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SLP 608 - Neuromotor Speech Disorders > Flaccid Dysarthria > Flashcards

Flaccid Dysarthria Flashcards

1
Q

What are speech characteristics of flaccid dysarthria?

A

monopitch; monoloudness; audible inspiration; nasal emission; imprecise consonant production; breathiness; hypernasality; harsh voice; short phrases

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2
Q

What causes flaccid dysarthriaS?

A

LMN damage

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3
Q

What are LMNs?

A

motor neurons that send information from the UMN to the muscles; they originate in the brain stem and spinal cord

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4
Q

What are the main clinical characteristics of LMN damage?

A

hypotonia; weakness of movements; diminished reflexes

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5
Q

What is the most common etiology of flaccid dysarthrias?

A

Degenerative diseases (e.g., ALS, MS)

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6
Q

What are causes of motor neuron disorders that affect the cell body?

A

stroke; tumor; degenerative disease; viral infection (poliomyelitis)

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7
Q

Which degenerative disease affects the spinal lower motor neurons?

A

progressive (spinal) muscular atrophy

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8
Q

Which degenerative disease affects the cranial lower motor neurons?

A

progressive bulbar palsy

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9
Q

Which degenerative disease affects both UMNs and LMNs?

A

ALS (Amylotropic Lateral Sclerosis)

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10
Q

What are the symptoms of a nerve cell body disorder?

A

fasciculations, atrophy, weakness, reduced or lost reflexes, reduced muscle tone

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11
Q

What is a peripheral nerve disorder?

A

disorder affecting the axons and myelin of the peripheral nerve

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12
Q

What are causes of a peripheral nerve disorder?

A

nutritional issues (e.g., alcoholism and vitamin deficiency); carcinomas; trauma; immunologic diseases (e.g., HIV, lyme, and leprosy); genetic disease; metabolic diseases (e.g., diabetes and hypothyroidism) ; toxins (e.g., lead and mercury) ; drugs (nitrous oxide)

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13
Q

What are clinical symptoms of a peripheral nerve disorder?

A

sensory loss and no fasciculations

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14
Q

What are clinical symptoms of a muscle disorder?

A

weakness, atrophy, and myotonia (cannot relax a muscle after contracting it)

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15
Q

What type of disorder is myasthenia gravis?

A

a neuromuscular junction disorder that affects postsynaptic processes

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16
Q

What is a neuromuscular junction disorder?

A

a disorder that affects pre or post-synaptic processes

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17
Q

What are causes of a neuromuscular junction disorder?

A

autoimmune disorders and toxins

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18
Q

An autoimmune disorder that disrupts presynaptic processes and causes NMJ disorder is

A

Eaton-Lambert disease

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19
Q

A toxin that affects presynaptic processes and causes NMJ disorder is

A

botulinum

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20
Q

A toxin that affects postsynaptic processes and causes NMJ disorder is

A

snake venom

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21
Q

What is myasthenia gravis?

A

an autoimmune disorder which destroys Ach receptors; thus muscles contract less because they do not have enough receptors for Ach to bind to

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22
Q

What are clinical symptoms of myastenia gravis?

A

No atrophy; no fasciculations; facial weakness; no loss of reflexes; droopy eyelid; more than one longitudinal fissure down the tongue

23
Q

What are muscle disorders characterized as?

A

diseases of muscle tissue that are chronic and worsen over time

24
Q

What can focal flaccid dysarthria result in?

A

facial palsy, masticator palsy, palatopharyngeal palsy, laryngeal palsy - flaccid dysphonia, Hypoglossal palsy; respiratory weakness

25
Q

The temporal branch of the facial nerve innervates which muscles?

A

frontalis, orbicularis oculi, and corrugator supercili

26
Q

The zygomatic branch of the facial nerve innervates which muscle?

A

orbicularis oris

27
Q

The cervical branch of the facial nerve innervates which muscle?

A

platysma

28
Q

The marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve innervates which muscles?

A

mentalis, levator labii inferioris, depressor angular oris

29
Q

The buccal branch of the facial nerve innervates which muscles?

A

levator labii superioris alaquae nasi; levator labii superioris; levator angular oris; zygomatic major and minor, risorius; depressor angular oris; depressor labii inferioris

30
Q

What are the most distinctive speech features of flaccid dysarthria?

A

hypernasality, breathiness, nasal emission, audible inspiration

31
Q

What are other speech features of flaccid dysarthria?

A

imprecise consonants, monopitch, monoloudness, harsh voice, and short phrases

32
Q

What are symptoms of hypoglossal palsy?

A

tongue gets weaker and atrophy occurs; swallowing issues; imprecise consonants, particularly lingual-palatal sounds

33
Q

What are symptoms of unilateral damage associated with hypoglossal palsy?

A

tongue deviates to the weak side when it protrudes

34
Q

What are symptoms of bilateral damage associated with hypoglossal palsy?

A

tongue moves much less

35
Q

What are speech symptoms of laryngeal palsy?

A

breathy phonation, shorter phrases, longer pauses, whispy tone of voice, slow rate of speech, reduced loudness, prosody issues

36
Q

What are symptoms of unilateral damage associated with laryngeal palsy?

A

one VF does not move as much towards the midline or does not move at all; reduced coughing and aspiration issues

37
Q

What are nonspeech symptoms of facial palsy?

A

eyebrows lower and fail to rise, drooling, less strength when closing lips, flat nasolabial fold, reduced forehead wrinkling; mouth droops and does not rise when smiling

38
Q

What are nonspeech symptoms of unilateral masticator palsy?

A

may complain of issues chewing; may only see symptoms during jaw testing

39
Q

What are nonspeech symptoms of bilateral masticator palsy?

A

jaw may sag open; drooling; chewing and swallowing issues

40
Q

What are nonspeech features of unilateral palatopharyngeal palsy?

A

weak side of palate hangs lower at rest; moves to the stronger side when soft palate is raised

41
Q

What are nonspeech features of bilateral palatopharyngeal palsy?

A

liquids come out the nose; palate is lower but symmetrical; absent or diminished gag reflex; less elevation or no elevation at all

42
Q

What branch of the vagus nerve is damaged in laryngeal palsy?

A

recurrent laryngeal branch

43
Q

What branch of the vagus nerve is damaged in palatopharyngeal palsy?

A

pharyngeal branch

44
Q

What are symptoms of bilateral laryngeal palsy?

A

both vocal folds do not move or may weak contact; this restricts the airway and requires a tracheostomy

45
Q

What four parts of the LMN could be effected and cause flaccid dysarthria or LMN damage?

A

nerve cell body, peripheral nerve, neuromuscular junction, and the muscle

46
Q

What branches innervate orbicularis oculi?

A

temporal and zygomatic branches

47
Q

What is the function of the orbicularis oculi?

A

closes your eyes when you blink or squink

48
Q

What branches innervate the corrugator supercilli?

A

temporal branch

49
Q

What is the function of the corrugator supercili?

A

draws eyebrows together

50
Q

What is the function of the frontalis belly of the epicraneus?

A

muscle of the scalp that raises eyebrows and wrinkles forehead

51
Q

What is the function of the occipitalis belly of the epicraneus?

A

fixes aponeurosis and pulls scalp posteriorly

52
Q

What branch of the facial nerve innervates the frontalis belly?

A

temporal branch

53
Q

What branch of the facial nerve innervates the occipitalis belly?

A

posterior auricular branch

54
Q

The problem with flaccid dysarthria is ______

A

neuromuscular execution

SLP 608 - Neuromotor Speech Disorders (14 decks)

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