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BIO 202 > CV LECTURE NOTES > Flashcards

CV LECTURE NOTES Flashcards

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1
Q

What Does CV System do?

A

Circulate blood throughout entire body

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2
Q

what does blood transport in the body

A

–Transport of oxygen to cells; –Transport of CO2 away from cells; –Transport of nutrients (glucose) to cells; –Movement of immune system components (cells, antibodies); –Transport of endocrine gland secretions

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3
Q

how does CV system circulate blood

A

the heart is a pump;

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4
Q

what is the plumbing of the cv system

A

arteries and veins

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5
Q

arteries take blood in what direction from the heart

A

away

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6
Q

veins take blood in what direction to the heart

A

toward

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7
Q

•Diffusion happens in

A

capillaries (oxygen, CO2, glucose diffuse in or out of blood)

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8
Q

capillaries (oxygen, CO2, glucose diffuse in or out of blood)

A

cells, water, and various proteins and sugars.

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9
Q

•Blood is ______% plasma (liquid)

A

55%

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10
Q

•Blood is ______% solid

A

45%

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11
Q

•Characteristics of Plasma color; pH; liquidity; other

A

–Straw colored; –pH = 7.35; –90% water; –10% dissolved gases, salts, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, wastes, and proteins.

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12
Q

•Plasma proteins 3 types

A

Albumins, globulins and fibrinogen

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13
Q

Albumins and Globulins

A

transport substances such as fatty acids, hormones and vitamins.

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14
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Responsible for blood’s ability to clot

is one of the three proteins found in plasma

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15
Q

Hematocrit

A

measurement of percentage of red blood cells.

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16
Q

Leukocytes

A

WBC’s

5 types of white blood cells protect against disease

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17
Q

5 types of white blood cells

A

–Basophils.; eosinophils; neutrophils; lymphocytes; monocytes

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18
Q

•Red Blood Cells

A

Most numerous type

aka erythrocytes

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19
Q

•Red Blood Cells transport

A

O2

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20
Q

RBC’s get color from

A

hemoglobin

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21
Q

RBC Shape

A

concave on both sides; disk shaped

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22
Q

RBC has a nucleus TRUE OR FALSE

A

no nucleus when mature

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23
Q

RBC made where and live for how long

A

made in red bone marrow; circulate for 120 days

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24
Q

•White Blood Cells guard against

A

infection, fight parasites, and attack bacteria

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25
Q

Normal level of white blood cells:

A

–5,000-10,000 cells per cubic millimeter (mm) of blood.

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26
Q

Number of WBCs increases when

A

when body is fighting

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27
Q

Lymphocytes produce

A

antibodies which fight pathogens and remember them

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28
Q

•Platelets aid the body In

A

clotting

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29
Q

platelets are small

A

fragments of cells

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30
Q

platelets stick to

A

edges of broken blood cell and secrete clotting factor to help form clot

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31
Q

Common blood types are

A

O, A, B, and AB.

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32
Q

Rh-factor

A

–is a type of antigen that causes the body to produce antibodies.

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33
Q

•Rh+ means

A

the Rh factor is present.

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34
Q

•Rh– means

A

the Rh factor is not present.

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35
Q

A+ blood can give blood to

A

A+; AB+

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36
Q

O+ blood can give blood to

A

O+; A+; B+’ AB+

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37
Q

B+ blood can give blood to

A

B+; AB+

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38
Q

AB+ blood can give blood to

A

AB+

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39
Q

A- blood can give blood to

A

A+; A-; AB+; AB-

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40
Q

O- blood can give blood to

A

EVERYONE

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41
Q

B- blood can give blood to

A

B+; B-; AB+; AB-

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42
Q

AB- blood can give blood to

A

AB+; AB-

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43
Q

A+ blood can receive blood from

A

A+; A-; O+; O-

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44
Q

O+ blood can receive blood from

A

O+; O-

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45
Q

B+ blood can receive blood from

A

B+; B-; O+; O-

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46
Q

AB+ blood can receive blood from

A

EVERYONE

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47
Q

A- blood can receive blood from

A

A-; O-

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48
Q

O- blood can receive blood from

A

O-

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49
Q

B- blood can receive blood from

A

B-; O-

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50
Q

AB- blood can receive blood from

A

AB-; A-; B-; O-

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51
Q

•Heart/Great Vessels-

A

-1 Route

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52
Q

•Smaller aa. vv.–many routes (collateral circulation)

A

Collateral circulation is the alternate circulation around a blocked artery or vein via another path, such as nearby minor vessels.

