CV LECTURE NOTES Flashcards
What Does CV System do?
Circulate blood throughout entire body
what does blood transport in the body
–Transport of oxygen to cells; –Transport of CO2 away from cells; –Transport of nutrients (glucose) to cells; –Movement of immune system components (cells, antibodies); –Transport of endocrine gland secretions
how does CV system circulate blood
the heart is a pump;
what is the plumbing of the cv system
arteries and veins
arteries take blood in what direction from the heart
away
veins take blood in what direction to the heart
toward
•Diffusion happens in
capillaries (oxygen, CO2, glucose diffuse in or out of blood)
capillaries (oxygen, CO2, glucose diffuse in or out of blood)
cells, water, and various proteins and sugars.
•Blood is ______% plasma (liquid)
55%
•Blood is ______% solid
45%
•Characteristics of Plasma color; pH; liquidity; other
–Straw colored; –pH = 7.35; –90% water; –10% dissolved gases, salts, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, wastes, and proteins.
•Plasma proteins 3 types
Albumins, globulins and fibrinogen
Albumins and Globulins
transport substances such as fatty acids, hormones and vitamins.
Fibrinogen
Responsible for blood’s ability to clot
is one of the three proteins found in plasma
Hematocrit
measurement of percentage of red blood cells.
Leukocytes
WBC’s
5 types of white blood cells protect against disease
5 types of white blood cells
–Basophils.; eosinophils; neutrophils; lymphocytes; monocytes
•Red Blood Cells
Most numerous type
aka erythrocytes
•Red Blood Cells transport
O2
RBC’s get color from
hemoglobin
RBC Shape
concave on both sides; disk shaped
RBC has a nucleus TRUE OR FALSE
no nucleus when mature
RBC made where and live for how long
made in red bone marrow; circulate for 120 days
•White Blood Cells guard against
infection, fight parasites, and attack bacteria
Normal level of white blood cells:
–5,000-10,000 cells per cubic millimeter (mm) of blood.
Number of WBCs increases when
when body is fighting
Lymphocytes produce
antibodies which fight pathogens and remember them
•Platelets aid the body In
clotting
platelets are small
fragments of cells
platelets stick to
edges of broken blood cell and secrete clotting factor to help form clot
Common blood types are
O, A, B, and AB.
Rh-factor
–is a type of antigen that causes the body to produce antibodies.
•Rh+ means
the Rh factor is present.
•Rh– means
the Rh factor is not present.
A+ blood can give blood to
A+; AB+
O+ blood can give blood to
O+; A+; B+’ AB+
B+ blood can give blood to
B+; AB+
AB+ blood can give blood to
AB+
A- blood can give blood to
A+; A-; AB+; AB-
O- blood can give blood to
EVERYONE
B- blood can give blood to
B+; B-; AB+; AB-
AB- blood can give blood to
AB+; AB-
A+ blood can receive blood from
A+; A-; O+; O-
O+ blood can receive blood from
O+; O-
B+ blood can receive blood from
B+; B-; O+; O-
AB+ blood can receive blood from
EVERYONE
A- blood can receive blood from
A-; O-
O- blood can receive blood from
O-
B- blood can receive blood from
B-; O-
AB- blood can receive blood from
AB-; A-; B-; O-
•Heart/Great Vessels-
-1 Route
•Smaller aa. vv.–many routes (collateral circulation)
Collateral circulation is the alternate circulation around a blocked artery or vein via another path, such as nearby minor vessels.
Capillaries—
network where diffusion occurs
TWO CIRCULATORY PATHWAYS
SYSTEMIC AND PULMONARY
PULMONARY CIRCUIT CARRIES WHAT
DEOXYGENATED BLOOD
GREAT VESSELS OF THE HEART
AORTA; IVC; SVC; PULMONARY TRUNK; PULMONARY VEINS
Deoxygenated blood from 3 areas
SVC; IVC; CORONARY SINUS - CONFIRM THIS?????
