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MT-MLS 208 [PARA LAB] > Flagellates > Flashcards

Flagellates Flashcards

1
Q

What subphylum do flagellates belong to?

A

Mastigophora

Mastigophora is a subphylum of protozoans.

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2
Q

What are the two subclasses of flagellates?

A
  • Phytomastigophorea
  • Zoomastigophorea

Phytomastigophorea includes chlorophyll-producing organisms, while Zoomastigophorea includes animal-like protozoans.

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3
Q

What type of organisms does the subclass Phytomastigophorea include?

A

Chlorophyll producing organisms

These organisms are capable of photosynthesis.

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4
Q

What type of organisms does the subclass Zoomastigophorea include?

A

Animal-like protozoans

These protozoans exhibit characteristics similar to animals.

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5
Q

Name a genus included in the flagellates.

A
  • Giardia
  • Trypanosoma

Giardia is known for causing intestinal infections, while Trypanosoma is known for causing diseases such as sleeping sickness.

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6
Q

What is the locomotor apparatus of flagellates called?

A

Flagella

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7
Q

What type of organism are flagellates?

A

Unicellular

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8
Q

What characteristics are used for the identification of flagellates?

A

Shape and cytoplasm characteristics

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9
Q

What is the infective stage of most flagellates?

A

CYST

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10
Q

Which flagellate does not have a cysts infective stage?

A

Trichomonas spp.

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11
Q

What is the infective stage of Trichomonas spp.?

A

Trophozoite

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12
Q

Name a special organ possessed by flagellates.

A
  • Sucking disk
  • Axostyle
  • Undulating membrane
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13
Q

What is the function of the undulating membrane in flagellates?

A

Withstand the peristaltic action of the intestine

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14
Q

Where do flagellates typically inhabit?

A

The intestine

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15
Q

What is the rudimentary mouth of flagellates called?

A

Cytostome

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16
Q

What is the function of the cytostome in flagellates?

A

Facilitates the process of phagocytosis

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17
Q

Which flagellates are exceptions to being commensals?

A
  • Giardia lamblia
  • Trichomonas vaginalis
  • Dientamoeba fragilis
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18
Q

What are the alternative names for Giardia lamblia?

A
  • Giardia duodenalis
  • Giardia intestinalis
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19
Q

How do flagellates reproduce?

A

Asexual reproduction through binary fission

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20
Q

What are the two groups of flagellates discussed?

A
  • Intestinal & Urogenital flagellates
  • Blood & Tissue Dwelling flagellates (Hemoflagellates)
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21
Q

What are intestinal flagellates also known as?

A

Atrial/lumen flagellate

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22
Q

What is the scientific name for Giardia lamblia?

A

Giardia duodenalis, Giardia intestinalis

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23
Q

What is unique about Giardia lamblia among intestinal flagellates?

A

It is the ONLY intestinal flagellate that inhabits the SMALL INTESTINE

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24
Q

List the structures to identify under the microscope for Giardia lamblia Trophozoite