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53
Q

Capillaries—

A

network where diffusion occurs

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54
Q

TWO CIRCULATORY PATHWAYS

A

SYSTEMIC AND PULMONARY

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55
Q

PULMONARY CIRCUIT CARRIES WHAT

A

DEOXYGENATED BLOOD

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56
Q

GREAT VESSELS OF THE HEART

A

AORTA; IVC; SVC; PULMONARY TRUNK; PULMONARY VEINS

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57
Q

Deoxygenated blood from 3 areas

A

SVC; IVC; CORONARY SINUS - CONFIRM THIS?????

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58
Q

Deoxygenated blood PASSES INTO

A

THE RIGHT ATRIUM AND RIGHT VENTRICLE - WHICH CIRCUIT IS THIS

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59
Q

WHY IS O- THE UNIVERSAL DONOR

A

HAS NO ANTIGENS

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60
Q

WHY IS AB+ THE UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT

A

HAS ALL THE POSSIBLE ANTIGENS

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61
Q

ANTIBODIES ARE PROTEINS TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

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62
Q

WHAT TYPE OF DIFFUSION HAPPENS IN THE CAPILLARIES

A

PASSIVE DIFFUSION; REQUIRES NO ENERGY; NO ATP NEEDED

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63
Q

HEART IS A MIX OF WHAT TYPES OF TISSUES

A

SMOOTH AND CARDIVASCULAR TISSUE; INVOLUNTARY CONTRACTION; CARDIAC MUSCLE DOES NOT FATIGUE

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64
Q

WHICH WBC’S HAVE GRANULOCYTES

A

ALL THE ONES ENDING IN ‘PHILS’
eosinophils
neutrophils
basophils

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65
Q

WHICH WBC’S ARE AGRANULOCYTES

A

MONOCYTES AND LYMPHOCYTES

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66
Q

ANOTHER NAME FOR PLATELET

A

THROMBOCYTE

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67
Q

WHICH IS THE MOST PREVALENT PROTEIN IN PLASMA

A

ALBUMINS

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68
Q

WHAT DO GLOBULIN TRANSPORT

A

FATTY ACIDS; BLDG BLOCKS FOR LIPIDS

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69
Q

WHICH PLASMA PROTEIN IS USED FOR CLOTTING

A

FIBRINOGEN

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70
Q

IN ANEMIA, WHAT DO THE RBC’S LOOK LIKE

A

THEY ARE ALL DENTED; MEANS REDUCED ABILITY TO TRANSPORT O2

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71
Q

SYMPTOMS OF ANEMIA

A

COLD; TIRED

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72
Q

1 JOB OF RBC’S

A

CARRY O2

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73
Q

WHY DO PEOPLE CHEW ICE WHO ARE ANEMIC

A

O2 IS TRAPPED IN ICE

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74
Q

Fibrinogen WORKS WITH WHAT TO FORM CLOTS

A

THROMBOCYTES (PLATELETS)

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75
Q

ANTIGENS PRODUCE

A

ANTIBODIES

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76
Q

GENOTYPES EXPRESS AS

A

PHENOTYPES

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77
Q

WHICH GENOTYPES ARE DOMINANT AND WHICH IS RECESSIVE

A

A AND B ARE DOMINANT; O IS RECESSIVE

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78
Q

FOR A RECESSIVE GENOTYPE TO BE EXPRESSED AS A PHENOTYPE WHAT MUST HAPPEN

A

THERE MUST BE TWO OF RECESSIVE

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79
Q

WHAT IS A PUNDIT SQUARE

A

ADD PICTURE AFTER IN BRAINSCAPE

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80
Q

WHAT IS MEIOSIS

A

a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell,

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81
Q

WHAT IS IT CALLED WHEN TWO DOMINATE GENOTYPES ARE PRESENT

A

CODOMINATE

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82
Q

FOR THE ABO BLOOD GROUP; OUR IMMUNE SYSTEM PRODUCES ANTIBODIES TO ANY ANTIBODY ___________

A

NOT PRESENT ON THE SURFACE OF OUR OWN CELLS

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83
Q

PEOPLE WITH RH- BLOOD DO OR DO NOT PRODUCE RH ANTIBODIES

?? CHECK THIS

A

DO PRODUCE RH ANTIBODIES

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84
Q

PEOPLE WITH RH+ BLOOD DO OR DO NOT PRODUCE RH ANTIBODIES

CHECK THIS

A

DO NOT PRODUCE RH ANTIBODIES

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85
Q

TWO MAIN BLOOD GROUPS

A

ABO AND RHESUS FACTOR (Rh)