Deoxygenated blood PASSES INTO
THE RIGHT ATRIUM AND RIGHT VENTRICLE - WHICH CIRCUIT IS THIS
WHY IS O- THE UNIVERSAL DONOR
HAS NO ANTIGENS
WHY IS AB+ THE UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT
HAS ALL THE POSSIBLE ANTIGENS
ANTIBODIES ARE PROTEINS TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
WHAT TYPE OF DIFFUSION HAPPENS IN THE CAPILLARIES
PASSIVE DIFFUSION; REQUIRES NO ENERGY; NO ATP NEEDED
HEART IS A MIX OF WHAT TYPES OF TISSUES
SMOOTH AND CARDIVASCULAR TISSUE; INVOLUNTARY CONTRACTION; CARDIAC MUSCLE DOES NOT FATIGUE
WHICH WBC’S HAVE GRANULOCYTES
ALL THE ONES ENDING IN ‘PHILS’
eosinophils
neutrophils
basophils
WHICH WBC’S ARE AGRANULOCYTES
MONOCYTES AND LYMPHOCYTES
ANOTHER NAME FOR PLATELET
THROMBOCYTE
WHICH IS THE MOST PREVALENT PROTEIN IN PLASMA
ALBUMINS
WHAT DO GLOBULIN TRANSPORT
FATTY ACIDS; BLDG BLOCKS FOR LIPIDS
WHICH PLASMA PROTEIN IS USED FOR CLOTTING
FIBRINOGEN
IN ANEMIA, WHAT DO THE RBC’S LOOK LIKE
THEY ARE ALL DENTED; MEANS REDUCED ABILITY TO TRANSPORT O2
SYMPTOMS OF ANEMIA
COLD; TIRED
1 JOB OF RBC’S
CARRY O2
WHY DO PEOPLE CHEW ICE WHO ARE ANEMIC
O2 IS TRAPPED IN ICE
Fibrinogen WORKS WITH WHAT TO FORM CLOTS
THROMBOCYTES (PLATELETS)
ANTIGENS PRODUCE
ANTIBODIES
GENOTYPES EXPRESS AS
PHENOTYPES
WHICH GENOTYPES ARE DOMINANT AND WHICH IS RECESSIVE
A AND B ARE DOMINANT; O IS RECESSIVE
FOR A RECESSIVE GENOTYPE TO BE EXPRESSED AS A PHENOTYPE WHAT MUST HAPPEN
THERE MUST BE TWO OF RECESSIVE
WHAT IS A PUNDIT SQUARE
ADD PICTURE AFTER IN BRAINSCAPE
WHAT IS MEIOSIS
a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell,
WHAT IS IT CALLED WHEN TWO DOMINATE GENOTYPES ARE PRESENT
CODOMINATE
FOR THE ABO BLOOD GROUP; OUR IMMUNE SYSTEM PRODUCES ANTIBODIES TO ANY ANTIBODY ___________
NOT PRESENT ON THE SURFACE OF OUR OWN CELLS
PEOPLE WITH RH- BLOOD DO OR DO NOT PRODUCE RH ANTIBODIES
?? CHECK THIS
DO PRODUCE RH ANTIBODIES
PEOPLE WITH RH+ BLOOD DO OR DO NOT PRODUCE RH ANTIBODIES
CHECK THIS
DO NOT PRODUCE RH ANTIBODIES
TWO MAIN BLOOD GROUPS
ABO AND RHESUS FACTOR (Rh)
BLOOD TYPE A+ HAS WHAT ANTIGENS
A AND RH
BLOOD TYPE A+ HAS WHAT ANTIBODIES
B
BLOOD TYPE A+ CAN GIVE BLOOD TO
A+, AB+
BLOOD TYPE A+ CAN RECEIVE BLOOD FROM
A+, B+, O+, O-
BLOOD TYPE O+ HAS WHAT ANTIGENS
RH
BLOOD TYPE O+ HAS WHAT ANTIBODIES
A,B
BLOOD TYPE O+ CAN GIVE BLOOD TO
O+, A+, B+, AB+
BLOOD TYPE O+ CAN RECEIVE BLOOD FROM
O+,O-
BLOOD TYPE B+ HAS WHAT ANTIGENS
B AND RH
BLOOD TYPE B+ HAS WHAT ANTIBODIES
A
BLOOD TYPE B+ CAN GIVE BLOOD TO
B+, AB+
BLOOD TYPE B+ CAN RECEIVE BLOOD FROM
B+,B-, O+, O-
BLOOD TYPE AB+ HAS WHAT ANTIGENS
A, B, Rh
BLOOD TYPE AB+ HAS WHAT ANTIBODIES
NO ANTIBODIES
BLOOD TYPE AB+ CAN GIVE BLOOD TO
AB+