A
  • Nuclei with karyosome
  • Sucking discs
  • Parabasal body
  • Flagella
  • Axostyle
  • Axoneme
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25
What is the length range of Giardia lamblia Trophozoite?
8-20 um
26
What is the width range of Giardia lamblia Trophozoite?
5-16 um
27
Describe the shape of Giardia lamblia Trophozoite.
Pear-shaped, teardrop, pyriform
28
How is the appearance of Giardia lamblia Trophozoite characterized?
Bilaterally symmetrical
29
How many pairs of flagella does Giardia lamblia Trophozoite have?
4 pairs
30
Where does each pair of flagella originate in Giardia lamblia Trophozoite?
* 1 pair — anterior end * 1 pair — posterior end * 2 pairs — central, extending laterally
31
What type of motility does Giardia lamblia exhibit?
Falling leaf/Kite-like motility/Jerky
32
Describe the nuclei of Giardia lamblia Trophozoite.
Binucleated, ovoidal
33
What supports the nucleus in Giardia lamblia Trophozoite?
Axostyle
34
What is the function of the axostyle in Giardia lamblia Trophozoite?
It functions for support and to maintain the shape
35
Describe the karyosome in Giardia lamblia.
Large
36
What are the two median bodies in Giardia lamblia also called?
Parabasal bodies
37
What is the shape of the median bodies in Giardia lamblia?
Sausage-shaped
38
Where are the median bodies usually located in Giardia lamblia?
Posterior to the nuclei
39
What function do the median bodies serve in Giardia lamblia Trophozoite?
They serve as a unique cytoskeleton
40
What are axonemes associated with in Giardia lamblia?
Flagella
41
Where are the pairs of flagella in Giardia lamblia attached?
To the axonemes in the posterior end
42
What structure is present in Giardia lamblia Trophozoite that aids in adherence?
Sucking disk
43
What structures are identifiable under the microscope for Giardia lamblia cyst?
* Nuclei * Finely granular cytoplasm * Cyst wall
44
What is the size range of Giardia lamblia cyst?
* Length: 8-17 um * Width: 6-10 um
45
What shape do Giardia lamblia cysts have?
Ovoid, ellipsoidal
46
What is the number of nuclei in a mature Giardia lamblia cyst?
4
47
What is the location of the karyosome in Giardia lamblia cyst?
Centrally located
48
Describe the cytoplasm of Giardia lamblia cyst.
* Retracted from cell wall * Thin layer of cytoplasm * Separates the cyst wall from internal structures
49
What are some other features of Giardia lamblia cyst?
* Pair of parabasal body * Interior flagellar structures * Oblique axostyle * Cyst wall serves as a protective barrier
50
What is the mode of transmission for Giardia lamblia?
Ingestion of cyst from contaminated food/water
51
What is the infective stage of Giardia lamblia?
Cyst
52
Where does Giardia lamblia inhabit in the human body?
Small intestine
53
What is the site of excystation for Giardia lamblia?
Duodenum
54
What happens during excystation?
Dormant cyst is transformed back to trophozoite stage
55
What is the process of encystation in Giardia lamblia?
Trophozoite to cyst form
56
What disease is caused by Giardia lamblia?
Giardiasis
57
What are some common symptoms of Giardiasis?
* Intense inflammation in the intestinal mucosa * Abundant mucus secretions * Malabsorption of fats and carbohydrates (steatorrhea)
58
In which climates is Giardia lamblia most common?
Warm, moist climates
59
What are some risk factors associated with Giardia lamblia infection?
* Poor hygiene * Poor sanitation * Overcrowding * Bacterial and fungal overgrowth in the small intestine * Homosexual practices
60
What is another name for Giardiasis?
Gay bowel syndrome
61
What methods are used for lab diagnosis of Giardia lamblia?
* Stool examination (fecalysis, direct fecal smear, Lugol’s iodine direct wet preparation) * Examination of duodenal contents * Entero-test/String test * Small bowel biopsies * Serological test (ELISA)
62
What is the first-line treatment for Giardia lamblia?
Metronidazole
63
Which medication is used for children under 5 years old with Giardia lamblia?
Furazolidone
64
What are some prevention and control measures for Giardia lamblia?
* Proper water treatment * Avoid using excrete as fertilizer for vegetables * Prevent food contamination from flies and infected food handlers
65
What are the structures to identify under the microscope for Chilomastix mesnili Trophozoite?
* Spiral groove * Nucleus * Flagella * Achromatic granules * Cytostome ## Footnote These structures are crucial for identifying the trophozoite form of Chilomastix mesnili.
66
What is the size range of Chilomastix mesnili Trophozoite?
* Length: 5-25 um * Width: 5-10 um ## Footnote The size range is important for microscopic identification.
67
What is the shape of Chilomastix mesnili Trophozoite?
