Flash Cards from Lecture - Urinary
RENAL CORTEX
MOST SUPERFICIAL REGION; DARK BROWN; MANY BLOOD VESSELS
RENAL MEDULLA
MIDDLE REGION; CONTAINS RENAL PYRAMID; AKA MEDULLARY PYRAMIDS
MEDULLARY PYRAMID
RENAL PYRAMID; CONTAIN LOOPING TUBULES OF NEPHRONS (AVG 7-11) ALSO CALLED LOBES; DARK CONE SHAPED; CONTAIN URINE COLLECTING TUBULES
RENAL COLUMN
PART OF RENAL CORTEX; SEPARATE RENAL PYRAMIDS FROM EACH OTHER; INWARD EXTENSIONS OF CORTEX; CONTAIN GLOMERULA
RENAL PELVIS
BASIN FOR COLLECTING URING; INNERMOST REGION OF KIDNEY; MAJOR CALYCES DRAIN INTO IT
MAJOR/MINOR CALYCES
FLUID FROM RENAL PAPILLA DRAIN INTO MINOR THEN INTO MAJOR CALYCES THEN INTO RENAL PELVIS
RENAL PAPILLA
At apex of renal pyramid; collecting ducts pass through; where urine flows into minor calyces
URETER
FIRST PART OF URINARY TRACT; LINED WITH TRANSISITIONAL EPITHELIUM; WALLS ARE SMOOTH MUSCLE FOR PERSITALSIS females is is short in males 4x longer 3 parts in males prostatic prostate gland) membranous c s pelvic diaphragm spongy( penis)
URINARY BLADDER
URETERS DRAIN INTO BLADDER VIA URETERAL ORIFICES; TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM; SMOOTH MUSCLE SOMETIMES CALLED DETRUSOR MUSCLE; 3 layers of muscle?? End narrows to form internal urethral sphincter
URETHRA
FINAL ORGAN OF URINARY SYSTEM;
NEPHRON
BLOOD FILTERING STRUCTURES OF KIDNEY; 2 PARTS RENAL CORPUSCLE AND RENAL TUBULE
GLOMERULUS
BALL OF LOOPING CAPILLARIES; NOT PRIMARY SITE OF GAS/NUTRIENT EXCHANGE
PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES
EFFERENT ARTERIOLE BRANCHES FORM THIS; SURROUND TUBULES OF NEPHRON; DIFFUSION OF 02 AND CO2/NUTRIENTS DRAIN INTO INTERLOBULAR VEINS
PROXIMAL CONVULUTED TUBE
FIRST PART OF RENAL TUBE; TOUCHES GLOMERULUS
NEPHRON LOOP
PART OF RENAL TUBE
DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBE
LAST PART OF RENAL TUBE, TOUCHES COLLECTION DUCT
CORTICAL COLLECTING DUCT
COLLECTING SYSTEM; NOT PART OF NEPHRON LOOP; IN RENAL CORTEX
MEDULLARY COLLECTING DUCT
COLLECTING SYSTEM; NOT PART OF NEPHRON LOOP; IN MEDULLA CORTEX
PAPILLARY DUCT
MEDULLARY COLLECTION DUCTS ENLARGE INTO THESE; EMPTY INTO MINOR CALYCES
RENAL CORPUSCLE 2 PARTS
GLOMERULUS AND ??
2 LAYERS OF GLOMERULUS CAPSULE
OUTER PARIETAL LAYER AND INNER VISCERAL LAYER THAT CONTAINS PODOCYTES
PODOCYTES
??