BLOOD TYPE AB+ CAN RECEIVE BLOOD FROM
EVERYONE
BLOOD TYPE A- HAS WHAT ANTIGENS
A
BLOOD TYPE A- HAS WHAT ANTIBODIES
B, Rh
BLOOD TYPE A- CAN GIVE BLOOD TO
A+, A-, AB+, AB-
BLOOD TYPE A- CAN RECEIVE BLOOD FROM
A-, O-
BLOOD TYPE O- HAS WHAT ANTIGENS
NO ANTIGENS
BLOOD TYPE O- HAS WHAT ANTIBODIES
A,B,Rh
BLOOD TYPE O- CAN GIVE BLOOD TO
EVERYONE
BLOOD TYPE O- CAN RECEIVE BLOOD FROM
O-
BLOOD TYPE B- HAS WHAT ANTIGENS
B
BLOOD TYPE B- HAS WHAT ANTIBODIES
A, Rh
BLOOD TYPE B- CAN GIVE BLOOD TO
B+, B-, AB+, AB-
BLOOD TYPE B- CAN RECEIVE BLOOD FROM
B-, O-
BLOOD TYPE AB- HAS WHAT ANTIGENS
A AND B ANTIGENS
BLOOD TYPE AB- HAS WHAT ANTIBODIES
Rh
BLOOD TYPE AB- CAN GIVE BLOOD TO
AB+, AB-,
BLOOD TYPE AB- CAN RECEIVE BLOOD FROM
AB-, A-, B-, O-
THE HEART AND GREAT VESSELS BLOOD TRAVELS IN HOW MANY DIRECTIONS
1
IN SMALLER ARTERIES AND VEINS, BLOOD CAN TRAVEL
collateral circulation
Collateral circulation is a network of tiny blood vessels, and, under normal conditions, not open. When the coronary arteries narrow to the point that blood flow to the heart muscle is limited (coronary artery disease), collateral vessels may
open up new pathways to route blood
CAPILLARIES IS THE NETWORK WHERE THIS OCCURS
DIFFUSION
WHAT ARE THE TWO CIRCULATORY PATHS
SYSTEMIC AND PULMONARY
WHAT ARE THE 5 GREAT VESSELS OF THE HEART
ASCENDING AORTA; PULMONARY TRUNK, PULMONARY VEINS; INFERIOR VENA CAVA, SUPERIOR VENA CAVA
WHAT ARE THE THREE WAYS FOR BLOOD TO ENTER THE HEART
SUPERIOR VENA CAVA; INFERIOR VENA CAVA, CORONARY SINUS
PATHWAY OF BLOOD THROUGH THE HEART
IVC/SVC/CORONARY SINUS TO RIGHT ATRIUM TO TRICUSPID VALVE(AVIOVENTRICULAR VALVE TO RIGHT VENTRICLE TO PULMONARY SEMILUNAR VALVE TO PULMONARY TRUNK TO R/L PULMONARY ARTERIES TO LUNGS TO PULMONARY VEINS TO LEFT ATRIUM TO MITRAL VALVE TO LEFT VENTRICLE TO AORTIC VALVE TO ASCENDING AORTA TO AORTIC ARCH TO BRACHIOCEPHALIC ARTERY(FURTHER BRANCHES TO RIGHT COMMON CAROTID ARTERY AND RIGHT SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY)/LEFT COMMON CAROTID ARTERY/LEFT SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY TO DESCENDING AORTA TO LOWER BODY
ARTERIES _________, WHILE VEINS_________
FEED; DRAIN
WHAT ARE THE THREE AORTIC BRANCHES
BRACHIOCEPHALIC ARTERY (BRANCHES INTO RIGHT COMMON CAROTID ARTERY AND RIGHT SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY): LEFT COMMON CAROTID ARTERY AND LEFT SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY; THERE IS ALSO RIGHT AND LEFT CORONARY ARTERIES WHICH FEED BLOOD DIRECTLY TO THE HEART
RIGHT AND LEFT CORONARY ARTERIES SEND BLOOD WHERE
DIRECTLY TO THE HEART WALL/MUSCLE
RIGHT AND LEFT COMMON CAROTID ARTERIES SPLIT INTO
INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ?? COMMON OR JUST CAROTID
RIGHT SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY FEEDS WHAT AREA OF BODY
ARM
BRACHIOCEPHALIC ARTER FEEDS WHAT AREA OF BODY
RIGHT ARM AND RIGHT SIDE OF HEAD
RIGHT COMMON CAROTID ARTERY FEEDS WHAT AREA OF BODY
RIGHT SIDE OF NECK/FACE/BRAIN/HEAD
LEFT COMMON CAROTID ARTERY FEEDS WHAT AREA OF BODY
LEFT SIDE OF NECK/FACE/BRAIN/HEAD
LEFT SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY FEEDS WHAT PART OF BODY
LEFT ARM
CAROTIDS ARE ________ AND JUGULARS ARE______
ARTERIES; VEINS
EXTERNAL JUGULAR VEINS IS WHAT TO SURFACE
CLOSER
INTERNAL JUGULAR VEINS IS WHAT TO SURFACE
DEEP
THE EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL JUGULAR VEINS COMBINE TO FORM THE
COMMON JUGULAR VEIN R/L
WHEN HEADING BACK TO THE HEART - INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL VEINS DO WHAT
COMBINE TO FORM COMMON VEINS
HEADING AWAY FROM HEART - COMMONS DO WHAT
DIVIDE INTO INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL
THE INFERIOR VENA CAVA IS ON WHAT SIDE OF THE BODY
THE RIGHT SIDE - GOING TO RIGHT ATRIUM
THE ABDOMINAL AORTA IS ALWAYS ON WHAT SIDE OF BODY
LEFT SIDE
WHAT ARE THE 4 CIRCUITS OF THE BODY
PULMONARY CIRCUIT; SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT; CORONARY CIRCUIT; CARDIAC CONDUCTION SYSTEM
CORONARY CIRCUIT SUPPLIES BLOOD TO WHAT
THE HEART WALL
WHERE DOES CORONARY CIRCUIT START
L/R CORONARY ARTERIES AT BASE OF AORTIC ARCH RIGHT AFTER AORTIC SEMILUNAR VALVE
THE CORONARY CIRCUIT ARTERIES AND VEINS SIT IN WHAT ON THE HEART
THE SULCUS
WHAT PURPOSE THE SULCUS SERVE
ADIPOSE TISSUE - INSULATION AND PROTECTION
WHAT IS CORONARY HEART DISEASE
NO GETTING PROPER 02 TO HEART WALL
WHAT IS THE LARGEST CARDIAC VEIN
CORONARY SINUS
RIGHT ATRIUM FORMS WHAT PART OF THE HEART
MOST POSTERIOR PART OF HEART
THE RIGHT ATRIUM RECEIVES OXYGENATED OR DEOXYGENATED BLOOD
DEOXYGENATED
THE RIGHT VENTRAL WALL IS WHAT TYPE OF MUSCLE
ROUGH PECTINATE MUSCLE??
FOSSA OVALIS
ON INTERATRIAL SEPTUM; IS A REMNAT OF FORAMEN OVALE
FORAMEN OVALE
The foramen ovale makesit possible for the blood to go from the veins to the right side of the fetus’ heart, and then directly to the left side of the heart. The foramen ovale normally closes as blood pressure rises in the left side of the heart after birth.
RIGHT VENTRICLE RECEIVES WHAT TYPE OF BLOOD
DEOXYGENATED
TRABECULAE CARNAE
The trabeculae carneae (columnae carneae, or meaty ridges), arerounded or irregular muscular columns which project from the inner surface of the right and left ventricle of the heart. These are different from the pectinate muscles, which are present in the atria of the heart.
