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Flash Card #5

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a pathogens?

A

organisms that cause disease

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2
Q

What is an infectious disease?

A

a disease caused by a foreign microorganism within the body.

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3
Q

What are the four types of pathogens?

A

bacteria,virus, fungi, protists

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4
Q

How are Pathogens spread?

A

1] an infected person

2] soil, food, water

3] a contaminated object

4] an infected animal

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4
Q

what is the first line of defense against Pathogens?

A

Barriers That Trap & Kill

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5
Q

What is skin?

A

dead skin cells flake off removing
pathogens from body; outer epidermis acts as
a barrier too; rapid scabbing prevents
pathogen entry into body

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6
Q

What are breathing passages?

A

Nose, mouth, throat
contains mucus and cilia trapping and
removing pathogens. Coughing/sneezing also
removes pathogens

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7
Q

What is the the mouth and stomach?

A

saliva and stomach acid
can kill pathogens

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8
Q

What is the second line of defense against Pathogens?

A

Inflammatory (General) Response

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9
Q

What are white blood cells?

A

are disease fighting cells.
There are many different types of WBC’s, each
having its own particular function

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10
Q

What are Phagocyte?

A

(WBC)
eat pathogens destroying them.

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11
Q

What is inflammation?

A

increased blood flow (enlarges blood
vessels) bringing more WBC’s to affected area (red, swollen, warmer).

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12
Q

What is a fever?

A

increasing body temperature fights infection;
pathogens do not grow/reproduce well at higher
temperatures.

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13
Q

What is the third line of defense against Pathogens?

A

Immune System’s (Targeted) Response

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14
Q

What are antigens?

A

unique surface marker molecules on pathogen.

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15
Q

What are antibodys?

A

molecular tag that attaches to antigen to recognize as foreign

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16
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

WBC’s that can distinguish between different
kinds of pathogens

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17
Q

What are T-cells (Alarm, Attack)?

A

specialized cell that recognizes
each kind of pathogen.T-cells multiply, then some attack pathogen (“killer T-cells”) while others activate B – cells

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18
Q

What are B-cells (Antibody “Tag” Factory)?

A

specialized cells that produce specialized antibodies (proteins) that tag the pathogen for destruction. The antibody binds to the antigen on the pathogen, marking it for destruction by the phagocytes.

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19
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

receives and responds to
information gotten both inside and outside of the body; also helps to maintain homeostasis.

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20
Q

What is stimulus?

A

an environmental signal that an
organism reacts to.

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21
Q

What is a response?

A

what the body does in reaction to a
stimulus.

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22
Q

What is a neuron?

A

specialized cell that carries
information; building block of Nervous System.

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23
Q

What is nerve impulse?

A

message/information being carried

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24
Q

What does a neuron consists of?

A

consists of nucleus, axon and
dendrites.

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24
Q

What do dendrites carry?

A

carries impulses toward the cell
body.

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25
Q

What do axons carry?

A

carries impulses away from the cell
body.

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25
Q

What are nerve fibers?

A

axons & dendrites

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26
Q

What is a nerve?

A

bundle of nerve fibers

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27
Q

What is sensory neuron?

A

picks up stimuli and
converts it into an impulse.

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28
Q

What is a interneuron?

A

carries impulse from one neuron
to another neuron (within brain or spinal cord).

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29
Q

What is a motor neuron?

A

brings impulse to muscle or
gland which then reacts in response.

30
Q

What is nerve impulse?

A

begins in a nerve cell’s dendrite,
travels down axon to axon tip where it crosses
over to the next nerve cell at the synapse.

31
Q

What is a synapse?

A

is the gap between the axon tip and the
neighboring dendrite. Chemicals (dopamine,
seritonine) carry the impulse across the synaptic
gap.

32
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

produces hormones
which controls/regulates organ & tissue
activities; regulates growth & development.

33
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

produces hormones
which controls/regulates organ & tissue
activities; regulates growth & development.

34
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

growth, blood pressure,
water balance regulates; signals thyroid
gland to produce hormones.

