Digestive Flash Cards
WATER HELPS WITH BOTH OF THESE TYPES OF BLOATING
AIR AND WATER BLOATING
LARGE INTESTINE IS LARGEST ORGAN THAT NEEDS WHAT
H20
CAN FIBER BE DIGESTED
NO; HELPS KEEP YOU REGULATED; CLEANS OUT ANYTHING HANGING OUT IN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
WHICH IS BETTER - SATURATED OR UNSATURATED FATS
UNSATURATED; EASIER FOR BODY TO DIGEST; MORE COMPLEX FATS ARE HARDER FOR BODY TO BREAKDOWN
DO WE WANT FOOD WITH TRANS FATS
NO - HARD FOR BODY TO UTILIZE THESE
5 PHASES OF DIGESTION
INGESTION / MOVEMENT / MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL DIGESTION / ABSORPTION / ELIMINATION
DOES CORN GET DIGESTED
NO, IT IS FIBER
WHY IS THROWING UP BILE A VERY SERIOUS SIGN YOU ARE DEHYDRATED
SHOWS STOMACH IS EMPTY AND YOUR WORKING ON CONTENTS FROM YOUR INTESTINES
HOW MANY TIMES SHOULD YOU CHEW BEFORE SWALLOWING
MIN OF 20
WHAT ARE GALLSTONES
HARDENED LIPIDS; MADE OF CHOLESTEROL; FORM STONES IN GALLBLADDER; THEY JUST TAKE OUT YOUR GALLBLADDER
WHERE IS BILE MADE AND STORED? WHAT DOES IT DO
MADE IN LIVER; STORED IN GALLBLADDER; DIGESTS LIPIDS
WHAT IS THE NUMBER ONE SOLVENT
H20
IS MECHANICAL DIGESTION THE SAME AS CHEMICAL DIGESTION
NO
WHAT ARE THE ACCESSORY ORGANS
LIVER; GALLBLADDER; PANCREAS
WHAT DOES AN IRON DEFICIENCY CAUSE PEOPLE TO CRAVE
ICE; CHEWING ON THE ICE RELEASES O2
CAN YOU ELIMINATE OUT OF THE ORAL CAVITY
YES; EMESIS; SPITTING OUT
WHAT IS THE SECRET TO KNOWING WHETHER OR NOT YOU ARE HUNGRY OR JUST THIRSTY
DRINK H20 AND WAIT 20 MIN TO SEE IF STILL HUNGRY
EMESIS
THROWING UP; ALSO CALLED re·gur·gi·ta·tion
APPROX HOW LONG IS ADULT DIGESTIVE TRACT
28-30 FEET
HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE FOR FOOD TO MOVE THROUGH SMALL INTESTINE
6-8 HOURS
WHEN DOES ELIMINATION USUALLY START
AFTER 24 HOURS WITH TOTAL ELIMINATION TAKING SEVERAL DAYS
WHICH HORMONE STIMULATES HUNGER
GHRELIN
WHICH HORMON ACTS AS AN APPETITE SUPPRESENT
PEPTIDE YY
WHICH TWO HORMONES WORK IN CONCER TO REGULATE FOOD INTAKE
GHRELIN AND PEPTIDE YY
WHAT BASIC BUILDING BLOCKS ARE PROTEINS BROKEN DOWN INTO BY DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
AMINO ACIDS
WHAT ARE FATTY ACIDS AND GLYCEROLS THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF
TRIGLYCERIDES; LIPDS
WHAT ARE SIMPLE SUGARS THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF
COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES OR POLSACCHARIDES
HOW MANY 8 OZ GLASSES OF H20 SHOULD BE CONSUMED DAILY
8
WHAT HELPS LUBRICATE SURFACES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM; SERVES AS A SOLVENT FOR VITAMINS AND MINERALS
H20
WHAT PERCENTAGE OF H20 IS THE HUMAN BODY
70%
WHAT SHOULD AMERICANS INCREASE IN THEIR DIET
FIBER INTAKE; FOODS RICH IN FIBER PASS MORE EASLIY THROUGH ALIMENTARY CANAL
WHAT TYPES OF FOODS ARE RICH IN FIBER
VERGETABLES; FRUITS, WHOLE GRAINS
THE DIGESTIVE TRACT IS ALSO CALLED WHAT
THE ALIMENTARY CANAL
WHAT IS THE DIGESTIVE TRACT
LARGE HOLLOW TUBE THAT EXTENDS FROM THE MOUTH TO THE ANUS
WHAT DOES FIBER DO TO STOOL
GIVES STOOL MORE BUILK, THIS CAN PREVENT CONSTIPATION AND DIARRHEA
CAN SMOKING INCREASE THE RISK OF DIGESTIVE PROBLEMS
YES, BOTH MINOR AND SERIOUS DIGESTIVE PROBLEMS
WHAT KIND OF PROBLEMS CAN SMOKING CONTRIBUTE TO IN THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
HEARTBURN, PEPTIC ULCERS
WHAT CAN NICOTINE IN TOBACCO LEAD TO IN THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
INCREASE IN STOMACH ACIDS; DECREASE IN SODIUM BICARBONATE; INCREASES AIR SWALLOWED
WHY CAN A REDUCTION IN SODIUM BICARBONATE BE BAD IN THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
SODIUM BICARBONATE NEUTRALIZES STOMACH ACIDS
WHAT CAN HAPPEN AS A RESULT OF EXCESS AIR BEING SWALLOWED DURING SMOKING
EXCESS BELCHING; EXCESS BLOATING
IS SMOKELESS TOBACCO DANGEROUS
YES. JUST AS DANGEROUS AS OTHER TOBACCOS
3 THINGS THAT CAN FREQUENTLY CAUSE OBSTRUCTIONS IN SMALL INTESTINE
ADHESIONS; HERNIAS; TUMORS
ADHESION
BANDS OF SCAR TISSUE- CAN BIND NORMALLY SEPARATE ORGANS TOGETHER - ESPECIALLY INTESTINES
HERNIAS
CAUSE BLOCKAGE WHEN AN AREA OF SMALL INTESTINE BULGES THORUGH AN ABNORMAL OPENING ( when an organ pushes through a weak spot in surrounding area - major symptom is the bulging of the affected area - usually occurs in abdomen)
TUMORS
BENIGN OR MALIGNENT ; CAUSE DESTRUCTION BY EITHER PRESSING ON OUTSIE OF INTESTINE AND PINCHING IT CLOSED OR GROWING WITHIN WALL OF INTESTINE AND SLOWLY BLOCKING ITS PASSAGEWAY
WHERE DO MOST POLYPS OCCUR
LARGE INTESTINE - IN RECTUM OR COLON
WHAT ARE POLYPS
SMALL GROWTH; MOST ARE BENIGN
CAN POLYPS DEVELOP IN ANY PART OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
YES; CAN HAPPEN IN ESOPHAGUS AND STOMACH - BUT THESE ARE RARE
TWO MAIN TYPES OF DIGESTION
MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL
TERMS FOR MECHANICAL DIGESTION (3)
; MASTICATION; PERISTALSIS; MACERATION
WHAT DO DIGESTIVE ENZYMES DO
BREAK DOWN COMPLEX SUBSTANCES INTO SIMPLER SUBSTANCES THAT CAN BE ABSORBED BY THE BODY
WHAT LEVEL DO NUTRIENTS NEED TO BE AT TO BE ABSORBED
BUILDING BLOCK LEVEL
3 EX OF MACROMOLECULES
COMPLEX PROTEINS; CARBOHYDRATES; LIPIDS (FATS)
WHAT ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF COMPLEX PROTEINS
AMINO ACIDS
WHAT ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF CARBOHYDRATES
MONOSACCHARIDES
WHAT ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIPIDS
MONGLYCERIDES And FATTY ACIDS
HOW MANY LAYERS IS THE DIGESTIVE TRACT MADE OF
4 - SEROUS (OUTER LAYER); MUSCULARIS (SECOND LAYER); SUB-MUCOSA (THIRD LAYER); MUCOSA (FOURTH LAYER)
SEROSA - SEROUS LAYER OF DIGESTIVE TRACT
smooth tissue membrane (of two layers of mesothelium), which secrete serous fluid; partition between internal organs and the abdominal cavity; secrete a serous fluid that provides lubrication to reduce friction; connective tissue layer provides blood vessels and nerves