ALSO PULL ON CHORDAE TENDINEAE LIKE PAPILLARY MUSCLES DO
PAPILLARY MUSCLE
CONE SHAPED MUSCLE TO WHICH CHORDAE TENDINEAE ARE ANCHORED
MODERATOR BAND
MUSCULAR BANKD CONNECTING ANTERIOR PAPILLARY MUSCLE TO INTERNVENTRICULAR SEPTUM
WHICH SIDE OF THE HEART IS THE PULMONARY CIRCUIT
THE RIGH ATRIUM AND RIGHT VENTRICLE
WHICH DIES OF THE HEART IS THE SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT
LEFT ATRIUM AND LEFT VENTRICLE
LEFT ATRIUM RECEIVES WHAT TYPE OF BLOOD
OXYGENATED
WHAT TYPE OF MUSCLES ARE LINE THE AURICLE OF THE LEFT ATRIUM
PECTINATE MUSCLE
LEFT VENTRICLE FORMS WHAT OF HEART
APEX OF HEART
LEFT VENTRICLE RECEIVES WHAT TYPE OF BLOOD
OXYGENATED
THE LEFT VENTRICLE DOES NOT HAVE THIS THAT THE RIGHT VENTRICLE DOES HAVE
NO MODERATOR BAND ?? WHY
EPICARDIUM
innermost layer of serous membrane; also called the visceral pericardium
VISCERAL PLEURA
LIINING THAT TOUCHES THE HEART
MYOCARDIUM
MIDDLE LAYER OF THE HEART; THE ACTUAL CARDIAC MUSCLE THAT CONTRACTS
ENDOCARDIUM
INNER LAYER OF THE HEART; LINES THE HEAR AND CREATES THE VALVES??
simple squamous epithelium called endothelium; continuous with endothelium lining of all blood vessels in body
VISCERA MEANS
ORGAN
PARIETAL PLEURA
The outer layer OF WHAT is called the parietal pleura and attaches to the chest wall.
WHAT ARE THE HEART VALVES
ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES AND SEMILUNAR VALVES
ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES
TRICUSPID AND BICUSPID(MITRAL)
SEMILUNAR VALVES
PULMONARY AND AORTIC
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TRICUSPID(ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVE)
3 CUSPS; MADE OF ENDOCARDIUM AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE; CUSPS ANCHORED BY CHORDAE TENDINEAE - PREVENT CUSPS FROM INVERTING INTO ATRIUM; FLOW OF BLOOD PUSHESES CUSP OPEN
WHEN VENTRICLE IS RELAXED WHAT HAPPENS TO THE CUSPS
HANG LIMP IN VENTRICLE
WHAT DOES DIASTOLE MEAN
WHEN VENTRICLE IS RELAXED
WHAT HAPPENS IN VENTRICULAR CONTRACTION
INCREASES PRESSURE AND FORCES CUSP CLOSED
CHARACTERISTICS OF MITRAL/BICUSPID/ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVE
HAS 2 CUSPS; ANCHORED IN LEFT VENTRICLE BY CHORDAE TENDINEAE; FUNCTIONS SAME AS TRICUSPID VALVE
SEMILUNAR VALVE CHARACTERISTICS
PREVENTS BACKFLOW IN LARGE ARTERIES;
3 CUSPS; AS BLOOD RUSHES PAST THEY ARE FLATTENED, AND BLOOD SETTLES IN CHAMBER THE VALVES ARE CLOSED
WHERE ARE THE SEMILUNAR VALVES LOCATED
AT ENTRANCE TO PULMONARY TRUNK AND ASCENDING AORTA
WHAT HAPPENS TO THE CUSPS ON SEMINLUNAR VALVES AS BLOOD RUSHES PAST
THEY ARE FLATTENED, AS BLOOD SETTLES, THEY ARE PUSHED DOWN (CLOSED)
HOW MANY CUSPS DO SEMILUNA VALVES HAVE
3
IF YOU HEAR THE LUB SHHHH DUB WHAT DOES IT MEAN
THE VALVE (TRICUSPID OR BICUSPID) IS NOT CLOSING PROPERLY; THIS IS CALLED A HEART MURMUR
IS THE CARDIAC CONDUCTION SYSTEM VOLUNTARY OR INVOLUNTARY
INVOLUNTARY
IN THE FETUS IS THERE CIRCULATION TO THE LUNGS
NO
WHAT BREATHES FOR THE FETUS
THE UMBILICAL CHORD
WHAT DOES THE FORAMEN OVALE DO FOR THE FETUS
Before birth, the foramen ovaleallows blood flow to bypass the lungs(a fetus gets the oxygen it needs from the placenta, not the lungs). That way, the heart doesn’t work hard to pump blood where it isn’t needed. When newborns take their first breath, a new flow direction happens.