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86
Q

BLOOD TYPE A+ HAS WHAT ANTIGENS

A

A AND RH

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87
Q

BLOOD TYPE A+ HAS WHAT ANTIBODIES

A

B

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88
Q

BLOOD TYPE A+ CAN GIVE BLOOD TO

A

A+, AB+

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89
Q

BLOOD TYPE A+ CAN RECEIVE BLOOD FROM

A

A+, B+, O+, O-

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90
Q

BLOOD TYPE O+ HAS WHAT ANTIGENS

A

RH

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91
Q

BLOOD TYPE O+ HAS WHAT ANTIBODIES

A

A,B

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92
Q

BLOOD TYPE O+ CAN GIVE BLOOD TO

A

O+, A+, B+, AB+

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93
Q

BLOOD TYPE O+ CAN RECEIVE BLOOD FROM

A

O+,O-

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94
Q

BLOOD TYPE B+ HAS WHAT ANTIGENS

A

B AND RH

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95
Q

BLOOD TYPE B+ HAS WHAT ANTIBODIES

A

A

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96
Q

BLOOD TYPE B+ CAN GIVE BLOOD TO

A

B+, AB+

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97
Q

BLOOD TYPE B+ CAN RECEIVE BLOOD FROM

A

B+,B-, O+, O-

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98
Q

BLOOD TYPE AB+ HAS WHAT ANTIGENS

A

A, B, Rh

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99
Q

BLOOD TYPE AB+ HAS WHAT ANTIBODIES

A

NO ANTIBODIES

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100
Q

BLOOD TYPE AB+ CAN GIVE BLOOD TO

A

AB+

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101
Q

BLOOD TYPE AB+ CAN RECEIVE BLOOD FROM

A

EVERYONE

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102
Q

BLOOD TYPE A- HAS WHAT ANTIGENS

A

A

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103
Q

BLOOD TYPE A- HAS WHAT ANTIBODIES

A

B, Rh

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104
Q

BLOOD TYPE A- CAN GIVE BLOOD TO

A

A+, A-, AB+, AB-

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105
Q

BLOOD TYPE A- CAN RECEIVE BLOOD FROM

A

A-, O-

106
Q

BLOOD TYPE O- HAS WHAT ANTIGENS

A

NO ANTIGENS

107
Q

BLOOD TYPE O- HAS WHAT ANTIBODIES

A

A,B,Rh

108
Q

BLOOD TYPE O- CAN GIVE BLOOD TO

A

EVERYONE

109
Q

BLOOD TYPE O- CAN RECEIVE BLOOD FROM

A

O-

110
Q

BLOOD TYPE B- HAS WHAT ANTIGENS

A

B

111
Q

BLOOD TYPE B- HAS WHAT ANTIBODIES

A

A, Rh

112
Q

BLOOD TYPE B- CAN GIVE BLOOD TO

A

B+, B-, AB+, AB-

113
Q

BLOOD TYPE B- CAN RECEIVE BLOOD FROM

A

B-, O-

114
Q

BLOOD TYPE AB- HAS WHAT ANTIGENS

A

A AND B ANTIGENS

115
Q

BLOOD TYPE AB- HAS WHAT ANTIBODIES

A

Rh

116
Q

BLOOD TYPE AB- CAN GIVE BLOOD TO

A

AB+, AB-,

117
Q

BLOOD TYPE AB- CAN RECEIVE BLOOD FROM

A

AB-, A-, B-, O-

118
Q

THE HEART AND GREAT VESSELS BLOOD TRAVELS IN HOW MANY DIRECTIONS

A

1

119
Q

IN SMALLER ARTERIES AND VEINS, BLOOD CAN TRAVEL

A

collateral circulation

120
Q

Collateral circulation is a network of tiny blood vessels, and, under normal conditions, not open. When the coronary arteries narrow to the point that blood flow to the heart muscle is limited (coronary artery disease), collateral vessels may

A

open up new pathways to route blood

121
Q

CAPILLARIES IS THE NETWORK WHERE THIS OCCURS

A

DIFFUSION

122
Q

WHAT ARE THE TWO CIRCULATORY PATHS

A

SYSTEMIC AND PULMONARY

123
Q

WHAT ARE THE 5 GREAT VESSELS OF THE HEART

A

ASCENDING AORTA; PULMONARY TRUNK, PULMONARY VEINS; INFERIOR VENA CAVA, SUPERIOR VENA CAVA

124
Q

WHAT ARE THE THREE WAYS FOR BLOOD TO ENTER THE HEART

A

SUPERIOR VENA CAVA; INFERIOR VENA CAVA, CORONARY SINUS

125
Q

PATHWAY OF BLOOD THROUGH THE HEART

A

IVC/SVC/CORONARY SINUS TO RIGHT ATRIUM TO TRICUSPID VALVE(AVIOVENTRICULAR VALVE TO RIGHT VENTRICLE TO PULMONARY SEMILUNAR VALVE TO PULMONARY TRUNK TO R/L PULMONARY ARTERIES TO LUNGS TO PULMONARY VEINS TO LEFT ATRIUM TO MITRAL VALVE TO LEFT VENTRICLE TO AORTIC VALVE TO ASCENDING AORTA TO AORTIC ARCH TO BRACHIOCEPHALIC ARTERY(FURTHER BRANCHES TO RIGHT COMMON CAROTID ARTERY AND RIGHT SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY)/LEFT COMMON CAROTID ARTERY/LEFT SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY TO DESCENDING AORTA TO LOWER BODY

