR WHICH HORMONE
PTH
WHAT DOES PTH CAUSE ONCE IT BINDS WITH OSTEOCLASTS
STIMULATES OSTEOCLASTS TO DECOMPOSE BONE AND RELEASE CALCIUM INTO THE BLOOD; RAISING BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS
WHEN IS PTH NO LONGER PRODUCED
WHEN BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS RETURN TO NORMAL
DOES PTH CAUSE BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS TO RISE OR FALL
RISE