MUSCULARIS – MUSCULAR LAYER OF DIGESTIVE TRACT
two layers of smooth muscle, an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer. Within these two layers is the second nerve plexus called the myenteric nerve plexus that controls the contraction of these layers. An important action of this layer is its ability to generate peristalsis contractions which propel the food through the tract
SUBMUCOSAL LAYER OF DIGESTIVE TRACT
areolar connective tissue that binds the mucosa to the muscularis. It contains many blood and lymphatic vessels that receive absorbed food molecules. The network of neurons in this layer known as the submucosal plexus; ALL BLOOD AND LYMPHATIC VESSELS ARE HERE; PUSHES NUTRIENTS TO BLOODSTREAM;
MUCOSAL LAYER OF DIGESTIVE TRACT
innermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract; surrounds lumen of the tract; comes into direct contact with digested food (chyme). The mucosa itself is made up of three layers: Stratified Columnar epithelium - has goblet cells - the innermost layer. It is where most digestive, absorptive and secretory processes occur; also called the gastric mucosa
WHAT IS FUNCTION OF MUCOSA
ABSORPTION; SECRETION; PROTECT LINING OF DIGESTIVE TRACT
FOOD PATH
MOUTH - PHARYNX - EPIGLOTTIS - ESOPHAGUS - STOMACH - DUODENUM - JEJUNUM - ILEUM - CECUM - ASCENDING COLON - TRANSVERSE COLON - DESCENDING COLON - SIGMOID COLON - RECTUM - ANAL CANAL - ANUS
WHAT ARE THE 4 DESCRIPTIVE AREAS OF THE LARGE INTESTINE
ASCENDING COLON; TRANSVERSE COLON; DESCENDING COLON; SIGMOID COLON
THE LIPS PROTECT THE MOUTH FROM
FOOD THAT IS TO BIG OR TO ROUGH
THE MOUTH IS ALSO CALLED WHAT
THE ORAL CAVITY
WHAT CHEEK MUSCLES HELP CHEW FOOD IN THE MOUTH (ORAL CAVITY)
Buccinator; Masseter; TEMPORALIS
WHICH MUSCLE IS THE PRIME MOVER IN MASTICATION
MASSETER
WHICH MUSCLES ARE THE SYNERGEST MOVERS IN MASTICATION
BUCCINATOR; TEMPORALIS
FOOD IS TAKEN INTO THE MOUTH AND CHEWED WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF WHAT
CHEEK MUSCLES
HARD PALATE
HARD ANTERIOR PORTION OF PALATE (MADE UP OF Palatine bone) WITH IRREGULAR RIDGES OF MUCUS MEMBRANES
WHAT ARE THE IRREGULAR RIDGES OF MUCUS MEMBRANES ON THE HARD PALATE
RUGAE
WHAT IS THE SOFT PALATE MADE UP OF
UVULA
WHICH TWO SETS OF TONSILS ARE INCLUDED IN THE ORAL CAVITY? WHAT OTHER ORGAN SYSTEM DO THE TONSILS BELONG TO
LINGUAL AND PALATINE; IMMUNE SYSTEM; NEUTRALIZES BACTERIA ON DIGESTED FOOD
WHAT DO THE TEETH DO
MECHANICALLY BREAK DOWN FOOD
THE TONGUE MIXES FOOD WITH WHAT
SALIVA
SALIVA CONTAINS WHAT
AMYLASE; BREAKS DOWN STARCHES
WHAT IS A STARCH
POLYSACCHARIDES
DOES EVERYONE HAVE 32 TEETH
NO; NOT EVERYONE HAS ROOM FOR EXTRA 4 MOLARS SO HAVE 28 TEETH
WHAT ARE OUR TWO SETS OF TEETH
BABY AND ADULT
WHAT ARE THE 4 TYPES OF TEETH
CANINES (TEARING) ; INCISORS (CUTTING) ; MOLARS (CRUSHING AND GRINDING); PREMOLARS (CRUSHING AND GRINDING)
WHAT DOES EPIGLOTTIS DO
PREVENTS FOOD FROM ENTERING LARYNX WHEN SWALLOWING; remains upright and allows air to pass freely into the larynx and lungs. When you swallow, however, the epiglottis inverts to cover the larynx and prevent liquids and foods from entering the airway and lungs
WHAT DOES UVULA DO
ACTS AS A SPEEDBUMP IF FOOD IS TO BIG / GAG REFLEX
SCIENTIFIC TERM FOR CHEWING
MASTICATION
WHY DOES TONGUE MOVE FOOD AROUND; WHAT DOES THIS ACCOMPLISH
MIXES FOOD WITH SALIVA; PUSHES FOOD TO BACK OF ORAL CAVITY
WHAT DOES AMYLASE DO
BREAKS DOWN POLYSACCHARIDES
WHAT IS SCIENTIFIC TERM FOR SWALLOWING
de·glu·ti·tion
WHAT IS FOOD CALLED ONCE IT IS SWALLOWED
BOLUS
PAPILLAE
SMALL RAISED AREAS ON TONGUE AND THEY CONTAIN TASTE BUDS; CAN BE KERATINZED (TONGUE/ HARD PALATE) MOST WEAR AND TEAR AREAS; OR NON-KERATINIZED (UNDER TONGUE/SOFT PALATE)
WHY CAN FOOD TASTE DIFFERENT IF YOU MOVE IT AROUND IN YOUR MOUTH
DIFFERENT AREAS OF YOUR TONGUE CAN HAVE DIFFERENT TASTE BUDS; CAN CHANGE OVER TIME WITH CHANGES IN HORMONES (ABOUT EVERY 7 YEARS)
THIS PIECE OF TISSUE CONNECTS TONGUE TO FLOOR OF THE MOUTH; ALSO PREVENT TONGUE FROM STICKING TO FAR OUT
LINGUAL FRENULUM
NAMES OF THREE SALIVARY GLANDS; WHICH IS LARGEST; WHICH PRODUCES MOST
PAROTID (BY EAR - LARGEST) ; SUBMANDIBULAR (UNDER MANDIBLE) ; SUBLINGUAL (UNDER TONGUE - PRODUCES MOST)
THREE SECTIONS OF PHARYNX; DESCRIBE IT
NASO; ORO; LARYNGO; 5 INCHES LONG; MUSCULAR TUBE; ALSO KNOWN AS OROPHARYNX; TRANSMITS BOLUS FROM PHARYNX TO ESOPHAGUS
NASOPHARYNX
WHERE NASAL CAVITY AND PHARYNX MEET
OROPHARYNX
WHERE ORAL CAVITY AND PHARYNX MEET
LARYNGOPHARYNX
WHERE LARYNX AND PHARYNX MEET
DESCRIBE THE ESOPHAGUS
10 INCHES; JUST A FOOD CHUTE; SOME DIGESTION - NOT MUCH; SECRETES MUCUS; MOVES FOOD BY PERSTALSIS
WHY IS THE MUCUS THE ESOPHAGUS SECRETES IMPORTANT
BECAUSE WE ARE MORE OFTEN DEHYDRATED AND NEED THAT EXTRA MOISTURE TO HELP LUBRICATE
WHAT HAPPENS IF ACID FROM THE STOMACH GETS INTO ESOPHAGUS
CALLED ACID REFLUX/ HEARTBURN; SEVERE IS CALLED GERD; CAN CAUSE ULCERS IN ESOPHAGUS AS THERE IS NOT ENOUGH MUCUS IN ESOPHAGUS TO NEUTRALIZE STOMACH ACIDS; ANOREXICS AND BULEMICS CAN EVEN DAMAGE TEETH WITH CONSTANT EMESIS OF ACID
GERD
GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE;
WHAT IS THE GROUP OF MUSCLES AT THE INFERIOR END OF THE ESOPHAGUS
LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER OR GASTROESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; PREVENTS FOOD AND ACID FROM BACKING UP INTO ESOPHAGUS
DESCRIBE THE STOMACH
POUCH LIKE, MUSCULAR BAG SHAPED LIKE “J”; LOCATED IN LEFT HYPOCHONDRIAC REGION OF ABDOMEN
WHEN THE STOMACH MIXES GASTRIC JUICES WITH BOLUS - IT BECOMES WHAT
A SEMI FLUID MASS CALLED CHYME
WHAT ENZYME DIGEST MOST PROTEINS? WHAT DOES IT NEED TO WORK?