126
Q

ARTERIES _________, WHILE VEINS_________

A

FEED; DRAIN

127
Q

WHAT ARE THE THREE AORTIC BRANCHES

A

BRACHIOCEPHALIC ARTERY (BRANCHES INTO RIGHT COMMON CAROTID ARTERY AND RIGHT SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY): LEFT COMMON CAROTID ARTERY AND LEFT SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY; THERE IS ALSO RIGHT AND LEFT CORONARY ARTERIES WHICH FEED BLOOD DIRECTLY TO THE HEART

128
Q

RIGHT AND LEFT CORONARY ARTERIES SEND BLOOD WHERE

A

DIRECTLY TO THE HEART WALL/MUSCLE

129
Q

RIGHT AND LEFT COMMON CAROTID ARTERIES SPLIT INTO

A

INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ?? COMMON OR JUST CAROTID

130
Q

RIGHT SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY FEEDS WHAT AREA OF BODY

A

ARM

131
Q

BRACHIOCEPHALIC ARTER FEEDS WHAT AREA OF BODY

A

RIGHT ARM AND RIGHT SIDE OF HEAD

132
Q

RIGHT COMMON CAROTID ARTERY FEEDS WHAT AREA OF BODY

A

RIGHT SIDE OF NECK/FACE/BRAIN/HEAD

133
Q

LEFT COMMON CAROTID ARTERY FEEDS WHAT AREA OF BODY

A

LEFT SIDE OF NECK/FACE/BRAIN/HEAD

134
Q

LEFT SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY FEEDS WHAT PART OF BODY

A

LEFT ARM

135
Q

CAROTIDS ARE ________ AND JUGULARS ARE______

A

ARTERIES; VEINS

136
Q

EXTERNAL JUGULAR VEINS IS WHAT TO SURFACE

A

CLOSER

137
Q

INTERNAL JUGULAR VEINS IS WHAT TO SURFACE

A

DEEP

138
Q

THE EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL JUGULAR VEINS COMBINE TO FORM THE

A

COMMON JUGULAR VEIN R/L

139
Q

WHEN HEADING BACK TO THE HEART - INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL VEINS DO WHAT

A

COMBINE TO FORM COMMON VEINS

140
Q

HEADING AWAY FROM HEART - COMMONS DO WHAT

A

DIVIDE INTO INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL

141
Q

THE INFERIOR VENA CAVA IS ON WHAT SIDE OF THE BODY

A

THE RIGHT SIDE - GOING TO RIGHT ATRIUM

142
Q

THE ABDOMINAL AORTA IS ALWAYS ON WHAT SIDE OF BODY

A

LEFT SIDE

143
Q

WHAT ARE THE 4 CIRCUITS OF THE BODY

A

PULMONARY CIRCUIT; SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT; CORONARY CIRCUIT; CARDIAC CONDUCTION SYSTEM

144
Q

CORONARY CIRCUIT SUPPLIES BLOOD TO WHAT

A

THE HEART WALL

145
Q

WHERE DOES CORONARY CIRCUIT START

A

L/R CORONARY ARTERIES AT BASE OF AORTIC ARCH RIGHT AFTER AORTIC SEMILUNAR VALVE

146
Q

THE CORONARY CIRCUIT ARTERIES AND VEINS SIT IN WHAT ON THE HEART

A

THE SULCUS

147
Q

WHAT PURPOSE THE SULCUS SERVE

A

ADIPOSE TISSUE - INSULATION AND PROTECTION

148
Q

WHAT IS CORONARY HEART DISEASE

A

NO GETTING PROPER 02 TO HEART WALL

149
Q

WHAT IS THE LARGEST CARDIAC VEIN

A

CORONARY SINUS

150
Q

RIGHT ATRIUM FORMS WHAT PART OF THE HEART

A

MOST POSTERIOR PART OF HEART

151
Q

THE RIGHT ATRIUM RECEIVES OXYGENATED OR DEOXYGENATED BLOOD

A

DEOXYGENATED

152
Q

THE RIGHT VENTRAL WALL IS WHAT TYPE OF MUSCLE

A

ROUGH PECTINATE MUSCLE??