RENAL TUBE IS ALSO KNOW AS SLANG TERM
PLUMBING FOR THE KIDNEY
3 PARTS OF RENAL TUBE
PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE; DESCENDING AND ASCENDING LIMBS OF NEPHRON LOOP; DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE
WHERE IS THE MAJORITY OF THE RENAL TUBULE LOCATED
IN RENAL CORTEX; ONLY NEPHRON LOOPS SLIP DOWN INTO MEDULLARY
NEPHRON IS MADE UP OF 2 PARTS
RENAL CORPUS AND RENAL TUBULE : DBL CHECK THIS
RENAL CORPUS 2 PARTS
GLOMERULUS AND GLOMERULAR CAPSULE
GLOMERULUS
BALL OF LOOPING CAPILLARIES
WHAT DO THE KIDNEYS FILTER OUT OF THE BLOOD
TOXINS, METABOLLIC WASTES; EXCESS H20 AND IONS
KIDNEYS FILTER WHAT
BLOOD
WHAT 3 NITROGENOUS WASTES FROM BLOOD DO THE KIDNEYS FILTER
UREA; URIC ACID; CREATINE
UREA COMES FROM
PROTEIN BREAKDOWN
URIC ACID COMES FROM
ALMOST INSOLUBLE; FROM PURIES (BEER/NUTS/BEANS)
CREATINE COMES FROM
PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MAIN FUNCTIONS OF URINARY SYSTEM
FILTER BLOOD; REMOVE NITROGENOUS AND OTHER WASTES; REGULATE H20 AND ELECTROLYTES
KIDNEY AS A WHOLE IS WHAT TYPE OF ORGAN
A DIURETIC ORGAN; MEANING IT LOSES H20
WHAT HORMONE TELLS BODY TO HOLD ONTO H20
ADH ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE - MADE BY HYPOTHALAMUS AND STORED IN NEUROHYPOPHYSIS (POSTERIOR PITUITARY); BALANCES H20
WHAT HORMONE TELLS BODY TO RELEASE H20
ALDOSTERONE (STEROID) FROM ADRENAL CORTEX; BALANCES ELECTROLYTES
WHAT IS PROTECTING THE KIDNEYS POSTERIOLY
OBLIQUES; LATISIMUS DORSI; GLUTES
KIDNEYS ARE WHAT TYPE OF FANCY WORD POSITIONING
RETROPERITONEAL
RETROPERITONEAL MEANS
BEHIND THE PERITONEAL CAVITY
WHAT 3 LAYERS ARE THE KIDNEYS ENCASED IN
RENAL FASCIA; ADIPOSE CAPSULE; RENAL CAPSULE
RENAL FASCIA
??
ADIPOSE CAPSULE
??
RENAL CAPSULE
??
WHAT IS THE LOCATION, POSITIONING AND APPEARANCE OF EACH KIDNEY
RETROPERITONEAL - LOCATED BEHING THE PERITONEAL CAVITY; SUPERIOR PORTION OF KIDNEY IS LOCATED IN FRONT OF LOWEST RIB BONE/ CHECK THE RIB PART WITH TEACH
WHERE IS THE HILUS LOCATED AND WHAT DOES IT LOOK LIKE
??
2 MAJOR REGIONS OF THE KIDNEY
RENAL CORTEX (OUTER REGION); MEDULLA (INNER REGION)
HOW MANY LOBES DO HUMAN KIDNEYS HAVE
IS THIS THE MEDULLARY PYRAMID????
WHAT DOES THE LOBE CONSIST OF
?? ASK IS THIS THE MEDULLARY PYRAMID
RENAL PELVIS (BASIN)
SERVES AS A BASIN FOR COLLECTING URINE FROM MAJOR CALYCES
MAJOR AND MINOR CALYCES
FLUID FROM RENAL PAPILLA DRAIN INTO MINOR CALYCES THEN TO MAJOR CALYCES AND THEN TO RENAL PELVIS/BASIN
WHAT ENTERS THROUGH RENAL ARTERY
OXYGENATED UNFILTERED BLOOD (IE BLOOD/WASTER/H20)
WHAT LEAVES THROUGH RENAL VEIN
DEOXYGENATED FILTERED BLOOD (IE BLOOD WITHOUT WASTE/EXCESS WATER)
WHAT LEAVES THROUGH THE URETHRA
URINE (PROCESSED BLOOD PLASMA) (IE( EXCESS H20 AND TOXIC WASTE IN THE FORM OF URINE)
3 KEY ENTRY POINTS
MAY HAVE MISHEARD BUT CHECK - RENAL ARTERY IS ONLY WAY INTO KIDNEY
WHAT ARE THE MAIN STRUCTURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM
KIDNEY; URETER; BLADDER; URETHRA
WHAT ARE WAYS TO TELL THE IVC FROM THE ABDOMINAL AORTA
AORTA HAS MANY MORE BRANCHES COMING OFF IT THAN IVC
RENAL ARTERY IS CARRYING WHAT
OXYGENATED BLOOD AND UNFILTERED
RENAL VEIN IS CARRYING
DEOXYGENATED FILTERED BLOOD