PEPSIN; HAS TO HAVE HCL (HYDROCHLORIC ACID) TO WORK; HCL ACTIVATES PEPSIN
WHAT IS FUNCTION OF MUCUS IN STOMACH
MUCUS IS ALKALINE - SO IT NEUTRALIZES ACIDS (HCL); PROTECTS INSIDE STOMACH WALL WITH AN ALKALINE LAYER
WHY IS THE TOP PART OF THE STOMACH BIGGER THAN THE LOWER PART
BECAUSE THIS IS WHERE THE BOLUS COMES IN. STILL SOMEWHAT SOLID AND TAKES UP A LOT OF SPACE
GASTRIN
stimulates secretion of gastric juice and is secreted by the stomach wall in response to the presence of food.
WHAT GETS BROKEN DOWN IN STOMACH
PROTEINS; CARBS; FATS
IS IT MORE CHEMICAL OR MECHANICAL DIGESTION IN STOMACH
CHEMICAL; THOUGH THERE IS SOME MECHANICAL WITH THE RUGAE MOVING AND GRINDING ON FOOD
ACID KILLS WHAT IN STOMACH
BACTERIA/ BACTERIA ON FOOD OR BACTERIA CAUGHT IN RESPIRATORY UPPER RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AND PASSED TO STOMACH
THE MOUTH ONLY CHEMICALLY BREAKS DOWN WHICH NUTRIENTS
CARBOHYDRATES
WHAT ARE THE FOUR REGIONS OF THE STOMACH
CARDIA ( CLOSEST TO HEART); FUNDUS ( UPPER ROUNDED PORTION); BODY ( MIDDLE PORTION); PYLORUS( NARROWED BOTTOM PART THAT EMPTIES INTO SMALL INTESTINE)
WHY IS IT GOOD TO NOT LIE DOWN AFTER EATING AND EVEN TO REMAIN ACTIVE
GRAVITY AIDS IN DIGESTION; MOVEMENT HELPS EVERYTHING MOVING AND AIDS IN DIGESTION
WHAT SPHINCTER CONTROLS THE EMPTYING OF THE STOMACH
PYLORIC SPHINCTER
HIATAL HERNIA
A condition in which the upper part of the stomach bulges through an opening in the diaphragm; FUNDUS PUSHES THROUGH DIAPHRAGM; MAKES IT HARD TO DIGEST AS STOMACH CANNOT MOVE FREELY;
WHY IS IT BETTER FOR FOOD TO BE IN A MORE LIQUID STATE BEFORE ENTERING SMALL INTESTINE
BECAUSE THAT IS WHERE MAJORITY OF ab·sorp·tion HAPPENS; EASIER TO ABSORB FROM A LIQUIDY MATERIAL THAN A SOLID MATERIAL; CANNOT ABSORB ALOT FROM A SOLID
WHAT IS A SPHINCTER
CIRCULAR MUSCLE THAT OPENS AND CLOSES
THREE PARTS OF SMALL INTESTINE
DUODENUM; JEJUNUM; ILEUM
WHERE IS THE PANCREAS LOCATED
IN THE FOLDS OF THE DUODENUM
WHY IS DIAMETER OF SMALL INTESTINE SMALLER THAN LARGE INTESTINE; IS THIS WHY IT IS CALLED SMALL AND LARGE INTESTINE?
BECAUSE CHYME IS A MORE LIQUID SUBSTANCE - LESS SPACE IS REQUIRED;
PERITONEUM
large membrane in the abdominal cavity that connects and supports internal organs; AREA THAT HOLDS MAJORITY OF ORGANS IN ABDOMINAL CAVITY; INTESTINES ARE INSIDE OF PERITONEUM WHEREAS KIDNEYS ARE RETROPERITONEAL
MESENTERY
YELLOW WEBBING THAT HOLDS SMALL INTESTINES TOGETHER; COMPOSED OF ADIPOSE AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE
LESSER OMENTUM
double layer of peritoneum THAT COVERS/PROTECTS STOMACH TO LIVER AT TOP PART OF INTESTINES
GREATER OMENTUM
DOUBLE LAYER OF PERITONEUM THAT COVERS MAJORITY OF SMALL AND LARGE INTESTINES; greater omentum is A CURTAIN LIKE STRUCTURE attached to the bottom edge of the stomach and hangs down in front of the intestines. Its other edge is attached to the transverse colon. The lesser omentum is attached to the top edge of the stomach and extends to the undersurface of the liver
SMALL INTESTINE IS THE FIRST SITE OF WHAT
MAJOR ABSORPTION/DIGESTION
NUTRIENTS PASS FROM INTESTINAL WALLS INTO WHAT
BLOODSTREAM
WHERE DOES THE HIGHEST RATE OF DIGESTION HAPPEN
SMALL INTESTINE
4 LAYERS OF DIGESTIVE TRACT/ al·i·men·ta·ry CANAL
SEROUS; MUSCULARIS; SUB MUCUSOAL; MUCOSAL
ILEOCECAL VALVE
WHERE ILEUM AND CECUM MEET; sphincter muscle valve that separates the small intestine and the large intestine
WHERE IS THE ONLY PLACE IN SMALL INTESTINE THAT DUODENAL GLANDS (ALSO CALLED BRUNNER GLANDS) ARE FOUND; WHY?