153
Q

FOSSA OVALIS

A

ON INTERATRIAL SEPTUM; IS A REMNAT OF FORAMEN OVALE

154
Q

FORAMEN OVALE

A

The foramen ovale makesit possible for the blood to go from the veins to the right side of the fetus’ heart, and then directly to the left side of the heart. The foramen ovale normally closes as blood pressure rises in the left side of the heart after birth.

155
Q

RIGHT VENTRICLE RECEIVES WHAT TYPE OF BLOOD

A

DEOXYGENATED

156
Q

TRABECULAE CARNAE

A

The trabeculae carneae (columnae carneae, or meaty ridges), arerounded or irregular muscular columns which project from the inner surface of the right and left ventricle of the heart. These are different from the pectinate muscles, which are present in the atria of the heart.
ALSO PULL ON CHORDAE TENDINEAE LIKE PAPILLARY MUSCLES DO

157
Q

PAPILLARY MUSCLE

A

CONE SHAPED MUSCLE TO WHICH CHORDAE TENDINEAE ARE ANCHORED

158
Q

MODERATOR BAND

A

MUSCULAR BANKD CONNECTING ANTERIOR PAPILLARY MUSCLE TO INTERNVENTRICULAR SEPTUM

159
Q

WHICH SIDE OF THE HEART IS THE PULMONARY CIRCUIT

A

THE RIGH ATRIUM AND RIGHT VENTRICLE

160
Q

WHICH DIES OF THE HEART IS THE SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT

A

LEFT ATRIUM AND LEFT VENTRICLE

161
Q

LEFT ATRIUM RECEIVES WHAT TYPE OF BLOOD

A

OXYGENATED

162
Q

WHAT TYPE OF MUSCLES ARE LINE THE AURICLE OF THE LEFT ATRIUM

A

PECTINATE MUSCLE

163
Q

LEFT VENTRICLE FORMS WHAT OF HEART

A

APEX OF HEART

164
Q

LEFT VENTRICLE RECEIVES WHAT TYPE OF BLOOD

A

OXYGENATED

165
Q

THE LEFT VENTRICLE DOES NOT HAVE THIS THAT THE RIGHT VENTRICLE DOES HAVE

A

NO MODERATOR BAND ?? WHY

166
Q

EPICARDIUM

A

innermost layer of serous membrane; also called the visceral pericardium

167
Q

VISCERAL PLEURA

A

LIINING THAT TOUCHES THE HEART

168
Q

MYOCARDIUM

A

MIDDLE LAYER OF THE HEART; THE ACTUAL CARDIAC MUSCLE THAT CONTRACTS

169
Q

ENDOCARDIUM

A

INNER LAYER OF THE HEART; LINES THE HEAR AND CREATES THE VALVES??

simple squamous epithelium called endothelium; continuous with endothelium lining of all blood vessels in body

170
Q

VISCERA MEANS

A

ORGAN

171
Q

PARIETAL PLEURA

A

The outer layer OF WHAT is called the parietal pleura and attaches to the chest wall.

172
Q

WHAT ARE THE HEART VALVES

A

ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES AND SEMILUNAR VALVES

173
Q

ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES

A

TRICUSPID AND BICUSPID(MITRAL)

174
Q

SEMILUNAR VALVES

A

PULMONARY AND AORTIC

175
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TRICUSPID(ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVE)

A

3 CUSPS; MADE OF ENDOCARDIUM AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE; CUSPS ANCHORED BY CHORDAE TENDINEAE - PREVENT CUSPS FROM INVERTING INTO ATRIUM; FLOW OF BLOOD PUSHESES CUSP OPEN

176
Q

WHEN VENTRICLE IS RELAXED WHAT HAPPENS TO THE CUSPS

A

HANG LIMP IN VENTRICLE

177
Q

WHAT DOES DIASTOLE MEAN

A

WHEN VENTRICLE IS RELAXED

178
Q

WHAT HAPPENS IN VENTRICULAR CONTRACTION

A

INCREASES PRESSURE AND FORCES CUSP CLOSED

179
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF MITRAL/BICUSPID/ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVE

A

HAS 2 CUSPS; ANCHORED IN LEFT VENTRICLE BY CHORDAE TENDINEAE; FUNCTIONS SAME AS TRICUSPID VALVE

180
Q

SEMILUNAR VALVE CHARACTERISTICS

A

PREVENTS BACKFLOW IN LARGE ARTERIES;

3 CUSPS; AS BLOOD RUSHES PAST THEY ARE FLATTENED, AND BLOOD SETTLES IN CHAMBER THE VALVES ARE CLOSED

181
Q

WHERE ARE THE SEMILUNAR VALVES LOCATED

A

AT ENTRANCE TO PULMONARY TRUNK AND ASCENDING AORTA

182
Q

WHAT HAPPENS TO THE CUSPS ON SEMINLUNAR VALVES AS BLOOD RUSHES PAST

A

THEY ARE FLATTENED, AS BLOOD SETTLES, THEY ARE PUSHED DOWN (CLOSED)