URETER CARRIES WHAT
WASTES GO INTO URETEER (CALLED URINE) AND EXCESS H20
WHICH SIDE OF THE BODY IS THE PULMONARY CIRCUIT
RIGHT SIDE; CALLED PULMONARY BECAUSE BLOOD IS FLOWING TO THE LUNGS (PUMONARY)
WHICH SIDE OF THE BODY IS THE SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT
LEFT SIDE; CALLED SYSTEMIC BECAUSE BLOOD IS FLOWING TO EVERY SYSTEM IN THE BODY
HOW DOES OXYGENATED BLOOD LEAVE THE GLOMERULUS
VIA THE EFFERENT TUBE
WHAT TYPE OF BLOOD ENTERS THE AFFERENT TUBE AND EXITS THE EFFERENT TUBE
OXYGENATED
HOW DOES BLOOD ENTER THE GLOMERULUS
THE AFFERENT TUBE
PUBIS SYMPHYSIS
WHERE PUBIC BONES MEET; KEEPS BONES TOGETHER; LARGER AREA UNDERNEATH IN FEMALES FOR CHILD BIRTH
WHAT ARE SOME WAYS TO TELL THE LEFT SIDE OF THE BODY FROM THE RIGHT SIDE
LEFT KIDNEY SITS A LITTLE HIGHER: WHY??; LOTS OF BRANCHES OFF AORTA AND SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT IS LEFT SIDE OF BODY
WHY DO VEINS REQUIRE LESS ENERGY TO MOVE BLOOD
ARE WIDER AND THEREFORE UNDER LESS PRESSURE; ARTERIES ARE MORE NARROW AND SO REQUIRE MORE PRESSURE TO MOVE FLUID THROUGH; HEART PUMPING CREATES THAT PRESSURE
WHAT IS THE BLOOD FLOW PATH IN THE KIDNEY FROM AORTA TO IVC
AORTA - ASCENDING AORTA - AORTIC ARCH - DESCENDING AORTA - THORACIC AORTA - ABDOMINAL AORTA - RENAL ARTER - SEGMENTAL ARTERIES - INTERLOBAR ARTERIES - ARCUATE ARTERIES - AFFERENT ARTERIOLE - INTERLOBULAR ARTERY - GLOMERULAR CAPSULE - EFFERENT ARTERIOLE - PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES - INTERLOBULAR VEIN - ARCUATE VEIN - INTERLOBAR VEIN - RENAL VEIN - INFERIOR VENA CAVA
BLOOD FLOW
AORTA GIVES RISE TO R/L RENAL ARTERIES - RENAL ARTERIES DIVIDE TO SEGMENTED ARTERIES - SEGMENTED ARTERIES BRANCH INTO LOBAR ARTERIES - LOBAR ARTERIES BRANCH INTO INTERLOBULAR ARTERIES - DIVIDE INTO ARCUATE ARTERIES - ARCUATES GO INTO CORTEX (ASK THIS DOES NOT MAKE SENSE - TURNS INTO CORTICAL RADIATE ARTERIES GIVES RISE TO GLOMERULAR ARTERIOLES.
WHERE DO THE INTERLOBARS ARTERIES DIVIDE INTO THE ARCUATE ARTERIES
AT THE JUNCTION OF THE MEDULLA AND CORTEX
WHERE DO THE RENAL ARTERIES DIVIDE INTO SEGMENTED ARTERIES
AT THE HILUS
WHERE DO THE NEPHRONS START
AT THE GLOMERULAR CAPSULE
URINIFEROUS TUBULE
?? ANATOMICAL UNIT FOR FORMING URINE
WHAT ARE TWO PARTS OF URINIFEROUS TUBULE
NEPHRON AND COLLECTING DUCT
2 PARTS OF NEPHRON
RENAL CORPUSCLE AND TUBULAR SECTION
RENAL CORPUSCLE 2 PARTS, WHERE LOCATED
GLOMERULUS (TUFT OF CAPILLARIES) AND GLOMERULAR (BOWMANS) CAPSULE
BOWMANS CAPSULE
ALSO CALLED GLOMERULAR CAPSULE
WHAT ARE THE THREE SECTIONS OF THE TUBULAR SECTION
PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE (TOUCHES GLOMERULUS); LOOP OF HENLE (NEPHRON LOOP); DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE (TOUCHES COLLECTING DUCT
WHAT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR NEPHRON LOOP
LOOP OF HENLE?? DOUBLE CHECK THIS
ALL BLOOD HAS TO PASS THROUGH THIS TO BE FILTERED
GLOMERULUS IN CORTEX
WHERE ELSE CAN GLOMERULUS BE FOUND
IN RENAL COLUMN AS THAT IS CORTEX AS WELL
RENAL PELVIS IS ALSO CALLED RENAL____
RENAL BASIN
MEDULLARY COLLECTING DUCTS FLOW INTO
MINOR CALYCES
MEDULLARY COLLECTING DUCTS
??
