FL 1 B/BC

Question 1

HSP110ΔE9 is only expressed in somatic cells (cancer cells), not germline. Thus, it cannot be inherited.

Answer 1

HSP110ΔE9 is only expressed in somatic cells, not germline. Thus, it cannot be inherited.

Question 2

chaperone proteins

Answer 2

chaperones are proteins that assist the covalent folding or unfolding and the assembly or disassembly of other macromolecular structures.

Question 3

Clathrin functions in formation of vesicles for intracellar traffickingq

Answer 3

Clathrin functions in formation of vesicles for intracellar trafficking

Question 4

Adhesion proteins act in binding with other cells or with the extracellular matrix

Answer 4

Adhesion proteins act in binding with other cells or with the extracellular matrix

Question 5

Normally, the mature RNA sequence for a protein that is secreted or that will locate to the cell membrane will contain the signal sequence. This portion of the mRNA is located in the 5′ region and will signal to the ribosome that translation needs to be continued in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Answer 5

Normally, the mature RNA sequence for a protein that is secreted or that will locate to the cell membrane will contain the signal sequence. This portion of the mRNA is located in the 5′ region and will signal to the ribosome that translation needs to be continued in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 6

The nuclear localization signal is a sequence that tags the protein for it to be transported into the nucleus.

Answer 6

The nuclear localization signal is a sequence that tags the protein for it to be transported into the nucleus.

Question 7

Chemiosmosis is the only step of cellular respiration where NAD+ is neither reduced to form NADH, nor is NADH oxidized to form NAD+.

Answer 7

Chemiosmosis is the only step of cellular respiration where NAD+ is neither reduced to form NADH, nor is NADH oxidized to form NAD+.

Question 8

Based on the pattern of inheritance, a daughter will inherit one of the X chromosomes from her father. The daughter will inherit the other X chromosome from her mother. If the mother is heterozygous, the daughter will have a 50% chance of being homozygous. As there is a 50% chance of the offspring being a female, based on the rules of probability, there is 25% of probability (50% × 50%) that the child will be a homozygous mutant daughter.

Answer 8

Based on the pattern of inheritance, a daughter will inherit one of the X chromosomes from her father. The daughter will inherit the other X chromosome from her mother. If the mother is heterozygous, the daughter will have a 50% chance of being homozygous. As there is a 50% chance of the offspring being a female, based on the rules of probability, there is 25% of probability (50% × 50%) that the child will be a homozygous mutant daughter.

Question 9

When concentrated urine is being produced, in which of the following regions of the kidney will the glomerular filtrate reach its highest concentration?

A.Proximal convoluted tubule
B.Distal convoluted tubule
C.Cortical portion of the collecting duct
D.Medullary portion of the collecting duct

Answer 9

D) The collecting duct is the final structure in which water reabsorption occurs, which concentrates filtrate. The medullary portion of the collecting duct is the last portion of the tubules where reabsorption can occur. In the portion of the tubule that follows, there will be no more reabsorption. Thus, the medullary portion of the collecting duct contains the most concentrated glomerular filtrate that will correspond to the urine.

Question 10

transcription factors: regulate the expression of other genes by binding to the promoter or the enhancer of the gene located on the DNA.

Answer 10

transcription factors and regulate the expression of other genes by binding to the promoter or the enhancer of the gene located on the DNA.

Question 11

hydrophobic molecules can pass through membrane via simple diffusion

Answer 11

hydrophobic molecules can pass through membrane via simple diffusion

Question 12

lipid raft

Answer 12

an area in the membrane where there is a high concentration of cholesterol

Question 13

Microtubules bind to chromosomes at the level of the kinetochore and regulate their migration toward the opposite poles of the cell during anaphase.

Answer 13

Microtubules bind to chromosomes at the level of the kinetochore and regulate their migration toward the opposite poles of the cell during anaphase.

Question 14

There are three pressures that work together to regulate filtration in the glomerulus: glomerular capillary pressure, capsular hydrostatic pressure, and blood colloid osmotic pressure. The glomerular capillary pressure will force filtrate from a capillary into Bowman’s capsule; the other two forces promote movement of the filtrate in the opposite direction.

Answer 14

There are three pressures that work together to regulate filtration in the glomerulus: glomerular capillary pressure, capsular hydrostatic pressure, and blood colloid osmotic pressure. The glomerular capillary pressure will force filtrate from a capillary into Bowman’s capsule; the other two forces promote movement of the filtrate in the opposite direction.