WHAT DOES THE PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUM DO FOR THE FETUS
The ductus arteriosuscarries blood away from the lungs and sends it directly to the body. When a newborn breathes and begins to use the lungs, the ductus is no longer needed and usually closes by itself during the first 2 days after birth
WHAT IS THE LAST ORGAN TO DEVELOP IN THE FETUS
THE LUNGS
WHY IS CRYING ESSENTIAL IN A NEWBORN
TO MAKE SURE LUNGS ARE WORKING
WHERE IS THE FORAMEN OVALE LOCATED
A patent foramen ovale (PFO) isa small opening between the two upper chambers of the heart, the right and the left atrium. Normally, a thin membranous wall made up of two connecting flaps separates these chambers. No blood can flow between them.
WHERE IS THE PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUM LOCATED
The ductus arteriosus isthe connecting vessel between the pulmonary trunk and the descending aorta. (LOOKS LIKE A LITTLE LIGAMENT ON THE ADULT HEART)
WHY IS A C SECTION DIFFERENT THAN A VAGINAL DELIVERY WITH REGARD TO THE LUNGS OF AN INFANT
VAGINAL BIRTH SQUEEZES LUNGS AND HELPS GET THEM GOING
CHARTS ON PAGE 486 AND 487
CHARTS ON PAGE 486 AND 487
WHAT ARE THE ADULT REMNANTS OF FETAL CIRCULATION
FOSSA OVALE(FORAMEN OVALE IN INFANT) AND LIGAMENTUM ARTERIUSUM (PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUM IN INFANT)
HOLE IN THE HEART REFERS TO VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT (VSD)
AN OPENING IN THE SEPTM BETWEEN THE VENTRICLES; OXYGENATED AND DEOXYGENATED BLOOD GET MIXED AND THE HEART HAS TO WORK HARDER
SEPTUM SHOULD PREVENT WHAT
A HOLE IN THE HEART (VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT)
WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON CONGENITAL HEART DEFECT
The most common type of heart defect is aventricular septal defect (VSD).
WHAT ARE THE 3 LAYERS OF VEINS AND ARTERIES
TUNICA EXTERNA; TUNICA MEDIA; TUNICA INTIMA/INTERNA;
TUNICA EXTERNA
OUTERMOST LAYER OF ARTERIES/VEINS
WHAT TISSUE MAKES UP TUNICA EXTERNA
CONNECTIVE TISSUE WITH ELASTIN AND COLLAGEN; STRENGTHENS AND ANCHORS ARTERIES AND VEINS
WHAT TISSUE MAKES UP TUNICA MEDIA
THE MIDDLE LAYER OF ARTERIES/VEINS; MADE OF CIRCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE (FOR CONSTRICTION/DILATION)
WHAT TISSUE MAKES UP THE TUNICA INTERNA/INTIMA
INNERMOST LAYER OF ARTERIES/VEINS; MADE OF ENDOTHELIUM - MINIMIZES FRICTION
LUMEN IN ARTERIES AND VEINS
In biology, a lumen (plural lumina) isthe inside space of a tubular structure, such as an artery or intestine
ARTERTIES TAKE BLOOD ______FROM THE HEART WHILE VEINS TAKE BLOOD ______TO THE HEART
AWAY; TOWARD
THE PRESSURE IN ARTERIES IS HIGHER OR LOWER THAN THE PRESSURE IN VEINS
HIGHER
ARE THE WALLS IN VEINS THICKER OR THINNER THAN IN ARTERIES
THINNER