IN THE DUODENUM; secrete an alkaline mucoid substance that serves to neutralize gastric juice; PG 564 AND 643
WHERE ARE THE VILLI AND MICROVILLI LOCATED
IN THE MUCOSA; MICROVILLI ARE ON THE EDGES OF THE VILLI
LACTEAL
A LYMPHATIC VESSEL; chyle, a type of lymph, through the intestines. This can help to keep lymph circulating through the small intestine. Lacteals can also help to transfer nutrients from the small intestine into the blood stream
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF MICROVILLI
TO INCREASE SURFACE AREA FOR INCREASED ABSORPTION
PEYERS PATCHES
LYMPHATIC TISSUE; ONLY IN ILEUM; IMPORTANT BECAUSE ILEUM CONNECTS TO CECUM WHICH IS FULL OF FECES AND BACTERIA; PEYERS IMPORTANT IF THERE IS ANY BACKFLOW OF FECES INTO ILEUM; KEEPS SMALL INTESTINE CLEAN; PG 564 AND 643
HOW OFTEN ARE EPITHELIAL CELLS REPLACED IN THE INTESTINES
EVERY 3-4 DAYS; BECOME PART OF CYHME
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MALABSORPTION AND MALNUTRITION
MAY HAVE ALL THE FOOD YOU NEED, BUT NUTRIENTS NOT BEING ABSORBED PROPERLY - COULD HAPPEN FROM UNUSUALLY HIGH METABOLISM; MAY NOT HAVE ALL THE FOOD YOU NEED OR EATING THE WRONG KINDS OF FOODS FOR GOOD HEALTH
WHAT TYPE OF EPITHELIAL CELLS ARE IN THE INTESTINE
SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
NUTRIENTS FROM FOOD PASS INTO BLOODSTREAM THROUGH WHAT
SMALL INTESTINE WALLS
IF SOMEONE DOES NOT HAVE THE ENZYME LACTASE, THEY ARE
LACTOSE INTOLERANT; THEY CANNOT BREAK DOWN LACTOSE THAT IS FOUND IN LOT OF DAIRY PRODUCTS; THEY JUST FERMENT THE CARBS AND THAT CAUSES GAS AND EXPLOSIVE DIARRHEA (FROM ALL THE GAS)
WHAT KINDS OF THINGS ARE ABSORBED IN SMALL INTESTINE
80% INGESTED WATER; VITAMINS (A,D,E,K,C, ETC); MINERALS; CARBOHYDRATES; PROTEINS; LIPIDS
WHAT VITAMIN DO YOU HAVE TO HAVE TO BE ABLE TO ABSORB CALCIUM
D
WHAT ARE THE 3 MAJOR ORGANIC SUBSTANCES
CARBOHYDRATES; PROTEINS; LIPIDS - ALL MUST BE AT BASIC BUILDING BLOCK LEVELS TO BE ABSORBED
SMALL INTESTINES SECRETE DIGESTIVE ENZYMES LIKE
LACTASE, SUCRASE, MALTASE,
Amylase, produced in the mouth. It helps break down WHAT
starch molecules into smaller sugar molecules.
Pepsin, produced WHERE AND DIGESTS WHAT
gastric chief cells of the stomach lining; NEEDS HCL TO ACTIVATE
Trypsin, produced WHERE? DIGESTS WHAT
PANCREAS; PROTEINS
lipase, produced WHERE? DIGESTS WHAT?
the pancreas, and stomach; DIGESTS LIPIDS
Deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease, produced in the pancreas.
PANCREASE; NUCLEOTIDES
WHAT ARE THE PARTS OF THE LARGE INTESTINE
CECUM; 4 DESCRIPTIVE AREAS; RECTUM
4 DESCRIPTIVE AREAS OF LARGE INTESTINE
ASCENDING COLON; TRANSVERSE COLON; DESCENDING COLON; SIGMOID COLON (S SHAPED)
WHERE DOES THE MAJORITY OF MECHANICAL DIGESTION HAPPEN
IN THE MOUTH; SOME HAPPENS BY RUGAE IN STOMACH
IS IT BETTER TO EAT 5-6 LITTLE MEALS A DAY OR 3 BIG ONES
5-6 LITTLE ONES; KEEPS METABOLISM GOING; KEEPS EVERYTHING WORKING
HOW LONG CAN UNDIGESTED WASTE REMAIN IN LARGE INTESTINE
12-24 HOURS - DEPENDS ON METABOLLIC RATE (IE HOW FAST NUTRIENTS ARE BEING BROKEN DOWN)
WHAT IS THE WORMLIKE POUCH FILLED WITH LYMPHATIC TISSUE THAT EXTENDS FROM THE CECUM
APPENDIX; DOESN’T DO ANYTHING FOR US ANYMORE; FULL OF TOXINS (SINCE IT IS LYMPHATIC TISSUE - SO WHEN IT RUPTURES - IT POISONS ALL OF THE TISSUES )
WHERE DOES THE PROCESS OF TURNING WASTE MATERIAL INTO SEMISOLID WASTE BEGIN
IN THE CECUM
WHAT IS MAIN FUNCTION OF LARGE INTESTINE
COMPRESSING CHYME IN A SOLID FORM
3 ACCESSORY ORGANS TO DIGESTIVE PROCESS
PANCREAS; LIVER; GALLBLADDER
SIGMOID COLON IS AN S SHAPED STRUCTURE THAT CONNECTS TO
RECTUM; RECTUM THEN CONNECTS TO ANAL CANAL AND THEN TO ANUS
ANUS
JUST SMALL CIRCULAR OPENING
WHAT DOES LIVER DO
MAKES BILE; THAT IS THEN STORED IN THE GALLBLADDER
WHAT DOES BILE DO
IT EMULSIFIES FATS; BREAKS THEM DOWN INTO SMALLER PIECES
WHAT IS THE FUCNTION OF THE RECTUM
TO STORE FECES; JUST STORES IT; DOESN’T FORM IT
WHAT IS THE RELEASE OF FECES FROM THE BODY CALLED
DEFICATION
HEPATITIS
INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER TISSUE
HEMORROIDS
Hemorrhoids (HEM-uh-roids), also called piles, are swollen veins in your anus and lower rectum, similar to varicose veins. Hemorrhoids can develop inside the rectum (internal hemorrhoids) or under the skin around the anus (external hemorrhoids); CAN PUSH OUT OF ANAL CANAL AND MAY HAVE TO BE LANCED/CUT OFF/CAUTERIZED
DARK RED STOOL COULD INDICATE
INTERNAL BLEEDING; NEEDS TO BE CHECKED OUT; BRIGHT RED BLOOD USUALLY NO CAUSE FOR CONCERN
ONCE YOU LEAVE SMALL INTESTINE THE MAJORITY OF THIS HAS BEEN DONE
ABSORPTION
WHY IS LARGE INTESTINE A LARGER DIAMETER THAN SMALL
BECAUSE FECAL MASS REQUIRES IT MORE SO THAN LIQUID CHYME
ABOUT HOW LONG IS THE LONG INTESTINE
5 FEET
THE LARGE INTESTINE ACCEPTS WHAT
WHAT SMALL INTESTINES DID NOT; GOOD STILL BE GOOD STUFF IN THERE; BUT IT IS NOT TIME TO BE COMPACTED INTO FECES
EAT YOGURT TO BUILD THIS UP
GOOD BACTERIA IN YOUR GUT
KEY FUNCTIONS OF LARGE INTESTINE
FERMENT CARBS; PROTEIN BREAKDOWN; ABSORB MORE WATER; CONCENTRATE WASTE; BACTERAIL DIGESTION
KNOW MY POOP CHART
HAHA
WHERE IS THE LIVER LOCATED
IN THE UPPER RIGHT QUADRANT OF ABDOMINAL CAVITY
HOW MANY LOBES DOES THE LIVER HAVE>? WHY?