35
Q

What is the thyroid gland?

A

produces hormones;
controls energy inside cell

36
Q

What is the parathyroid?

A

regulates blood calcium.

36
Q

What is the thymus?

A

helps immune system
development

37
Q

What is the pancreas?

A

controls blood sugar

38
Q

What is the adrenal?

A

triggers
adrenaline during emergency situations;
“fight or flight response”.

39
Q

What are the ovaries?

A

triggers egg development
(estrogen); female sexual development
(progesterone).

40
Q

What are the testes?

A

regulates sperm development;
male sexual development (testosterone)

41
Q

What is the male reproductive system?

A

produces
sperm and hormone testosterone; consists
of testes, scrotum, penis.

42
Q

What is the scrotum?

A

external pouch containing testes.

42
Q

What is semen?

A

mixture of sperm cells and fluids.

43
Q

What is the penis?

A

male sex organ; contains end of
urethra where urine/semen leave the body.

44
Q

What is the female reproductive system?

A

produces eggs and
hormones estrogen, progesterone; consists of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina.

45
Q

What is the fallopian tube?

A

connects ovary (egg) to uterus;
where fertilization occurs. Each month, one of the ovaries releases an egg.

46
Q

What is the uterus?

A

hollow muscular organ; the zygote
develops (embryo,fetus,newborn) in the uterus

47
Q

What is the vagina?

A

opening between uterus and outside body.

47
Q

What is and egg?

A

female sex cell (= 23 chromosomes)

48
Q

What is sperm?

A

male sex cell (= 23 chromosomes)

48
Q

What is fertilization?

A

joining of sperm and egg

49
Q

What is the zygote?

A

fertilized egg (= 46 chromosomes)
Note: zygote undergoes cell division (= Mitosis):
zygote → embryo → fetus → newborn (birth).

50
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

X-shaped structure in cell’s
nucleus contains units called genes which carries
genetic information (inherited traits).

51
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

monthly cycle of change consisting
of egg development in ovary and uterus prepares
for arrival of embryo.

52
Q

What is the beginning?

A

development of mature egg; uterus
thickens

53
Q

What is the midway?

A

egg released from ovary into fallopian
tube (= ovulation); where fertilization occurs. If no fertilization, menstruation (“period”) occurs.

54
Q

What is menstruation?

A

blood, unfertilized egg, uterus’s
tissue lining leaves body through vagina.

55
Q

What is an embryo?

A

from “two cell stage” to 8 weeks;
cell division occurs.

56
Q

what is the fetus?

A

3-9 months (birth)

57
Q

What is the amniotic sac?

A

fluid filled sac that cushions/protects
embryo/fetus

58
Q

What is the placenta?

A

regulating organ between baby & mother;
nutrients/oxygen in & waste out

59
Q

What is the umbilical cord?

A

connects fetus to placenta
(belly button)

60
Q

What is birth?

A

9 month in humans; three stages:
labor, delivery, afterbirth

61
Q

What is labor?

A

strong muscular contractions of uterus,
cervix (opening) enlarges

62
Q

What is delivery?

A

from uterus to outside world

63
Q

What is afterbirth?

A

contractions push placenta and
other membranes/fluid out through the vagina.

64
Q

What are identical twins?

A

from a single fertilized egg
that splits results in two genetically
identical individuals (copies).

65
Q

What are ferternal twins?

A

two different
eggs released & fertilized by
two different sperm; two different
individuals sharing the same womb.

66
Q

What is infancy?

A

dramatic change in shape & size;
nervous / muscular system development; learning
new physical skills.

67
Q

What is childhood?

A

more active, independent,
further physical & mental changes

68
Q

What is adolescence?

A

gradual change from child to
adult

69
Q

What is puberty?

A

At 12-14 yrs, ability to reproduce;
produce baby

70
Q

What is aging?

A

skin begins to wrinkle, decrease
muscle strength, changing hair color, eye
problems (40-65 yrs) menopause (ovulation,
menstruation stops), decrease sperm

71
Q

What is slow aging?

A

diet, exercise

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