Question 15

Altering the primary structure of the substrate is not a way for the enzyme to modify the rate of chemical reaction.

Answer 15

Altering the primary structure of the substrate is not a way for the enzyme to modify the rate of chemical reaction.

Question 16

Mature erythrocytes are enucleated cells that do not contain DNA.

Answer 16

Mature erythrocytes are enucleated cells that do not contain DNA.

Question 17

Endothelial cells are the cells that are in direct contact with blood and the surrounding matrix so these are the cells that play the most important role in gas exchange.

Answer 17

Endothelial cells are the cells that are in direct contact with blood and the surrounding matrix so these are the cells that play the most important role in gas exchange.

Question 18

obligate parasitesL Animal viruses can only infect animal cells, not bacteria. Thus, animal viruses cannot grow in agar plates with bacteria.

Answer 18

Animal viruses can only infect animal cells, not bacteria. Thus, animal viruses cannot grow in agar plates with bacteria.

Question 19

Nucleotides are linked to one another by phosphodiester bonds between the sugar base of one nucleotide (thymine) and the phosphate group of the adjacent nucleotide (adenine) in a way that the 5′ end bears a phosphate, and the 3′ end a hydroxyl group.

Answer 19

Nucleotides are linked to one another by phosphodiester bonds between the sugar base of one nucleotide (thymine) and the phosphate group of the adjacent nucleotide (adenine) in a way that the 5′ end bears a phosphate, and the 3′ end a hydroxyl group.

Question 20

Release of ACTH from the pituitary is regulated by negative feedback. In normal conditions, high levels of circulating glucose and other stressors activate the production of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus. CRH will stimulate the pituitary gland to release ACTH which will trigger cortisol release from the adrenal cortex. Finally, the presence of high levels of circulating cortisol will inhibit CRH secretion (negative feedback) thus closing the loop. In Addison’s disease, the circulating levels of ACTH will be higher than normal because the factor that triggers the inhibition of CRH production, high cortisol levels, is absent or low.

Answer 20

Release of ACTH from the pituitary is regulated by negative feedback. In normal conditions, high levels of circulating glucose and other stressors activate the production of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus. CRH will stimulate the pituitary gland to release ACTH which will trigger cortisol release from the adrenal cortex. Finally, the presence of high levels of circulating cortisol will inhibit CRH secretion (negative feedback) thus closing the loop. In Addison’s disease, the circulating levels of ACTH will be higher than normal because the factor that triggers the inhibition of CRH production, high cortisol levels, is absent or low.

Question 21

High levels of circulating glucocorticoids will increase protein degradation in various tissues, muscles included. A direct consequence of protein degradation in muscles is muscle weakness.

Answer 21

High levels of circulating glucocorticoids will increase protein degradation in various tissues, muscles included. A direct consequence of protein degradation in muscles is muscle weakness.

Question 22

Gluconeogenesis is the pathway for the synthesis of glucose (a carbohydrate) from other metabolic compounds such as lipids and amino acids. Therefore, this pathway is activated when the body’s stores of carbohydrates are low.

Answer 22

Gluconeogenesis is the pathway for the synthesis of glucose (a carbohydrate) from other metabolic compounds such as lipids and amino acids. Therefore, this pathway is activated when the body’s stores of carbohydrates are low.

Question 23

The item indicates that working skeletal muscles use glucose in an insulin-independent manner. Thus, exercise will be able to reduce the levels of glucose in both types of diabetes.

Answer 23

The item indicates that working skeletal muscles use glucose in an insulin-independent manner. Thus, exercise will be able to reduce the levels of glucose in both types of diabetes.

Question 24

During the production of insulin, the translated polypeptide is cleaved into the mature form and secreted from the cell. The cleavage most likely takes place in which of the following locations?

A.Nucleus
B.Ribosomes
C.Endomembrane system
D.Cytoplasm

Answer 24

C) The endomembrane system is the portion of the cells that is in charge of modifying proteins that will be secreted. Thus, it is most likely that insulin cleavage will occur in the endomembrane system.

Question 25

Based on the passage, which of the following is LEAST likely to be a symptom of diabetes mellitus?

A.Loss of appetite
B.Sweet-tasting urine
C.Unexplained weight loss
D.Feelings of fatigue

Answer 25

A) Based on the passage, diabetes affected individuals will use proteins and lipids as a source of glucose, thus increasing, rather than decreasing, their appetite.