GLOMERULUS IS ALWAYS LOCATED WHERE
IN THE CORTEX
WHERE IS THE NEPHRON LOOP ALWAYS LOCATED
IN THE MEDULLA
WHAT ARE ABMNORMAL CONSTITUTES OF URINE
ALBUMIN; FINISH THIS
WHAT ARE THE THREE KEY STEPS TO THE FUNCTION OF THE URINIFEROUS TUBULES
FILTRATION; REABSORPTION; SECRETION
WHAT HAPPENS IN FILTRATION
FILTRATION HAPPENS IN GLOMERULUS (FLUID IS SQUEEZED OUT OF THE GLOMERULAR CAPILLARY BED) - HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE IN GLOMERULUS FORCES BLOOD/WASTES INTO GLOMERULAR CAPSULE (CALLED FILTRATE HERE); DOUBLE CHECK THIS
WHAT HAPPENS IN REABSORPTION
FILTRATE FLOWS INTO PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE TO NEPHRON LOOP TO DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE AND THEN TO COLLECTING DUCT
MOST NUTRIENTS/H20/ESSENTIAL IONS ARE RETURNED TO BLOOD OF THE PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES
IS THIS A CORRET STATEMENT - ASK TEACH
WHERE IS THE LAST PLACE THAT EXCESS H20 CAN BE REABSORBED
IN THE COLLECTING DUCT; AFTER THAT IT IS GONE
WHAT HAPPENS IN SECRETION
MOVES ADDITIONAL UNDESIRABLE MOLECULES INTO TUBULE FROM BLOOD PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES; DOUBLE CHECK THIS
WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO BE DIURETIC
RELEASING H20
WHAT HORMONES PLAY ROLES IN THE FUNCTIONING OF THE KIDNEY
ADH AND ALDOSTERONE
ADH
ANTI DIURETIC HORMONE (RETAIN H20);
ALDOSTERONE
(REABSORB H20/SODIUM; SECRETE POTASSIUM; DOUBLE CHECK THIS
HOW MUCH DO THE KIDNEYS FILTER EACH DAY
180 LITERS
HOW MUCH IS REABSORBED EACH DAY
ABOUT 95% OR 178 - 179 LITERS
URINIFEROUS TUBULE - 2 PARTS
??
WHAT ARE THE STRUCTURES IN THE UNIFERIOUS TUBULE
??
2 MAJOR AREAS OF NEPHRON
??
WHAT ARE THE 3 KEY TUBULAR REGIONS OF THE NEPHRONS TUBULAR SECTION
??
WHAT HAPPENS IN EACH REGION
??
WHAT HAPPENS IN EACH REGION
??
WHAT HAPPENS IN EACH REGION
??
WHAT ARE THE KEY MINERALS??
??
COLLECTING DUCTS FUNCTION TO
??
HOW DOES ADH PLAY A ROLE IN THE COLLECTING DUCTS
??
WHAT IS THE PATH OF FILTRATE
GLOMERULAR CAPRSULE TO PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE TO NEPHRON LOOP TO DISTAL CONVOLUTED LOOP TO COLLECTING DUCT
ALL THE GLOMERULUS DOES IS
FILTER AND ONLY LOCATED IN CORTEX AND COLUMNAR CORTEX
NEPHRON LOOP IS ONLY LOCATED IN WHAT AREA
MEDULLA
WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF THE URETER
THE FIRST PART OF THE URINARY TRACT; LINED WITH TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM; SMOOTH MUSCLE WALLS FOR PERISTALSIS
WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF THE BLADDER
TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM; SMOOTH MUSCLE (DETRUSOR MUSCLE); FOLDS CALLED RUGAE (EXPAND WHEN FILLED WITH URINE); INFERIOR PORTION IS A TRIANGULAR SHAPED AREA CALLED TRIGONE THAT OPENS INTO URETHRA
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE BLADDER
??
WHAT IS THE STRUCUTRE OF THE URETHRA
FINAL ORGAN OF URINARY SYSTEM; IN FEMALES THEY ARE VERY SHORT; IN MALES THEY ARE LONG; 2 RINGS OF MUSCLE; INTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER (SMOOTH MUSCLE) AND EXTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER (SKELETAL MUSCLE) - WHEN BOTH SPHINCTERS RELAX - URINE IS RELEASED
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE URETHRA
??