Pear-shaped ## Footnote The shape assists in differentiating it from other protozoa.
68
How many flagella does Chilomastix mesnili Trophozoite have?
4 flagella (3 anterior, 1 posterior) ## Footnote The posterior flagellum is located within and has an interior flagellum extending into the cytostome.
69
What type of motility does Chilomastix mesnili Trophozoite exhibit?
Stiff, rotary fashion, directional/cork-screw ## Footnote This motility is characteristic of its movement.
70
What is the nuclear structure of Chilomastix mesnili Trophozoite?
Uninucleated, medially near the anterior pole ## Footnote The position of the nucleus is significant for identification.
71
What is the karyosome structure of Chilomastix mesnili Trophozoite?
Small, distinct, central or eccentric with few achromatic fibrils ## Footnote The karyosome helps in identifying the organism under the microscope.
72
What other prominent structure does Chilomastix mesnili Trophozoite have?
Prominent cytostome (can measure ⅓ - ½ body length) ## Footnote The cytostome is crucial for feeding and can be a distinguishing feature.
73
What are the structures to identify under the microscope for Chilomastix mesnili Cyst?
* Knob-like appearance * Cyst wall * Nucleus ## Footnote These structures help in identifying the cyst form of Chilomastix mesnili.
74
What is the size range of Chilomastix mesnili Cyst?
Length: 5-10 um ## Footnote Size is important for microscopic examination.
75
What are the possible shapes of Chilomastix mesnili Cyst?
* Lemon-shaped * Oval-shaped * Nipple-shaped * Knob-like protuberance at anterior end ## Footnote The various shapes can aid in identification.
76
What is the nuclear structure of Chilomastix mesnili Cyst?
Uninucleated ## Footnote The nuclear structure is important for the classification of the cyst.
77
What is the cytoplasm structure of Chilomastix mesnili Cyst?
Densely, granular ## Footnote The cytoplasmic characteristics are relevant for identification.
78
What is the karyosome structure of Chilomastix mesnili Cyst?
Large, central ## Footnote The karyosome helps in distinguishing the cyst under a microscope.
79
What are other features of Chilomastix mesnili Cyst?
Well-defined cytostome (the 'Knob-like protuberance') ## Footnote The cytostome is significant as it contains a hyaline knob.
80
What is the pathology associated with Chilomastix mesnili?
* Non-pathogenic * Considered as harmless commensal ## Footnote These characteristics indicate that it does not cause disease.
81
What is the mode of transmission for Chilomastix mesnili?
Ingestion of cyst in food and drinks ## Footnote Understanding the mode of transmission is crucial for prevention.
82
Is treatment necessary for Chilomastix mesnili infection?
No treatment necessary ## Footnote This is due to its non-pathogenic nature.
83
What are the prevention and control measures for Chilomastix mesnili?
Proper sanitation and personal hygiene ## Footnote These measures help prevent transmission.
84
What is a general characteristic of Trichomonas spp. regarding cystic stage?
NO cystic stage
85
Describe the shape of Trichomonas spp.
Have rounded anterior end and somewhat pointed posterior end
86
What structure is present in Trichomonas spp. that aids in movement?
Curved and rigid axostyle
87
What is a cystostome?
Presence of small cystostome on one side of the anterior end
88
What type of nucleus do Trichomonas spp. have?
Spherical nucleus
89
What is a blepharoplast?
The present margin from which 3-5 flagella and a marginal flagellum on an undulating membrane arise
90
What is the shape of Trichomonas vaginalis?
Pear-shaped flagellated parasite
91
What is the size range of Trichomonas vaginalis?
15-20 um
92
What is the shape of the Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoite?
Pyriform shape
93
How many anterior flagella does Trichomonas vaginalis have?
Four (4) sub-equal anterior flagella
94
What is the shape of the nucleus in Trichomonas vaginalis?
Uninucleated anteriorly; ovoidal
95
What is the length of the undulating membrane in Trichomonas vaginalis?
½ of the length of the body
96
What type of granules are present in the cytoplasm of Trichomonas vaginalis?
Siderophil granules
97
Describe the characteristic movement of Trichomonas vaginalis.
Fast, jerky (tumbling)
98
Where does Trichomonas vaginalis inhabit in male hosts?
Epithelium of the urethra, prostate gland
99
Where does Trichomonas vaginalis inhabit in female hosts?
Surface of vaginal epithelium
100
What is the typical carrier status of male hosts infected with Trichomonas vaginalis?
Usually ASYMPTOMATIC carriers
101
What are the modes of transmission for Trichomonas vaginalis?
* Sexual intercourse * Contaminated toilet seat and towel
102
What disease is caused by Trichomonas vaginalis?