183
Q

HOW MANY CUSPS DO SEMILUNA VALVES HAVE

A

3

184
Q

IF YOU HEAR THE LUB SHHHH DUB WHAT DOES IT MEAN

A

THE VALVE (TRICUSPID OR BICUSPID) IS NOT CLOSING PROPERLY; THIS IS CALLED A HEART MURMUR

185
Q

IS THE CARDIAC CONDUCTION SYSTEM VOLUNTARY OR INVOLUNTARY

A

INVOLUNTARY

186
Q

IN THE FETUS IS THERE CIRCULATION TO THE LUNGS

A

NO

187
Q

WHAT BREATHES FOR THE FETUS

A

THE UMBILICAL CHORD

188
Q

WHAT DOES THE FORAMEN OVALE DO FOR THE FETUS

A

Before birth, the foramen ovaleallows blood flow to bypass the lungs(a fetus gets the oxygen it needs from the placenta, not the lungs). That way, the heart doesn’t work hard to pump blood where it isn’t needed. When newborns take their first breath, a new flow direction happens.

189
Q

WHAT DOES THE PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUM DO FOR THE FETUS

A

The ductus arteriosuscarries blood away from the lungs and sends it directly to the body. When a newborn breathes and begins to use the lungs, the ductus is no longer needed and usually closes by itself during the first 2 days after birth

190
Q

WHAT IS THE LAST ORGAN TO DEVELOP IN THE FETUS

A

THE LUNGS

191
Q

WHY IS CRYING ESSENTIAL IN A NEWBORN

A

TO MAKE SURE LUNGS ARE WORKING

192
Q

WHERE IS THE FORAMEN OVALE LOCATED

A

A patent foramen ovale (PFO) isa small opening between the two upper chambers of the heart, the right and the left atrium. Normally, a thin membranous wall made up of two connecting flaps separates these chambers. No blood can flow between them.

193
Q

WHERE IS THE PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUM LOCATED

A

The ductus arteriosus isthe connecting vessel between the pulmonary trunk and the descending aorta. (LOOKS LIKE A LITTLE LIGAMENT ON THE ADULT HEART)

194
Q

WHY IS A C SECTION DIFFERENT THAN A VAGINAL DELIVERY WITH REGARD TO THE LUNGS OF AN INFANT

A

VAGINAL BIRTH SQUEEZES LUNGS AND HELPS GET THEM GOING

195
Q

CHARTS ON PAGE 486 AND 487

A

CHARTS ON PAGE 486 AND 487

196
Q

WHAT ARE THE ADULT REMNANTS OF FETAL CIRCULATION

A

FOSSA OVALE(FORAMEN OVALE IN INFANT) AND LIGAMENTUM ARTERIUSUM (PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUM IN INFANT)

197
Q

HOLE IN THE HEART REFERS TO VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT (VSD)

A

AN OPENING IN THE SEPTM BETWEEN THE VENTRICLES; OXYGENATED AND DEOXYGENATED BLOOD GET MIXED AND THE HEART HAS TO WORK HARDER

198
Q

SEPTUM SHOULD PREVENT WHAT

A

A HOLE IN THE HEART (VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT)

199
Q

WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON CONGENITAL HEART DEFECT

A

The most common type of heart defect is aventricular septal defect (VSD).

200
Q

WHAT ARE THE 3 LAYERS OF VEINS AND ARTERIES

A

TUNICA EXTERNA; TUNICA MEDIA; TUNICA INTIMA/INTERNA;

201
Q

TUNICA EXTERNA

A

OUTERMOST LAYER OF ARTERIES/VEINS

202
Q

WHAT TISSUE MAKES UP TUNICA EXTERNA

A

CONNECTIVE TISSUE WITH ELASTIN AND COLLAGEN; STRENGTHENS AND ANCHORS ARTERIES AND VEINS

203
Q

WHAT TISSUE MAKES UP TUNICA MEDIA

A

THE MIDDLE LAYER OF ARTERIES/VEINS; MADE OF CIRCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE (FOR CONSTRICTION/DILATION)

204
Q

WHAT TISSUE MAKES UP THE TUNICA INTERNA/INTIMA

A

INNERMOST LAYER OF ARTERIES/VEINS; MADE OF ENDOTHELIUM - MINIMIZES FRICTION

205
Q

LUMEN IN ARTERIES AND VEINS

A

In biology, a lumen (plural lumina) isthe inside space of a tubular structure, such as an artery or intestine