FUNCTIONALLY THERE ARE 4 LOBES - RIGHT; LEFT; CAUDATE; QUADRATE; The liver is divided into two lobes by the middle hepatic vein: the right lobe of liver and the left lobe of liver. The right lobe of liver is larger than the left lobe of liver. The right lobe liver has four sections.
CAUDATE LOBE
independent part of the liver, supplied by the right and left hepatic artery and portal vein. Blood from the caudate lobe drains directly into the vena cava. It is also known as the lobule of Spiegel.
LIVER SECRETES YELLOWISH-BROWN TO GREEN LIQUID CALLED
BILE
JAUNDICE
YELLOWING SKIN AND WHITES OF EYES; FROM EXCESS BILIRUBIN - USUALLY A RESULT OF OBSTRUCTION IN BILE DUCT OR ABNORMALLY HIGH BREAKDOWN OF RBC’S
LIVER STORES GLUCOSE IN THE FORM OF
GLYCOGEN
LIVER CONVERTS FOOD NUTRIENTS INTO USABLE SUBSTANCES
CAN CONVERT AMINO ACIDS TO CARBS
STORES WHAT VITAMIN
A, D, E, K, B12
DESTROYS OLD RBC’S
REMOVED BY MACROPHAGES IN LIVER; RBC DESTRUCTION IS WHAT PRODUCES THE PIGMENT BILIRUBIN
SECRETES BILE PIGMENT CALLED THAT IS COMBINED WITH BILE AND EXCRETED INTO DUODENUM
BILIRUBIN
WHAT SIDE OF THE BODY IS THE STOMACH ON
LEFT SIDE; UNDER THE LIVER
WHAT ACCESSORY ORGANS CAN YOU LIVE WITHOUT
CAN LIVE WITHOUT THE GALLBLADDER; YOUR LIVER CAN STILL MAKE BILE, THERE IS JUST NO PLACE TO STORE IT; CANNOT LIVE WITHOUT LIVER AND PANCREAS
ALL GLANDS HAVE THIS FOR PROTECTION AND INSULATION
ADIPOSE TISSUE
ARE ALL OF THE SALIVARY GLANDS PAIRED
YES
WHAT DOES THE HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN DO
carries blood to the liver from the intestines, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder; BLOOD ENTERS GENERAL CIRCULATION BY WAY OF HEPATIC VEIN
WHAT DOES THE GASTRIC VEIN DO
drain deoxygenated blood from the fundus and upper body of the stomach
WHAT DOES TEH SUPERIOR MESENTERIC VEIN DO
transports blood from the small intestine and the cecum
LIVER MONITORS _________ CONTENT
BLOOD
NUTRIENT MOLECULES TRAVEL IN HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN TO WHERE
THE LIVER
THE LIVER DIRECTLY AFFECTS DIGESTION BY PRODUCING
BILE
BILE SALTS HELP DIGEST WHAT
FAT; BREAKS THEM DOWN FAT GLOBULES INTO SMALL DROPLETS OF FAT
LIVER FILTERS WHAT
BLOOD OF TOXINS AND WASTES EX ALCHOHOL AND DRUGS
GALLBLADDER STORES BILE FROM WHERE
LIVER
WHAT 3 DUCTS CONNECT THE LIVER, GALLBLADDER AND DUODENUM FOR THE FLOW OF BILE
HEPATIC DUCT (from liver); CYSTIC DUCT (from gallbladder); COMMON BILE DUCT; the hepatic and cycstic come together to form the common bile duct
GALLBLADDER RELEASES BILE WHEN IT IS NEEDED FOR THE BREAKDOWN OF FAT CALLED
TRIGLYCERIDES ??
THE GALLBLADDER STORES BILE FROM TEH LIVER AND RELEASES IT INTO
DUODENUM
WHAT DOES THE SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY DO
provides oxygenated blood and nutrients to the intestines
FATTY DIETS CAN CAUSE
GALLSTONES
WHAT ARE GALLSTONES MADE OF
CHOLESTEROL
NO MORE THAN WHAT PERCENTAGE OF YOUR DIET SHOULD BE FATS
30%
PANCREAS SECRETES PANCREATIC JUICE THAT INCLUDES VARIOUS ENZYMES SUCH AS AMYLASE AND WHAT
trypsin and chymotrypsin to digest proteins; amylase for the digestion of carbohydrates; and lipase to break down fats; ALSO PROTEASE
PANCREAS IS BOTH WHAT (2 TYPES OF ORGAN)
ENDOCRINE AND EXOCRINE GLAND
EXOCRINE DUCT OF PANCREAS DOES WHAT
enzymes secreted by the exocrine gland in the pancreashelp break down carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and acids in the duodenum. These enzymes travel down the pancreatic duct into the bile duct in an inactive form. When they enter the duodenum, they are activated
PANCREASE PRODUCES DIGESTIVE ENZYMES TO DIGEST
STARCHES; FATS; PROTEINS
SECRETIN
SECRETED BY DUODENUM INTO BLOODSTREAM (IESPECIALLY IN RESPONSE TO ACIDITY) TO STIMULATE SECRETION BY PANCREAS AND LIVER
TRYPSIN
DIGESTS PROTEINS; PRODUCED BY PANCREAS
HOW DOES THE PANCREASE REGULATE BLOOD SUGAR
INSULIN PRODUCED BY BETA CELLS (MUST BE PRESENT FOR CELLS TO ABSORB CARBS); AND GLUCAGON PRODUCED BY ALPHA CELLS; THESE TWO HORMONES ARE ANATAGONIST TO KEEP BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS IN HOMEOSTASIS
CATABOLIC REACTIONS
THE BREAKDOWN OF LARGE ORGANIC MOLECULES INTO SMALLER SIMPLER ONES (POLYSACCHARIDES TO MONOSACCHARIDES; PROTEINS TO AMINO ACIDS; FATS TO MONOGLYCERIDES (Monoglycerides are a type of glyceride. They are made up of glycerol and one fatty acid chain)
WHAT BREAKS DOWN POLYSACCHARIDES
SALIVARY AND PANCREATIC AMYLASE - BREAK POLYSACCHARIDES INTO DISACCHARIDES (SUCROSE; LACTOSE; MALTOSE); HAPPENS IN ORAL CAVITY AND SMALL INTESTINE
WHAT ARE THE DISACCHARIDES
SUCROSE, MALTOSE, LACTOSE
WHICH ENZYMES BREAK DOWN DISACCHARIDES INTO MONOSACCHARIDES
SUCRASE; MALTASE, LACTASE; HAPPENS IN SMALL INTESTINE
WHAT ARE THE MONOSACCHARIDES
FRUCTOSE, GALACTOSE, GLUCOSE
WHAT ENZYME BREAKS DOWN PROTEINS TO LARGE POLYPEPTIDES
PEPSIN; HAPPENS IN STOMACH
WHAT ENZYME BREAKS DOWN LARGE POLYPEPTIDES TO SMALL POLYPEPTIDES