IS THE LUMEN SMALLER IN VEINS OR IN ARTERIES
SMALLER IN ARTERIES
WHICH HAS VALVES, VEINS OR ARTERIES
ARTERIES
HOW IS BLOOD MOVED THROUGH ARTERIES
CONTRACTED SKELETAL MUSCLE COMPRESSES THE ARTERIES AND VALVES OPENING AND CLOSING ALONG THE WAY PROPEL THE BLOOD FORWARD
CAPILLARIES ARE HOW THICK
ONE CELLS LAYER THICK - HELPS WITH EASE OF DIFFUSION
CAPILLARIES ARE NETWORK BATHED IN WHAT
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX OF AREOLAR TISSUE
AREOLAR TISSUE
A connective tissue in which fibers are loosely arranged in a net or meshwork. Supplement. The tissue consists of collagenous and elastic fibers, ground substance, and connective tissue cells
ENTIRE GOAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM IS
TO GET BLOOD INTO CAPILLARIES WHERE DIFFUSION CAN TAKE PLACE
WHERE DOES DIFFUSION TAKE PLACE IN THE CV SYSTEM
IN THE CAPILLARIES
COLLATERAL CIRCULATION
The collateral circulation is a network of specialized endogenous bypass vessels that is present in most tissues andprovides protection against ischemic injury caused by ischemic stroke, coronary atherosclerosis, peripheral artery disease, and other conditions and diseases
HEART MUSCLES ARE COMPOSED OF INDIVIDUAL
FIBERS
EACH ATRIUM AND VENTRICLE CONTRACTS AS A
UNIT
EACH CONTRACTION BEGINS WITH
A GROUP OF CARDIAC MUSCLE CELLS IN THE RIGHT ATRIUM KNOWN AS THE SA NODE
SA NODE
SINOATRIAL NODE
WHAT TISSUE TYPES MAKE UP THE HEART
HEART CONTAINS ALL TISSUE TYPES
WHAT ARE THE TISSUE TYPES FOUND IN THE HEART
CONNECTIVE TISSUE; EPITHELIAL TISSUE; MUSCLE TISSUE; NERVOUS TISSUE; ADIPOSE TISSUE;
INTERCALATED DISKS
CARDIAC TISSUE IS THE ONLY TISSUE THAT HAS THESE; ALLOW ADJACENT CELLS TO COMMUNICATE ELECTRICALLY AND CHEMICALLY
cardiovascular centre, or cardiovascular center, ispart of the
medulla oblongata of the brainstem. Normally, the heart beats without nervous control. In some situations, such as exercise, and major trauma, the cardiovascular centre is responsible for altering heart rate
VASOMOTOR CENTER
The vasomotor center (VMC) is a portion of the medulla oblongata. Together with the cardiovascular center and respiratory center, it regulates blood pressure. It also has a more minor role in other homeostatic processes.
WHYI S THE SA - SINOATRIAL NODE KNOW AS THE HEARTS FIRST PACEMAKER
IT IS THE FIRST IMPULSE THAT STARTS THE HEART CONTRACTION IN THE UPPER RIGHT ATRIUM;
WHERE IS THE SINOATRIAL NODE LOCATED
WHERE THE CORONARY SINUS AND RIGHT ATRIUM MEET
WHAT HAPPENS TO THE IMPULSE CREATED BY THE SA NODE
SPREADS FROM THE SA NODE(PACEMAKER) TO THE REST OF THE ATRIA
FROM THE ATRIA A SIGNAL IS SENT TO WHAT
THE ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE AND THEN TO THE PURKINJE SYSTEM
WHERE IS THE AV NODE LOCATED
This node is locatedbetween the atria and the ventricles.