206
Q

ARTERTIES TAKE BLOOD ______FROM THE HEART WHILE VEINS TAKE BLOOD ______TO THE HEART

A

AWAY; TOWARD

207
Q

THE PRESSURE IN ARTERIES IS HIGHER OR LOWER THAN THE PRESSURE IN VEINS

A

HIGHER

208
Q

ARE THE WALLS IN VEINS THICKER OR THINNER THAN IN ARTERIES

A

THINNER

209
Q

IS THE LUMEN SMALLER IN VEINS OR IN ARTERIES

A

SMALLER IN ARTERIES

210
Q

WHICH HAS VALVES, VEINS OR ARTERIES

A

ARTERIES

211
Q

HOW IS BLOOD MOVED THROUGH ARTERIES

A

CONTRACTED SKELETAL MUSCLE COMPRESSES THE ARTERIES AND VALVES OPENING AND CLOSING ALONG THE WAY PROPEL THE BLOOD FORWARD

212
Q

CAPILLARIES ARE HOW THICK

A

ONE CELLS LAYER THICK - HELPS WITH EASE OF DIFFUSION

213
Q

CAPILLARIES ARE NETWORK BATHED IN WHAT

A

EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX OF AREOLAR TISSUE

214
Q

AREOLAR TISSUE

A

A connective tissue in which fibers are loosely arranged in a net or meshwork. Supplement. The tissue consists of collagenous and elastic fibers, ground substance, and connective tissue cells

215
Q

ENTIRE GOAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM IS

A

TO GET BLOOD INTO CAPILLARIES WHERE DIFFUSION CAN TAKE PLACE

216
Q

WHERE DOES DIFFUSION TAKE PLACE IN THE CV SYSTEM

A

IN THE CAPILLARIES

217
Q

COLLATERAL CIRCULATION

A

The collateral circulation is a network of specialized endogenous bypass vessels that is present in most tissues andprovides protection against ischemic injury caused by ischemic stroke, coronary atherosclerosis, peripheral artery disease, and other conditions and diseases

218
Q

HEART MUSCLES ARE COMPOSED OF INDIVIDUAL

A

FIBERS

219
Q

EACH ATRIUM AND VENTRICLE CONTRACTS AS A

A

UNIT

220
Q

EACH CONTRACTION BEGINS WITH

A

A GROUP OF CARDIAC MUSCLE CELLS IN THE RIGHT ATRIUM KNOWN AS THE SA NODE

221
Q

SA NODE

A

SINOATRIAL NODE

222
Q

WHAT TISSUE TYPES MAKE UP THE HEART

A

HEART CONTAINS ALL TISSUE TYPES

223
Q

WHAT ARE THE TISSUE TYPES FOUND IN THE HEART

A

CONNECTIVE TISSUE; EPITHELIAL TISSUE; MUSCLE TISSUE; NERVOUS TISSUE; ADIPOSE TISSUE;

224
Q

INTERCALATED DISKS

A

CARDIAC TISSUE IS THE ONLY TISSUE THAT HAS THESE; ALLOW ADJACENT CELLS TO COMMUNICATE ELECTRICALLY AND CHEMICALLY

225
Q

cardiovascular centre, or cardiovascular center, ispart of the

A

medulla oblongata of the brainstem. Normally, the heart beats without nervous control. In some situations, such as exercise, and major trauma, the cardiovascular centre is responsible for altering heart rate

226
Q

VASOMOTOR CENTER

A

The vasomotor center (VMC) is a portion of the medulla oblongata. Together with the cardiovascular center and respiratory center, it regulates blood pressure. It also has a more minor role in other homeostatic processes.

227
Q

WHYI S THE SA - SINOATRIAL NODE KNOW AS THE HEARTS FIRST PACEMAKER

A

IT IS THE FIRST IMPULSE THAT STARTS THE HEART CONTRACTION IN THE UPPER RIGHT ATRIUM;

228
Q

WHERE IS THE SINOATRIAL NODE LOCATED

A

WHERE THE CORONARY SINUS AND RIGHT ATRIUM MEET

229
Q

WHAT HAPPENS TO THE IMPULSE CREATED BY THE SA NODE

A

SPREADS FROM THE SA NODE(PACEMAKER) TO THE REST OF THE ATRIA

230
Q

FROM THE ATRIA A SIGNAL IS SENT TO WHAT

A

THE ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE AND THEN TO THE PURKINJE SYSTEM

231
Q

WHERE IS THE AV NODE LOCATED

A

This node is locatedbetween the atria and the ventricles.