TRYPSIN, CHYMOTRYPSIN; CARBOXYPEPTIDASE; HAPPENS IN SMALL INTESTINE
WHAT ENZYME BREAKS SMALL POLYPEPTIDES INTO AMINO ACIDS
AMINOPEPTIDASE, CARBOXYPEPTIDASE; DIPEPTIDASE; HAPPENS IN SMALL INTESTINE
WHICH ENZYME BREAKS DOWN LIPIDS INTO TRIGLYCERIDES
BILE; HAPPENS IN SMALL INTESTINE
WHICH ENZYME BREAKS DOWN TRIGLYCERIDES TO MONOGLYCERIDES AND FATTY ACIDS
LIPASE; HAPPENS IN SMALL INTESTINE
ACCESSORY GLANDS OF DIGESTION
SALIVARY; LIVER; GALLBLADDER; PANCREAS
MUCOSAL LAYER OF DIGESTIVE TRACT (3 PARTS)
EPITHELIUM; LAMINA PROPRIA; MUSCULARIS MUCOSA
FUNCTIONS OF MUCOSA
CAN SERVE AS EITHER PROTECTION, ABSORPTION, OR SECRETION DEPENDING ON WHERE IT IS IN DIGESTIVE TRACT; AREOLAR AND CONNECTIE TISSUE
SUBMUCOSA
CONNECTIVE TISSUE; HOUSES BLOOD AND LYMPHATIC VESSELS; GLANDS, NEURONS
MUSCULARIS EXTERNA
SMOOTH MUSCLE; 2 LAYERS OF SMOOTH MUSCLE, INNER CIRCULAR LAYER; OUTER LONGITUDINAL LAYER - CREATES PERISTALSIS
SEROSA (VISCERAL PERITONEUM)
AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE; OUTER SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL LAYER; SECRETES TO MAINTAIN LUBRICATION OF DIGESTIVE TRACT AGAINST OTHER ORGANS
STUCTURALLY, THE LAYERS OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT ARE LIKE
TUBES WITHIN TUBES
THE REGULATION OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTME IS CONTROLLED SIMULTANEOUSLY BY WHAT 2 THINGS
THE ANS (AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM - UNCONSCIOUS CONTROL) AND HORMONES
3 PHASES OF DIGESTION
CEPHALIC (ORAL CAVITY THROUGH ESOPHAGUS); GASTRIC (STOMACH); INTESTINAL (BEGINS AT DUODENUM
PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM CONTROLS WHAT
SITMULATION OF SECRETIONS AND MOTILITY (UNCONSCIOUS CONTROL)
SYMPATHETIC DIVISION CONTROLS WHAT
INHIBITS SECRETION AND MOTILITY (UNCONSCIOUS CONTROL)
HORMONAL REGULATION OF DIGESTION CONTROLLED BY WHAT 3 HORMONES
GASTRIN; SECRETIN; CHOLECYSTOKININ (CCK)
WHAT DOES GASTRIN DO
EXPANSION OF STOMACH STIMULATES SECRETION OF GASTRIN; SECRETED BY G CELLS IN MUCOSA OF STOMACH; STIMULATES SECRETION OF GASTRIC JUICE
WHAT DOES SECRETIN DO
STIMULATED BY ACIDIC CHYME IN DUODENUM; SECRETED BY S CELLS IN DUODENUM; STIMULATES SECRETION OF PANCREATIC JUICE; RIGH IN BICARBONATE TO NEUTRALIZE ACID IN CHYME
WHAT DOES CHOLECYSTOKININ (CCK) DO
STIMULATED BY TRIGLYCERIDES, FATTY ACIDS AND AMINO ACIDS IN DUODENUM; SECRETED BY CCK CELLS IN DUODENUM; STIMULATES PRODUCTION OF PANCREATIC JUICE W/ ENZYMES LIKE LIPASE; STIMULATES CONTRACTION OF GALLBLADDER TO RELEASE BILE;
WHAT MAKES UP GASTRIC JUICE
HCL; MUCUS, PEPSINOGEN
ORAL CAVITY CONTAINS TWO TYPE OF EPITHELIUM
KERATINIZED (COVERS SURFACES THAT GET MOST ABRASION - LIKE TONGUE, HARD PALATE, GUMS) AND NON-KERATINIZED (INFERIOR TONGUE, FLOOR OF MOUTH, SOFT PALATE)
DOES THE SOFT PALATE CONTAIN BONE
NO
WHAT DANGLES FROM THE MIDDLE OF THE BACK OF THE SOFT PALATE
UVULA - HOLDS FOOD IN ORAL CAVITY AND PREVENTS IT FROM ENTERING OROPHARYNX
SALIVARY GLANDS CONTAIN WHAT TWO TYPES OF CELLS
MUCOUS (SECRETE MUCIN THAT BECOMES MUCOUS) AND SEROUS (SECRETE WATERY SECRETION CONTAINS ELECTROLYTES AND SALIVARY AMYLASE)
SALIVARY GLANDS ARE CONTROLLED BY WHAT PART OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
ANS - SO BOTH PARASYMPATHETIC AND SYMPATHETIC DIVISIONS
IS SALIVA ACIDIC
MILDLY; ABOUT 6.4-6.8
LYSOZYME
IN MUCUS; ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT; INHIBITS BACTERIA
WHICH TEETH HAVE FLAT CHISELED EDGE FOR FOR CUTTING FOOD
INCISORS
WHICH TEETH HAVE POINTED EDGES FOR PUNCTURING AND TEARING
CANINES
WHICH TEETH HAVE LARGE, FLATTENED SURFACES FOR GRINDING AND CRUSHING
MOLARS AND BISCUSPIDS (PRE MOLARS)
PRE MOLARS ARE ALSO CALLED
BISCUSPIDS
3 STAGES OF SWALLOWING
ORAL; PHARYNGEAL, ESOPHAGEAL
ORAL STAGE OF SWALLOWING
VOLUNTARY; BEGINS WHEN SUBSTANCES ARE INGESTED; TONGUE MIXES FOOD WITH SALIVA TO FORM BOLUS; TONGUE PUSHES BOLUS TO OROPHARYNX - MARKS END OF ORAL STAGE
PHARYNGEAL STAGE OF SWALLOWING
INVOLUNTARY PROCESS; BEGINS WHEN BOLUS IS PUSHED AGAINST OROPHARYNX; ENDS AFTER PHARYNGEAL MUSCLES CONTRICT AND FORCE BOLUS INTO ESOPHAGUS
WHAT 3 THINGS HAPPEN IN PHARYNGEAL STAGE
SOFT PALATE AND UVULA MOVE UP TO PREVENT BOLUS FROM ENTERING NASAL ; BOLUS MOVES INTO OROPHARYNX; MUSCLES RAISE LARYNX FORWARD AND UPWARD SO EPIGLOTTIS CLOSES OVER GLOTTIS TO PREVENT BOLUS FROM ENTERNING LARYNX OR TRACHEA
ESOPHAGEAL STAGE OF SWALLOWING
INVOLUNTARY; BEGINS AS UPPER ESOPHAGELA SPHINCTER RELAXES TO ALLOW BOLUS TO ENTER ESOPHAGUS; EPIGLOTTIS SPRINGS BACK INTO UPRIGHT POSITION; PERISTALSIS PROPELS FOOD INTO STOMACH; TAKES ABOUT 8 SECONDS
WHAT ARE FUNCTIONS OF SALIVA
LUBRICATE FOOD; CLEANS ORAL CAVITY STRUCTURES; CATALYZE DIGESTION OF CARBS; INHIBIT BACTERIAL GROWTH; DISSOLVE FOOLD MOLECULES TO ALLOW FOR TASTE
WHAT SOLUTES ARE FOUND IN SALIVA
ELECTROLYTES; LYSOZYME; MUCUS; SALIVARY AMYLASE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN A
INNERMOST LINING OF STOMACH IS CALLED WHAT? COATED WITH WHAT?