TRIGONE
??
WHERE IS THE URETHRA LOCATED IN FEMALES
ANTERIOR TO VAGINA; INFERIOR TO UTERUS (THIS IS WHY PREGNANT WOMEN HAVE TO PEE ALL THE TIME - ENLARGED UTERUS SITS ON BLADDER)
IN MALES THE URETHRA HAS 3 DIVISIONS
PROSTATIC URETHRA; MEMBRANOUS URETHRA; SPONGY URETHRA
PROSTATIC URETHRA
??
MEMBRANOUS URETHRA
??
SPONGY URETHRA
??
WHERE IS URETHRA LOCATED IN MALES
ANTERIOR TO RECTUM
WHAT IS MICTURATION - OTHER NAMES FOR IT
VOIDING; URINATING; EMPTYING THE BLADDER; PEEING
WHAT AREA OF THE BRAIN CONTROLS MICTURATION
PONS
WHAT PART OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM CONTROLS THE URGE TO VOID
PARASYMPATHERIC
WHAT PART OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM CONTROLS THE URGE TO INHIBIT MICTURATION
SYMPATHETIC
NORMAL CONSTITUTES OR URINE
AMMONIA; SULPHATE; PHOSPHATE; CHLORIDE; MAGNESIUM; CALCIUM; POTASSIUM; SODIUM; CREATINE; URIC ACID; UREA
WHAT IS MOST PROMINENT CONSTITUENT OF URINE
UREA
WHAT IS URINE MADE UP OF
95% H20; NITROGENOUS WASTES, EXCESS IONS
WHAT IS AVERAGE OUTPUT OF URINE IN A DAY
POTASSIUM; HYDROGEN; URIC ACID
WHAT CAN WE LEARN FROM URINE
PRESENCE OF CHEMICALS; TOXINS; DISEASE; INJURY
WHY USE URINALYSIS
??
WHAT IS NORMAL COLOR OF URINE
LIGHT YELLOW - COMES FROM METABOLIC BREAKDOWN OF HEMOGLOBIN BY BILE
WHAT IS ABNORMAL COLOR OF URINE
??
WHAT IS NORMAL ODOR OF URINE
AMMONIA LIKE;
WHAT IS ABNORMAL ODOR OF URINE
IF A FRUITY ODOR COULD DENOTE DIABETE MELLITUS
WHAT COULD ABNORMAL COLOR IN URINE MEAN
??
WHAT COULD ABNORMAL ODOR IN URINE MEAN
??
WHAT IS NORMAL pH OF URINE
??
WHAT CAN ABNORMAL pH MEAN
??
WHAT DOES SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF URINE MEAN
DENSITY OF URINE VS DENSITY OF CONTROL (EX H20)
WHAT IS NORMAL SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF URINE
??
WHAT COULD A LOW SPECIFIC GRAVITY INDICATE
DRINKING EXCESS H20; INJURY OR TUMOR OF PITUITARY GLAND
WHAT COULD ABNORMAL SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF URINE MEAN
??
WHAT CAN FINDING GLUCOSE IN URINE MEAN
GLUCOSURIA - EXCESS CARB INTAKE; STRESS; DIABETES MELLITUS
WHAT CAN FINDING PROTEINS IN URINE MEAN (INCLUDING ALBUMIN)
CAUSES INCREASE IN GLOMERULAR MEMBRANE THAT MAY BE ALLOWING OTHER MOLECULES TO PASS THAT NORMALLY WOULD NOT BE ABLE TO
WHAT CAN FINDING KETONES IN URINE MEAN
KETONURIA - DIABETES MELLITUS
WHAT CAN FINDING BILE PIGMENTS IN URINE MEAN
BILIRUBINURIA - LIVER ISSUES; HEPATITIS; CIRRHOSIS
WHAT CAN FINDING RED BLOOD CELLS IN URINE MEAN
HEMOGLOBINURIA - FRAGMENTATION OF HEMOLYSIS OF RBC’S; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; TRANSFUSION REACTIONS; BURNS; RENAL DISEASE
WHAT CAN FINDING WHITE BLOOD CELLS IN URINE MEAN
PYURIA - UTI’S; INFLAMMATION OF URINARY TRACT
WHAT CAN FINDING CASTS IN URINE MEAN
HARDENED CYLINDRICAL CELL FRAGMENTS; INDICATE RENAL DAMAGE; COULD BE WBC’S, RBC’S, OR FATTY CASTS
