Flash Card #3
What does evolution mean?
the gradual development of something, especially from a simple to a more complex form.
How is animal evolution classified?
Jawless fish to cartilaginous fish to bony fish to amphibians to reptiles to birds to Mammals
What is a stimulus?
a signal that causes an organism to react in some way.
What is a response?
an organism’s reaction to a stimulus. (All animal behaviors are caused by stimuli)
What is the function of animal behavior?
survival and reproduction
What is an instinct?
behavior without being taught (not learned); a response that is inborn (coded in the genes) and performed correctly the first time.
What is learned behavior?
change in behavior based on practice or experience.
What is imprinting?
newborn recognizes and follows the first moving object they see
What is conditioning?
a specific stimulus or response leads to a good or a bad outcome
What is trial and error learning?
repeated practice that results in a reward and avoids behaviors that result in a punishment.
What is insight learning?
using what you know to solve a problem.
What is communication?
animals use sounds, scents, body movements to communicate.
What is pheromone?
a chemical released by one animal that affects the behavior of another animal of the same species
What is courtship behavior?
behavior to prepare for mating.
What is aggression?
a threatening behavior that one animal uses to gain control over another animal. Aggression is due to competition over limited resources
What is group behavior?
beneficial for safety in numbers and sharing
What is circadian rhythms?
behavior cycles that occur over a day
What is hibernation?
sleep/reduced activity during winter in which the need for food has stopped.
What is migration?
routine, seasonal journey of an animal from one place to another and back again.
What are the functions of the skeletal?
shape & support, move (locomotion), protect organs, produce blood cells, store minerals
What is the vertebral column?
backbone
What is a vertebrae?
disc-like small bones separated
by cartilage
What is cartilage?
cushion
What is a joint?
where two bones come together;
allows bones to move in different ways
What are Immovable joints?
joints that have no movement
What are Movable Joints?
joints that have movement
What are ligaments?
tissue holding joints together; bone to bone
What is a hinge joint?
joints that move forward/backward
What is a ball & socket joint?
joints that have free movement
What is a pivot joint?
joints that have side to side rotation
What are gliding joints?
joints that have sliding motion
What is a compact bone?
hard, dense;
carrying blood vessels and nerves
What is a spongy bone?
holes (porous);
lightweight but strong
What is a marrow?
soft tissue inside bone
What is red marrow?
produces blood cells
What is osteoporosis?
mineral loss leading to weak,
brittle bones.
What is yellow marrow?
stores fat (energy)
What is conscious?
self awareness
What is unconscious?
not aware
What are involuntary muscles?
not under conscious
control
What are voluntary muscles?
under conscious
control
What are striated muscles?
muscle with lines
What are nonstriated muscles?
muscles without lines
What are Skeletal muscles?
attached to and moves, bones of the skeleton, Striated muscle, Voluntary muscle, Quick, fast but tires quickly
What is a tendon?
attached muscle to bone
What is a cardiac muscle?
heart only striated, branching muscle, involuntary muscle, does not tire
What is a smooth muscle?
part of internal organs and blood vessels. not striated, involuntary muscle, moves slowly, tires more slowly
Why do muscles work in pairs?
They work in pairs because Muscle cells can only contract (they cannot extend or expand). One muscle contracts, the other muscle
relaxes
What are the functions of the skin?
Covers and protects from injury, infection,
water loss, Regulates body temperature, Removes waste (perspiration), Collects environmental information, Produces Vitamin D
What does the skin consist of?
the epidermis and dermis
What is the epidermis?
No nerves, no blood vessels
What is the upper epidermis?
consists of dead cells which shed after two weeks
What is the lower epidermis?
consists of living epidermal cells which divide
forming new cells. After two weeks, they die,
move upward becoming part of the Upper
Epidermis surface layer.
What is the function of the epidermis?
protects, cushions, carries away
bacteria, produces melanin.
What is melanin?
skin (color) pigment which protects
against burning
What is the dermis?
located below the epidermis and above
the fat layer, contains the nerves, blood vessels, sweat and oil glands, hair follicles.
What are oil glands?
waterproof hair and keeps skin
moist
What are sweat glands?
produce perspiration
(temperature regulation)
What are hair follicles?
site of hair growth
What is the below dermis?
Fat Layer, Muscle, Bone
How do you maintain good skin health?
diet, keep clean and dry, limit sun exposure
What are the functions of the digestive system?
breakdown food into nutrient
molecules, absorption of nutrient molecules (into Circulatory System), eliminate solid waste (Excretory System)
What is absorption?
nutrient molecules pass through the wall of
small intestine into bloodstream(Circulatory
System)
What is digestion?
breakdown food into nutrient
molecules.
What is mechanical digestion?
physical breakdown by
chewing (mouth) and churning (stomach)
What is chemical digestion?
chemicals (enzymes,
acids) breakdown food.
How does the mouth help in digestion?
digestion begins; saliva contains
water, DNA, enzymes (which breaks down
starches). Teeth physically breaks down food.
What are incisors?
cut into pieces
What are canines?
tear, slash into pieces
What are molars?
crush and grind into powder
What are enzymes?
protein that speeds up chemical
reactions
What is the esophagus?
muscular tube connecting
mouth to stomach
What is the epiglottis?
flap (sheet) of tissue which
seals off trachea (windpipe) to lungs.
What is peristalsis?
involuntary muscular
contractions that push food toward
stomach and through intestines.
What is the stomach?
holds/stores food; where protein
breakdown begins: mostly mechanical digestion (churning) but some chemical digestion (acids, enzymes) occurs.
What are digestive juices?
HCL acid and pepsin
(enzyme).
What is pepsin?
enzyme that breaks down protein.
What is HCL acid?
chemical that breaks down solid
food into paste (chyme); kills bacteria
What is mucus?
covers stomach wall which protects stomach against ulcers (= holes in
stomach wall)
what is the function of the small intestine?
most chemical digestion and absorption (into Circulatory System)
What occurs in the small intestine?
enzymes enter small intestine from
small intestine wall, liver and pancreas. Wall covered by finger-like villi which absorb
nutrient molecules. Villi increases surface area which increases the rate of absorption. (feeding of body cells) Nutrient molecules move by osmosis from small intestine into capillaries (Circulatory
System).
What is the function of the liver?
breaks down medicine and alcohol
(poisons, toxins), removes nitrogen, produces bile
What is bile?
stored in the gallbladder (below the liver); like a “dish detergent”, physically breaks down large fat particles into small fat particles.
What is the function of the pancreas?
produces enzymes which
enter the small intestine and chemically breaks down
fats, proteins and complex carbohydrates (starch).
What are the function of the large intestine?
contains good bacteria that produces Vitamin K
(clots blood) removes water from undigested food which enters the bloodstream by absorption.
What is the rectum?
stores undigested solid waste
What is the anus?
muscular opening at end of rectum