MUCOSA; COATED WITH A PROTECTIVE LAYER OF ALKALINE MUCUS
FOLDS OF MUCOSA IN STOMACH ARE CALLED
RUGAE; AID IN WHAT LITTLE MECHANICAL DIGESTION HAPPENS IN STOMACH; INCREASE SURFACE AREA OF STOMACH TO MAXIMIZE GASTRIC JUICE
WHEN GASTRIC JUICE COMBINES WITH FOOD, A MIXTURE CALLED WHAT IS FORMED
CHYME
TO RELEASE GASTRIC JUICE, THE MUCOSA MANUFACTURES WHAT
PEPSIN - INITIATES PROTEIN DIGESTION ?? DOULBLE CHECK THIS ONE
MUCOSAL LINING OF STOMACH HAS WHAT 4 DIFFERENT TYPES OF CELLS
MUCOUS CELLS; CHIEF CELLS; PARIETAL CELLS; G CELLS
MUSOUS CELLS OF STOMACH SECRETE WHAT
ALKALINE MUCUS TO PROTECT STOMACH LINING FROM ACIDIC GASTRIC JUICE
CHIEF CELLS OF STOMACE SECRETE WHAT
PEPSINOGEN; AN INACTIVE ENZYME THAT REQUIRES HCL TO BE CONVERTED TO ACTIVE ENZYME PEPSIN
PARIETAL CELLS OF STOMACH SECRETE WHAT
HCL (HYDROCHLORIC ACID); HCL HELPS CONCERT PEPSINOGEN INTO ACTIVE ENZYME PEPSIN
G CELLS OF STOMACH SECRETE WHAT
SECRETE HORMONE GASTRIN; WHICH INCREASES SECRETION FROM CHIEF AND PARIETAL CELLS; ALSO INDUCES SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTION IN STOMACH WALL
MEN CAN PASS GAS (MUCOUS CELLS, CHIEF CELLS, PARIETAL CELLS, G CELLS)
MEN PASS HOT GAS (MUCUS, PEPSINOGEN, HCL, GASTRIN)
GASTRIC MOTILITY
SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS OF STOMACH WALL; REGULATED BY ANS AND HORMONE GASTRIN; WAVES OF PERISTALSIS MOVE THROUGH STOMACH REGULARLY
WHERE DOES PERSTALSIS IN STOMACH BEGIN AND END
BEGIN AT LES AND CONTINUE TO PYLORIC SPHINCTER
GASTRIC EMPTYING
MOVEMENT OF CHYME INTO DUODENUM
WHAT STIMULI TRIGGER PROCESS OF GASTRIC EMPTYING
CAFFEINE, ALCOHOL, PARTIALLY DIGESTED PROTEINS, DISTENSION OF STOMACH WALL
WHAT IS THE ENDOCRINE RESPONSE TO GASTRIC EMPTYING STIMULI? WHAT IS THE NERVOUS SYSTEM RESPONSE
INCREASE IN GASTRIN SECRETION; STIMULATION OF VAGUS NERVE; LES CLOSES AND PYLORIC OPENS
DESCRIBE SMALL INTESTINE
HOLLOW MUSCULAR TUBE; 20 FEET; LINKS STOMACH TO LARGE INTESTINE; 3 PARTS DUODENUM (10 INCHES), JEJUNUM (8 FEET) , ILEUM (12 FEET)
MESENTERY
VASCULAR SEROUS MEMBRANE THAT ANCHORS SMALL INTESTINE TO POSTERIOR WALL OF ABDOMINAL CAVITY
WHAT ARE THE FOLDS IN THE SMALL INTESTINE
CIRCULAR FOLDS (PLICAE CIRCULARES), VILLI, MICROVILLI - ALL INCREASE SURFACE AREA TO BETTER FACILITY ABSORPTION
WHAT ARE VILLI
SMALL FINGERLIKE PROJECTIONS COVERED BY SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM; CONTAINS GOBLET CELLS THAT SECRETE MUCUS
MICROVILLIE - WHAT HAPPENS HERE
NUTRIENTS MUST PASS THROUGH MICROVILLI, THEN THROUGH THE CELL TO ENTER THE VILLUS
WHAT IS IN THE VILLUS
BLOOD CAPILLARY AND A LYMPHATIC CAPILLARY CALLED A LACTEAL
WHAT KINDS OF THINGS DOES THE SMALL INTESTINE ABSORB
WATER, VITAMINS, MINERALS, AMINO ACIDS, FATTY ACIDS, GLYCEROL, MONOSACCHARIDES, NUCELOTIDES
SMALL INTESTINE IS MAJOR SITE OF WHAT
CHEMICAL DIGESTION AND NUTRIENT ABSORPTION
THE MUSCULARIS LAYER DOES WHAT WHEN CONTRACTED
THE CIRCULAR LAYER PINCHES THE INTESTINE; THE LONGITUDINAL LAYER SHORTENS IT; THROUGH THE PROCESS OF PERISTALSIS AND SEGMENTATION, UNDIGESTED MATERIALS ARE MOVED ALONG
AREAS OF DIGESTIVE TRACT WHERE PERISTALSIS OCCURS
ESOPHAGUS, STOMACH, SMALL AND LARGE INTESTINE
AREA OF DIGESTIVE TRACT WHERE SEGMENTATION HAPPENS
SMALL AND LARGE INTESTINE
PERISTALSIS
RYTHMIC WAVE OF SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTION; RESULTS IN PROPULSION OF CHYME THROUGH DIGESTIVE TRACTS; IT IS AN ALTERNATING COORDINATION OF CIRCULAR AND LONGITUDINAL LAYERS OF MUSCLE IN MUSCULARIS LAYER
WHAT HAPPENS IN PERISTALSIS (TUBE OF TOOTHPASTE)
THE CIRCULAR LAYER CONTRACTS BEHIND MASS OF MATERIAL, RESULT IS INTESTINE IS PINCHED TIGHTER; A LONGTIDUINAL LAYER IN FRONT OF PINCHED REGION CONTRACTS (MAKING IT SHORTER)
WHAT IS SEGMENTATION
PINCHING OF INTESTINE INTO COMPARTMENTS TO AID MIXING OF CHYME WITH INTESTIONAL SECRETIONS
WHAT HAPPENS IN SEGMENTATION (HAND MIXER)
CIRCULAR LAYER IS MORE ACTIVE THAN LONGITUDINAL LAYER; NO NET MOVEMENT OF MATERIALS OCCURS; CIRCULAR LAYER PINCHES OFF INTESTINE INTO SMALLER AND SMALLER SEGMENTS AS UNDIGESTED MATERIAL IS MOVED BACK AND FORTH (WASHING MACHINE); MATERIALS ARE MIXED WITH INTESTINAL SECRETIONS
ABSORPTION
MOVEMENT OF SMALL DIGESTED SUBSTANCES INTO BLOOD OR LYMPH
EACH CELL OF THE SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL CELLS OF SMALL INTESTINE CONTAIN HAVE WHAT TWO SURFACES THAT NUTRIENTS MUST PASS THROUGH
APICAL AND BASAL; NUTRIENTS MUST FIRST PASS THROUGH APICAL SURFACE THAT CONTAINS THE MICROVILLI; THEN THROUGH THE CYTOSOL; THEN CROSS THE BASAL SURFACE THAT LINES THE INSIDE OF THE VILLI