232
Q

WHAT IS THE PURKINJE SYSTEM COMPOSED OF

A

THE AV BUNDLE(R/L BRANCHES; AND A BUNDLE OF FIBERS CALLED PURKINJE FIBERS

233
Q

NODE MEANS WHAT IN CV LANGUAGE

A

ELECTRICITY

234
Q

WHAT CAUSES THE HEART TO PUMP

A

THE ELECTRICAL SHOCK STARTED BY THE SA NODE (SINOATRIAL NODE)

235
Q

WHERE ARE THE PURKINJE FIBERS LOCATED

A

DEEP IN THE VENTRICLE

236
Q

SA NODE MISFIRE RESULTS IN

A

ATRIAL FIBRILIATION

237
Q

ATRIAL FIBRILATION

A

Atrial fibrillation (A-fib) is anirregular and often very rapid heart rhythm (arrhythmia)that can lead to blood clots in the heart. A-fib increases the risk of stroke, heart failure and other heart-related complications

238
Q

THE HEART PRODUCES WHAT

A

PRESSURE

239
Q

THE FORCE OF BLOOD ON THE WALL OF THE ARTERIES IS KNOWN AS

A

BLOOD PRESSURE

240
Q

BLOOD PRESSURE DECREASES AS

A

THE HEART RELAXES (DIASTOLE) BUT THE REST OF THE SYSTEM IS STILL UNDER PRESSURE

241
Q

WHEN BLOOD PRESSURE IS TAKEN, THE CUFF IS WRAPPED WHERE

A

AROUND THE UPPER PORTION OF THE ARM AND PUMPED WITH AIR UNTIL BLOOD FLOW IN THE ARTERY IS BLOCKED

242
Q

WHAT HAPPENS AS PRESSURE IN THE CUFF IS RELAXED

A

2 NUMBERS ARE RECORDED; SYSTOLIC AND DIASTOLIC

243
Q

SYSTOLIC PRESSURE

A

THE FIRST NUMVER TAKE IS THE FORCE FELT IN THE ARTERIES WHEN THE VENTRICLES CONTRACT (THIS IS THE NUMBER ON THE TOP)

244
Q

DIASTOLIC PRESSURE

A

THE SECOND NUMBER TAKEN IS THE FORCE OF THE BLOOD ON THE ARTERIES WHEN THE VENTRICLES RELAX (THIS IS THE NUMBER ON THE BOTTOM)

245
Q

Type A BLOOD HAS WHAT ANTIGENS ON ITS SURFACE

A

A ANTIGENS

246
Q

TYPE B BLOOD HAS WHAT ANTIGENS ON ITS CELL SURGACE

A

B ANTIGENS

247
Q

TYPE AB BLOOD HAS WHAT ANTIGENS ON ITS CELL SURFACE

A

BOTH A AND B ANTIGENS

248
Q

TYPE O BLOOD HAS WHAT ANTIGENS ON ITS SURFACE

A

NEITHER A OR B ANTIGENS ON ITS SURFACE

249
Q

BLOOD THAT HAS AN Rh ANTIGEN IS DENOTED BY

A

Rh POSITIVE (ie A+)

250
Q

BLOOD THAT DOES NOT HAVE AN Rh ANTIGEN IS DENOTED BY

A

Rh NEGATIVE (A-)

251
Q

Your blood type is determined by

A

what kind of antigens your red blood cells have on the surface. Antigens are substances that help your body differentiate between its own cells and foreign, potentially dangerous ones. If your body thinks a cell is foreign, it will set out to destroy it.

252
Q

If blood with antigens that you don’t have enters your system, your body will create

A

antibodies against it. However, some people can still safely receive blood that isn’t their blood type. As long as the blood they receive doesn’t have any antigens that mark it as foreign, their bodies won’t attack it.

253
Q

Type A has the
Type B has the
Type AB has both
Type O has neither

A

A ANTIGEN; B ANTIGEN; A/B ANTIGEN; NEITHER A/B ANTIGEN

254
Q

O: Type O individuals can donate blood to anyone, because

A

their blood has no antigens. However, they can only receive blood from other type O individuals (because blood with any antigens is seen as foreign).

255
Q

A: Type A individuals can donate to other type A individuals and type AB individuals BECAUSE .

A

Because Why??

Type A individuals can receive blood only from other type A individuals and type O individuals.

256
Q

Type A individuals can receive blood only from other type A individuals and type O individuals.
Because

A

??

257
Q

B: Type B individuals can donate blood to other B individuals and AB individuals. BECAUSE

A

BECAUSE ??

Type B individuals can receive blood only from type B individuals and type O individuals.

258
Q

AB: Type AB individuals can give blood only to other AB individuals, but can receive blood of any type. BECAUSEu

A

??

259
Q

pulmonary circuit is which side of heart

systemic circuit is which side of heart

A

right atria and right ventricle

left side of heart - left atria and left ventricle

260
Q

descending aorta is called what above diaphragm and what below diaphragm

A

descending aorta and then thoracic aorta

BIO 202 (14 decks)

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