FL 4 P/S-done Flashcards
discriminating stimuli
signal the availability of reinforcement or punishment.
Are the assumptions of SCT regarding the role of participants’ beliefs (paragraph 3) consistent with a traditional behaviorist approach?
A.Yes, because the traditional behaviorist approach also emphasizes changes in behavior due to desirable and undesirable outcomes
B.Yes, because the traditional behaviorist approach holds that repeated exposure to certain outcomes shapes beliefs regarding these outcomes
C.No, because the traditional behaviorist approach holds that mental states are involved only in classical conditioning, not operant conditioning
D.No, because the traditional behaviorist approach holds that actual outcomes determine behavior, not cognitions regarding potential outcomes
D) A rigid behaviorist approach rejects SCT’s assumption that cognitions can act as motivators for behavior. Instead, it holds that only actual outcomes of a behavior determine whether that behavior will be repeated.
Extrinsic motivation refers to ___.
External motivation is _____.
any motivation that results from incentives to perform a behavior that are not inherent to the behavior itself.
External motivation is described as social pressure, which is an example of extrinsic motivation.
The glass escalator concept predicts that a male employee’s progression in a female-dominated industry is most likely to follow which pattern?
A.He will be promoted to supervisory roles more quickly than his female counterparts.
B.He will lack needed experience for promotion because of gender segregation in tasks.
C.He will face more extensive role conflict with supervisors than his female counterparts.
D.He will challenge gender norms in the industry and thus be passed over for promotions.
A) The sociological concept of the “glass escalator” suggests that men who pursue occupations that have high proportions of women (such as teaching or nursing) will quickly ascend the career ladder with promotions. As indicated in this option, the glass escalator concept would predict that men are likely to be granted supervisory roles.
Participants were given a candle, a box of matches, and thumb tacks and instructed to use the materials to mount the candle on a bulletin board. Only a few participants thought of using the inside of the matchbox as a candle holder and tacking this to the bulletin board. This result is an example of which barrier to problem solving?
A.Confirmation bias
B.Functional fixedness
C.Overconfidence effect
D.Availability heuristic
Functional fixedness refers to people’s tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions, which can inhibit solving problems.
Attraction and commitment to a group is likely to be greatest when group members:
A.promote their social networks.
B.express diverse cultural values.
C.share equivalent cultural capital.
D.present their back-stage selves.
C) Group affiliation (attraction and commitment) is likely to be greatest when the members or participants in the group share similar outlooks, knowledge, preferences, skills, and other aspects of cultural capital. Among the options, similarity in cultural capital would be most likely to solidify group bonds in a way that increases commitment to the group.
A person is struggling to achieve generativity, rather than stagnation. In terms of Erikson’s theory, this person is a(n):
A.adolescent.
B.young adult.
C.middle-aged adult.
D.elderly adult.
C) According to Erikson’s theory, a middle-aged person struggles with generativity versus stagnation.
According to Erikson’s theory, adolescents struggle with identity versus role confusion.
According to Erikson’s theory, young adults struggle with intimacy versus isolation.
According to Erikson’s theory, an elderly person struggles with integrity versus despair.
A dopamine antagonist will most likely lead to:
A.increased hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia.
B.increased delusions in patients with schizophrenia.
C.decreased mobility and decreased frequency of tremors in patients with Parkinson’s disease.
D.decreased mobility and increased frequency of tremors in patients with Parkinson’s disease.
D) Patients with Parkinson’s disease already have insufficient dopamine levels. Therefore, a drug that blocks dopamine receptors will further reduce dopamine’s impact, and worsen the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, such as decreased mobility and increased frequency of tremors.
When participants respond to questions about their childhood health history, they are retrieving autobiographical information, which is an important type of ____ memory.
episodic
Based on the findings of Study 2, which characteristic in adulthood is LEAST likely associated with childhood psychological disorders?
A.Conscientiousness
B.Agreeableness
C.Neuroticism
D.Impulsivity
D) The passage states that Study 2 found childhood psychological disorders were associated with the Big Five personality traits during adulthood. Impulsivity is not among the factors identified in Cattell’s Five Factor (the BIG Five) theory.
Which procedure is most effective for teaching a dog to shake hands?
A.Systematic desensitization
B.Elaborative encoding
C.Shaping
D.Spontaneous recovery
Shaping involves reinforcing successive approximations of a behavior. It is utilized to establish a novel behavior.
Elaborative encoding refers to
combining new (to-be-remembered) information with existing memory representations, which enhances the probability of retrieving that new information. This concept is not used in discussions of the acquisition of any operant response.
Spontaneous recovery
is the process by which a previously extinguished behavioral response returns after a delay (i.e., a rest period) following extinction.
Which statement does NOT describe a monocular depth cue?
A.Objects that are higher up in the visual field are perceived as being farther away than the objects that are lower in the visual field.
B.Objects that are occluded by other objects are perceived as being farther away than the objects that occlude them.
C.Objects that have more detailed textures are perceived as being closer than objects that have less detailed textures.
D.Objects that are to the front of the point of focus are perceived as being closer than objects that are behind the point of focus.
D) Using the distance from the object of focus as a depth cue is associated with retinal disparity, which is a binocular depth cue.
The distinction between binge drinking and alcohol dependence in the passage is best described as attributing preventable injuries to which effect of alcohol use?
A.Tolerance
B.Disinhibition
C.Negative reinforcement
D.Positive reinforcement
The passage states that excessive alcohol use is associated with preventable injuries, which are more often due to binge drinking than to alcohol dependence. Disinhibition is associated with binge drinking and often leads to risk taking, which can lead to preventable injuries.