WHAT IS THE NUTRIENT PATH
LUMEN - EPITHELIAL CELL - APICAL SURFACE - CYTOSOL - BASAL SURFACE - BLOOD OR LYMPH
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF CHEMICAL DIGESTION
TO BREAK DOWN MACROMOLECULES INTO THEIR SIMPLEST BUILDING BLOCKS
WHAT ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES
MONOSACCHARIDES
WHAT ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF PROTEINS
AMINO ACIDS, DIPEPTIDES, TRIPEPTIDES
WHAT ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF TRICLYCERIDES
MONOGLYCERIDES, FATTY ACIDS,
WHAT PERCENTAGE OF ABSORPTION HAPPENS IN SMALL INTESTINE
90%
WHY DOES 90% OF ABSORPTION HAPPEN IN SMALL INTESTINE
VILLI AND OTHER STRUCTURES MAKE IT ANATOMICALLY SPECIALIZED FOR THIS; FINAL PRODUCTS OF CATABOLISM ARE NOT EVEN PRESENT TILL THIS STAGE; 20 FOOT TUBE MAXIMIZES TIMES FOR ABSORPTION
3 TYPES OF MONOSACCHARIDES
GLUCOSE, GALACTOSE, FRUCTOSE
FRUCTOSE IS FOUND WHERE: HOW IS IT TRANSPORTED
FRUIT AND FRUIT JUICES; FACILITATED DIFFUSION ACROSS APICAL AND BASAL SURFACE
HOW ARE GLUCOSE AND GALACTOSE TRANSRPORTED
SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT WITH SODIUM ION PUMP; SODIUM ION GRADIENT IS DRIVING FORCE FOR THESE TWO SUGARS TO CROSS APICAL SURFACE; ONCE INSIDE THE CELL, THEY CROSS BASAL SURFACE BY FACILITIATED DIFFUSION
WHAT DO MOST AMINO ACIDS USE TO CROSS THE APICAL SURFACE
ACTIVE TRANSPORT; ALSO USE ACTIVE TRANSPORT ONCE INSIDE THE CELL TO CROSS THE BASAL SURFACE
WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON TYPE OF LIPID
TRIGLYCERIDES
HOW DO SHORT CHAIN FATTY ACIDS CROSS THE APICAL AND BASAL SURFACES
DIFFUSION; THEY ARE CHEMICALLY SIMILAR TO THE PHOSOPOLIPIDS IN THE PLASMA MEMBRANE OF THE CELL
HOW DO LONG CHAIN FATTY ACIDS CROSS THE APICAL AND BASAL SURFACES
DIFFUSION THROUGH APICAL SURFACE, ONCE INSIDE THE CELL, THEY ARE FURTHER BROKEN DOWN INTO GLYCEROL AND SINGLE FATTY ACID CHAIN; THE GLYCEROL IS REASSEMBLED INTO A TRIGLYCERIDE (CHYLOMICRON) WHICH LEAVES THE CELL BY EXOCYTOSIS AND ENTER THE LACTEAL (TO LARGE TO ENTER BLOOD CAPILLARY)
DO CHYLOMICRONS EVENTUALLY RETURN TO THE BLOOD
YES, THEY ARE DEPOSITED INTO BLOOD VIA LEFT SUBCLAVIAN VEIN
CHYLOMICRON
TRIGLYCERIDE FORMED INSIDE EPITHELIAL CELL
WHAT ARE TRIGLYCERIDES BROKEN DOWN INTO
THREE FATTY ACID CHAINS ARE BROKEN OFF FROM GLYCEROL BACKBONE; RESULTS IN A MONOGLYCERIDE AND FATTY ACIDS
DESCRIBE THE PANCREAS
5-6 INCHES LONG; 3 SECTIONS - HEAD (WIDEST PORTION), BODY (CENTRAL REGION), TAIL (BLUNT TAPERING END); INDIVIDUAL NODES ARE CALLED LOBULES; INSIDE IS PANCREATIC DUCT (RUNS THROUGH MIDDLE OF GLAND AND TERMINATES AT DUODENUM) SMOOTH MUSCLE FORMS AROUND THIS OPENING TO FORM THE HEPATOPANCREATIC SPHINCTER
HEPATOPANCREATIC SPHINCTER
SMOOTH MUSCLE OPENING TO DUODENUM FROM PANCREATIC DUCT THAT RUNS DOWN MIDDLE OF PANCREAS
PANCREAS HAS DUAL FUNCTIONS AS
ENDOCRINE AND EXOCRINE GLAND
ACINI CELLS OF PANCREAS (EXOCRINE PORTION)
PRODUCE WATERY SECRETIONS INTO PANCREATIC DUCT AND THEN INTO DUODENUM; AMYLASE; LIPASE; PROTEASES; NUCLEASES; PANCREATIC JUICES THAT GO THROUGH THE DUCT INTO DUODENUM TO AID IN BREAKING DOWN CYME
PANCREATIC ISLETS (ISLETS OF LANGERHANS) - ENDOCRINE FUNCTION
RELEASE HORMONES; GLUCAGON; INSULIN; SOMATOSTATIN; PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE
WHAT IS THE FIRST STEP IN LIPID DIGESTION
BILE; EMULSIFIES LIPIDS IN CHYME SO LIPASE CAN WORK
LIVER HAS HOW MANY LOBES
2 MAJOR THE RIGHT AND LEFT; DIVIDED BY FALCIFORM LIGAMENT - INCLUDES THE ROUND LIGAMENT DERIVED FORM THE UMBICAL VEIN; 2 SMALLER LOBES = CAUDATE AND QUADRATE
WHAT ANCHORS THE LIVER TO THE DIAPHRAGM
CORONARY LIGAMENT
HEPATIC LOBULE
FUNDAMENTAL FUNCTIONAL UNITS OF LIVER; AT THE CENTER OF EACH LOBE IS A CENTRAL VEIN
HEPATIC TRIAD
CLUSTER OF THREE VESSELS - HEPATIC ARTERY; BRANCH OF HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN; BILE DUCT
WHAT CELLS IN THE LIVER PRODUCE BILE
HEPATOCYTES; DRAINS INTO BILE DUCTS TO BE TRANSPORTED TO GALLBLADDER FOR STORAGE
MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF LIVER
SYNTHESIS OR PROTEINS, BILE, CLOTTING FACTORS; STORAGE OF IRON, GLYCOGEN, METABOLISM - CONVERTS GLUCOSE TO GLYCOGEN AND BACK; MAINTAINS BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS; DETOXIFIES ALCOHOL AND DRUGS; MAKES SUBSTANCE WATER SOLUBLE (CONJUGATION)
WHAT HAPPENS IN THE LARGE INTESTINE
REABSORPTION OF WATER; ABSORPTION OF SOME VITAMINS; COMPACTING AND TEMPORARY STORAGE OF FECAL WASTE
WHAT IS APPENDIX ALSO CALLED
VERMIFORM APPENDIX - VERMIFORM MEANS WORMLIKE