WHAT IS THE PURKINJE SYSTEM COMPOSED OF
THE AV BUNDLE(R/L BRANCHES; AND A BUNDLE OF FIBERS CALLED PURKINJE FIBERS
NODE MEANS WHAT IN CV LANGUAGE
ELECTRICITY
WHAT CAUSES THE HEART TO PUMP
THE ELECTRICAL SHOCK STARTED BY THE SA NODE (SINOATRIAL NODE)
WHERE ARE THE PURKINJE FIBERS LOCATED
DEEP IN THE VENTRICLE
SA NODE MISFIRE RESULTS IN
ATRIAL FIBRILIATION
ATRIAL FIBRILATION
Atrial fibrillation (A-fib) is anirregular and often very rapid heart rhythm (arrhythmia)that can lead to blood clots in the heart. A-fib increases the risk of stroke, heart failure and other heart-related complications
THE HEART PRODUCES WHAT
PRESSURE
THE FORCE OF BLOOD ON THE WALL OF THE ARTERIES IS KNOWN AS
BLOOD PRESSURE
BLOOD PRESSURE DECREASES AS
THE HEART RELAXES (DIASTOLE) BUT THE REST OF THE SYSTEM IS STILL UNDER PRESSURE
WHEN BLOOD PRESSURE IS TAKEN, THE CUFF IS WRAPPED WHERE
AROUND THE UPPER PORTION OF THE ARM AND PUMPED WITH AIR UNTIL BLOOD FLOW IN THE ARTERY IS BLOCKED
WHAT HAPPENS AS PRESSURE IN THE CUFF IS RELAXED
2 NUMBERS ARE RECORDED; SYSTOLIC AND DIASTOLIC
SYSTOLIC PRESSURE
THE FIRST NUMVER TAKE IS THE FORCE FELT IN THE ARTERIES WHEN THE VENTRICLES CONTRACT (THIS IS THE NUMBER ON THE TOP)
DIASTOLIC PRESSURE
THE SECOND NUMBER TAKEN IS THE FORCE OF THE BLOOD ON THE ARTERIES WHEN THE VENTRICLES RELAX (THIS IS THE NUMBER ON THE BOTTOM)
Type A BLOOD HAS WHAT ANTIGENS ON ITS SURFACE
A ANTIGENS
TYPE B BLOOD HAS WHAT ANTIGENS ON ITS CELL SURGACE
B ANTIGENS
TYPE AB BLOOD HAS WHAT ANTIGENS ON ITS CELL SURFACE
BOTH A AND B ANTIGENS
TYPE O BLOOD HAS WHAT ANTIGENS ON ITS SURFACE
NEITHER A OR B ANTIGENS ON ITS SURFACE
BLOOD THAT HAS AN Rh ANTIGEN IS DENOTED BY
Rh POSITIVE (ie A+)
BLOOD THAT DOES NOT HAVE AN Rh ANTIGEN IS DENOTED BY
Rh NEGATIVE (A-)
Your blood type is determined by
what kind of antigens your red blood cells have on the surface. Antigens are substances that help your body differentiate between its own cells and foreign, potentially dangerous ones. If your body thinks a cell is foreign, it will set out to destroy it.
If blood with antigens that you don’t have enters your system, your body will create
antibodies against it. However, some people can still safely receive blood that isn’t their blood type. As long as the blood they receive doesn’t have any antigens that mark it as foreign, their bodies won’t attack it.
Type A has the
Type B has the
Type AB has both
Type O has neither
A ANTIGEN; B ANTIGEN; A/B ANTIGEN; NEITHER A/B ANTIGEN
O: Type O individuals can donate blood to anyone, because
their blood has no antigens. However, they can only receive blood from other type O individuals (because blood with any antigens is seen as foreign).
A: Type A individuals can donate to other type A individuals and type AB individuals BECAUSE .
Because Why??
Type A individuals can receive blood only from other type A individuals and type O individuals.
Type A individuals can receive blood only from other type A individuals and type O individuals.
Because
??
B: Type B individuals can donate blood to other B individuals and AB individuals. BECAUSE
BECAUSE ??
Type B individuals can receive blood only from type B individuals and type O individuals.
AB: Type AB individuals can give blood only to other AB individuals, but can receive blood of any type. BECAUSEu
??
pulmonary circuit is which side of heart
systemic circuit is which side of heart
right atria and right ventricle
left side of heart - left atria and left ventricle
descending aorta is called what above diaphragm and what below diaphragm
descending aorta and then thoracic aorta