Trichomoniasis
103
What are common clinical manifestations of Trichomonas vaginalis infection?
* Inflamed vaginal walls with petechial hemorrhage * Surface of the vaginal epithelium is covered with coagulated materials * Desquamation of the epithelial cells * Causes non-specific urethritis, vaginitis and prostatitis
104
What are the signs and symptoms of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in female hosts?
* Greenish yellow frothy vaginal discharge * Intense itchiness/pruritus of the vagina * Burning sensation * Strawberry colored cervix
105
What is the method used to observe a strawberry colored cervix?
Pap smear
106
What type of specimens are used for lab diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis?
* Urine * Urethral discharges * Vaginal discharges * Cervical secretion * Semen * Prostatic secretions
107
What stains may be used for stained preparations of Trichomonas vaginalis?
* Giemsa * Pap’s * Romanowsky * Acridine orange
108
What culture media can be used for culturing specimens of Trichomonas vaginalis?
* Diamond’s modified medium * Feinberg and Whittington culture media * Cysteine Peptone Liver Maltose * Simplified Trypticase Serum
109
What is the most effective drug for the treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis?
Oral Metronidazole
110
What is an additional treatment method for women infected with Trichomonas vaginalis?
Acid douche
111
What are key prevention and control measures for Trichomonas vaginalis?
* Proper hygiene * Avoid promiscuous sexual intercourse * Protective devices such as condoms should be used
112
What is the size range of Trichomonas tenax?
5-12 microns
113
How many flagella does Trichomonas tenax have?
4 flagella
114
What is the characteristic of the undulating membrane of Trichomonas tenax?
It does not reach the posterior end of the body
115
Does Trichomonas tenax have a free posterior extension?
No, it lacks a free posterior extension
116
What is the presence of cytostome in Trichomonas tenax?
It has a cytostome
117
What type of nucleus does Trichomonas tenax have?
Uninucleated
118
What shape is the nucleus of Trichomonas tenax?
Ovoidal
119
Where does Trichomonas tenax inhabit?
Oral cavity
120
What is a mode of transmission for Trichomonas tenax?
Droplet spray from the mouth
121
List two methods of transmission for Trichomonas tenax.
* Kissing * Common use of contaminated dishes or drinking glasses
122
What is one method for lab diagnosis of Trichomonas tenax?
Swabbing the tartar between gingival margin of the gums
123
What can be directly examined to diagnose Trichomonas tenax?
Mouth scrapings
124
What condition may lead to the presence of Trichomonas tenax in patients?
Periodontal disease which can lead to respiratory infection
125
What is the current name for Trichomonas hominis?
Pentatrichomonas hominis
126
What is the size range of Trichomonas hominis?
7-13 microns
127
How many anterior flagella does Trichomonas hominis have?
5 anterior flagella
128
What structure projects from the undulating membrane of Trichomonas hominis?
Posterior flagellum
129
What extends from the anterior end to the posterior end along the mid-axis in Trichomonas hominis?
Axostyle
130
Where is the cytostome located in Trichomonas hominis?
At the anterior end
131
What type of nucleus does Trichomonas hominis have?
Uninucleated
132
Where does Trichomonas hominis primarily inhabit?
Colon (large intestine)
133
What is the mode of transmission for Trichomonas hominis?
Ingestion of contaminated food and water
134
How are trophozoites of Trichomonas hominis presumed to be expelled?
With diarrheic stools
135
What are two key features to differentiate Trichomonas hominis?
* Undulating membrane * Size
136
Which species is the largest among Trichomonas species mentioned?
Trichomonas vaginalis
137
What is the size of the undulating membrane relative to the body in Trichomonas vaginalis?
½ the size of the body
138
How many anterior flagella does Trichomonas vaginalis have?
4 anterior flagella
139
What unique structure does Trichomonas vaginalis possess?
Costa
140
What is the size of the undulating membrane in Trichomonas tenax relative to its body?
⅔ the size of the body
141
How many anterior flagella does Trichomonas tenax have?
4 anterior flagella
142
In Trichomonas tenax, what is notable about the axostyle?
Did not reach the posterior
143
What is the smallest species among the Trichomonas species mentioned?
Trichomonas hominis or Pentatrichomonas hominis
144
What is the size of the undulating membrane in Trichomonas hominis?
Full body
145
How many flagella does Trichomonas hominis have?
5 flagella (one being located posteriorly)

MT-MLS 208 [PARA LAB] (7 decks)

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