Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Science > Flash Card #3 > Flashcards

Flash Card #3

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does evolution mean?

A

the gradual development of something, especially from a simple to a more complex form.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How is animal evolution classified?

A

Jawless fish to cartilaginous fish to bony fish to amphibians to reptiles to birds to Mammals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

a signal that causes an organism to react in some way.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a response?

A

an organism’s reaction to a stimulus. (All animal behaviors are caused by stimuli)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the function of animal behavior?

A

survival and reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is an instinct?

A

behavior without being taught (not learned); a response that is inborn (coded in the genes) and performed correctly the first time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is learned behavior?

A

change in behavior based on practice or experience.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is imprinting?

A

newborn recognizes and follows the first moving object they see

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is conditioning?

A

a specific stimulus or response leads to a good or a bad outcome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is trial and error learning?

A

repeated practice that results in a reward and avoids behaviors that result in a punishment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is insight learning?

A

using what you know to solve a problem.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is communication?

A

animals use sounds, scents, body movements to communicate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is pheromone?

A

a chemical released by one animal that affects the behavior of another animal of the same species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is courtship behavior?

A

behavior to prepare for mating.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is aggression?

A

a threatening behavior that one animal uses to gain control over another animal. Aggression is due to competition over limited resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is group behavior?

A

beneficial for safety in numbers and sharing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is circadian rhythms?

A

behavior cycles that occur over a day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is hibernation?

A

sleep/reduced activity during winter in which the need for food has stopped.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is migration?

A

routine, seasonal journey of an animal from one place to another and back again.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal?

A

shape & support, move (locomotion), protect organs, produce blood cells, store minerals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the vertebral column?

A

backbone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a vertebrae?

A

disc-like small bones separated
by cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is cartilage?

A

cushion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a joint?

A

where two bones come together;
allows bones to move in different ways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are Immovable joints?

A

joints that have no movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are Movable Joints?

A

joints that have movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are ligaments?

A

tissue holding joints together; bone to bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is a hinge joint?

A

joints that move forward/backward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is a ball & socket joint?

A

joints that have free movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is a pivot joint?

A

joints that have side to side rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are gliding joints?

A

joints that have sliding motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is a compact bone?

A

hard, dense;
carrying blood vessels and nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is a spongy bone?

A

holes (porous);
lightweight but strong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is a marrow?

A

soft tissue inside bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is red marrow?

A

produces blood cells

35
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

mineral loss leading to weak,
brittle bones.

35
Q

What is yellow marrow?

A

stores fat (energy)

36
Q

What is conscious?

A

self awareness

37
Q

What is unconscious?

A

not aware

38
Q

What are involuntary muscles?

A

not under conscious
control

39
Q

What are voluntary muscles?

A

under conscious
control

40
Q

What are striated muscles?

A

muscle with lines

41
Q

What are nonstriated muscles?

A

muscles without lines

42
Q

What are Skeletal muscles?

A

attached to and moves, bones of the skeleton, Striated muscle, Voluntary muscle, Quick, fast but tires quickly

43
Q

What is a tendon?

A

attached muscle to bone

44
Q

What is a cardiac muscle?

A

heart only striated, branching muscle, involuntary muscle, does not tire

45
Q

What is a smooth muscle?

A

part of internal organs and blood vessels. not striated, involuntary muscle, moves slowly, tires more slowly

46
Q

Why do muscles work in pairs?

A

They work in pairs because Muscle cells can only contract (they cannot extend or expand). One muscle contracts, the other muscle
relaxes

47
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A

Covers and protects from injury, infection,
water loss, Regulates body temperature, Removes waste (perspiration), Collects environmental information, Produces Vitamin D

48
Q

What does the skin consist of?

A

the epidermis and dermis

49
Q

What is the epidermis?

A

No nerves, no blood vessels

50
Q

What is the upper epidermis?

A

consists of dead cells which shed after two weeks

51
Q

What is the lower epidermis?

A

consists of living epidermal cells which divide
forming new cells. After two weeks, they die,
move upward becoming part of the Upper
Epidermis surface layer.

52
Q

What is the function of the epidermis?

A

protects, cushions, carries away
bacteria, produces melanin.

53
Q

What is melanin?

A

skin (color) pigment which protects
against burning

54
Q

What is the dermis?

A

located below the epidermis and above
the fat layer, contains the nerves, blood vessels, sweat and oil glands, hair follicles.

55
Q

What are oil glands?

A

waterproof hair and keeps skin
moist

55
Q

What are sweat glands?

A

produce perspiration
(temperature regulation)

56
Q

What are hair follicles?

A

site of hair growth

57
Q

What is the below dermis?

A

Fat Layer, Muscle, Bone

58
Q

How do you maintain good skin health?

A

diet, keep clean and dry, limit sun exposure

58
Q

What are the functions of the digestive system?

A

breakdown food into nutrient
molecules, absorption of nutrient molecules (into Circulatory System), eliminate solid waste (Excretory System)

59
Q

What is absorption?

A

nutrient molecules pass through the wall of
small intestine into bloodstream(Circulatory
System)

60
Q

What is digestion?

A

breakdown food into nutrient
molecules.

61
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

physical breakdown by
chewing (mouth) and churning (stomach)

62
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

chemicals (enzymes,
acids) breakdown food.

63
Q

How does the mouth help in digestion?

A

digestion begins; saliva contains
water, DNA, enzymes (which breaks down
starches). Teeth physically breaks down food.

64
Q

What are incisors?

A

cut into pieces

65
Q

What are canines?

A

tear, slash into pieces

66
Q

What are molars?

A

crush and grind into powder

67
Q

What are enzymes?

A

protein that speeds up chemical
reactions

68
Q

What is the esophagus?

A

muscular tube connecting
mouth to stomach

69
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

flap (sheet) of tissue which
seals off trachea (windpipe) to lungs.

69
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

involuntary muscular
contractions that push food toward
stomach and through intestines.

70
Q

What is the stomach?

A

holds/stores food; where protein
breakdown begins: mostly mechanical digestion (churning) but some chemical digestion (acids, enzymes) occurs.

71
Q

What are digestive juices?

A

HCL acid and pepsin
(enzyme).

71
Q

What is pepsin?

A

enzyme that breaks down protein.

72
Q

What is HCL acid?

A

chemical that breaks down solid
food into paste (chyme); kills bacteria

73
Q

What is mucus?

A

covers stomach wall which protects stomach against ulcers (= holes in
stomach wall)

74
Q

what is the function of the small intestine?

A

most chemical digestion and absorption (into Circulatory System)

75
Q

What occurs in the small intestine?

A

enzymes enter small intestine from
small intestine wall, liver and pancreas. Wall covered by finger-like villi which absorb
nutrient molecules. Villi increases surface area which increases the rate of absorption. (feeding of body cells) Nutrient molecules move by osmosis from small intestine into capillaries (Circulatory
System).

76
Q

What is the function of the liver?

A

breaks down medicine and alcohol
(poisons, toxins), removes nitrogen, produces bile

77
Q

What is bile?

A

stored in the gallbladder (below the liver); like a “dish detergent”, physically breaks down large fat particles into small fat particles.

78
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A

produces enzymes which
enter the small intestine and chemically breaks down
fats, proteins and complex carbohydrates (starch).

79
Q

What are the function of the large intestine?

A

contains good bacteria that produces Vitamin K
(clots blood) removes water from undigested food which enters the bloodstream by absorption.

80
Q

What is the rectum?

A

stores undigested solid waste

81
Q

What is the anus?

A

muscular opening at end of rectum

Science (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions