FL 1 C/P

Question 1

Which of the following statements does NOT correctly describe the dehydration of malic acid to fumaric acid and maleic acid?

A.The reaction occurs most readily with tertiary alcohols.
B.The reaction involves the loss of a water molecule.
C.The reaction has a carbocation intermediate.
D.The reaction is stereospecific.

Answer 1

D) Because of the carbocation intermediate in dehydration, the subsequent loss of a proton will lead to a mixture of cis- and trans-alkenes. Thus, dehydration is NOT stereospecific.

Question 2

The functional group that represents a peptide bond is called an amide group.

Answer 2

The functional group that represents a peptide bond is called an amide group.

Question 3

If 2-pentanol replaces 1-pentanol in the reaction shown in Figure 3, the rate of substitution is less because:

A.the C–O bond in 2-pentanol is stronger than the C–O bond in 1-pentanol.
B.there is a competing elimination reaction that slows the rate of substitution.
C.there is more steric hindrance at the oxygen atom in 2-pentanol than in 1-pentanol, making protonation less likely.
D.there is more steric hindrance at the 2-position of 2-pentanol than at the 1-position of 1-pentanol.

Answer 3

D) At a secondary carbon, there is more crowding from the adjacent carbon chains, which makes nucleophilic substitution slower.

Question 4

Because this is an SN2 reaction, there will be inversion of configuration when bromide ion displaces water as a leaving group, changing the stereochemistry from R to S.

know how to distinguish SN1/SN2 with alcohols and HBr and easy reactants like that

Answer 4

Because this is an SN2 reaction, there will be inversion of configuration when bromide ion displaces water as a leaving group, changing the stereochemistry from R to S.

Question 5

Labeling the oxygen in ethanol with O-18 definitely determines which –OH is lost because 100% of the O-18 in radiolabeled ethanol will be retained in the ester, not the water. Thus, only acetic acid supplies –OH that is lost to form water.

Answer 5

Labeling the oxygen in ethanol with O-18 definitely determines which –OH is lost because 100% of the O-18 in radiolabeled ethanol will be retained in the ester, not the water. Thus, only acetic acid supplies –OH that is lost to form water.

Question 6

Which statement correctly describes how enzymes affect chemical reactions? Stabilization of:

A.the substrate changes the free energy of the reaction.
B.the transition state changes the free energy of the reaction.
C.the substrate changes the activation energy of the reaction.
D.the transition state changes the activation energy of the reaction.

Answer 6

D) An enzyme stabilizes the transition state, thus lowering the activation energy of a reaction.

Question 7

Which of the following will decrease the percentage ionization of 1.0 M acetic acid, CH3CO2H(aq)?

A.Chlorinating the CH3 group
B.Diluting the solution
C.Adding concentrated HCl(aq)
D.Adding a drop of basic indicator

Answer 7

C) HCl is a strong acid that will increase the amount of H+ in solution and thus decrease the percentage of CH3CO2H that ionizes.

Diluting the solution will increase the percentage ionization by Le Châtelier’s Principle.

Question 8

The index of refraction of a medium is equal to the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in the medium, thus in this case is equal to (3.0 × 108 m/s)/(2.1 × 108 m/s) = 1.4.

Answer 8

The index of refraction of a medium is equal to the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in the medium, thus in this case is equal to (3.0 × 108 m/s)/(2.1 × 108 m/s) = 1.4.

Question 9

know unit conversion like THz to Hz

Answer 9

know unit conversion like THz to Hz

Question 10

What percentage of standard atmospheric pressure is the pulse pressure of a healthy adult?

A.10%
B.6%
C.2%
D.1%

Answer 10

B) The pulse pressure in a healthy adult is (120 − 75) mmHg = 45 mmHg, and so the percentage is 45 mmHg/760 mmHg = 6%.

Question 11

What is the work generated by a healthy adult who circulates 9 L of blood through the brachial artery in 10 min?

A.2 kJ
B.12 kJ
C.20 kJ
D.120 kJ

Answer 11

D) A volume flow rate of 9 liters in 10 minutes means 900 mL/min. According to the figure, this flow rate correlates to a power of 200 W. The work is then 200 W × 600 s = 120 kJ.

Question 12

disulfide bridges, which is a type of intermolecular covalent bonding.

Answer 12

disulfide bridges, which is a type of intermolecular covalent bonding.

Question 13

The high number of capillaries in the body means that the total cross-sectional area of these vessels is larger than any other vessel type in the circulatory system. This causes the velocity of the blood to decrease.

Answer 13

The high number of capillaries in the body means that the total cross-sectional area of these vessels is larger than any other vessel type in the circulatory system. This causes the velocity of the blood to decrease.

Question 14

The substrate for rhodopsin kinase that the source of phosphate is ATP.

Answer 14

The substrate for rhodopsin kinase that the source of phosphate is ATP.

Question 15

lipase, which hydrolyzes triacylglycerides.

Answer 15

lipase, which hydrolyzes triacylglycerides.

Question 16

protease

Answer 16

peptide bond cleavage

Question 17

beta decay

Answer 17

atomic mass is unchanged, atomic number increased by 1

Question 18

Well glycogen has alpha 1,4 bonds as its “main” bonds, but any branches it has are alpha 1,6. If lafora bodies are sparsely branched glycogen-like polymers, it means that they have even less branching and less alpha 1,6 bonds than regular glycogen. I got the same question wrong too btw.

Answer 18

Well glycogen has alpha 1,4 bonds as its “main” bonds, but any branches it has are alpha 1,6. If lafora bodies are sparsely branched glycogen-like polymers, it means that they have even less branching and less alpha 1,6 bonds than regular glycogen. I got the same question wrong too btw.

Question 19

HPO42– has a high negative charge and so dissociation of it will occur to the least extent.

Answer 19

HPO42– has a high negative charge and so dissociation of it will occur to the least extent.

Question 20

In the above figure, an object O is at a distance of three focal lengths from the center of a convex lens. What is the ratio of the height of the image to the height of the object?

A.1/3
B.1/2
C.2/3
D.3/2

Answer 20

So you know Object distance = 3f, focal length = f, image distance = i. If you plug this into the formula 1/o + 1/i = 1/f you get 1/3f + 1/i = 1/f. Rearrange you get 1/i = 1/f - 1/3f ==> 1/i = 2/3f ==> i = 1.5f. Plug this into the magnification formula m = -i/o and you get 1.5f/3f which is 1/2! Wooohooooo :)

Question 21

magnification formula is m = -distance of image/distance of object or -height of image/height of object.

Answer 21

magnification formula is m = -distance of image/distance of object or -height of image/height of object.

Question 22

gamma decay means the emission of photons by the nucleus.

Answer 22

gamma decay means the emission of photons by the nucleus.

Question 23

Spontaneous reactions must have a negative ΔG°, and reactions that create gaseous products from solids and liquids must have a positive ΔS°.

Answer 23

Spontaneous reactions must have a negative ΔG°, and reactions that create gaseous products from solids and liquids must have a positive ΔS°.

Question 24

Using an electrical wire with a smaller diameter will increase the resistance of the wire. According to Ohm’s law, this will decrease the current in the circuit.

Answer 24

Using an electrical wire with a smaller diameter will increase the resistance of the wire. According to Ohm’s law, this will decrease the current in the circuit.

Question 25

according to Ohm’s law, current is equal to voltage divided by resistance. In order to increase the current when the voltage is fixed, the resistance must be decreased, such as by replacing the lightbulb with one that has a resistance of 0.2 Ω instead of 0.5 Ω.

Answer 25

according to Ohm’s law, current is equal to voltage divided by resistance. In order to increase the current when the voltage is fixed, the resistance must be decreased, such as by replacing the lightbulb with one that has a resistance of 0.2 Ω instead of 0.5 Ω.

Question 26

Since a new solid forms when Al(s) is mixed with Zn2+(aq), it is reasonable to assume that Al(s) is more susceptible to oxidation than Zn(s).

Answer 26

Since a new solid forms when Al(s) is mixed with Zn2+(aq), it is reasonable to assume that Al(s) is more susceptible to oxidation than Zn(s).

Question 27

Pb(s) and Cu2+ make a new solid which would be Cu being reduced and Pb being oxidized.

cathode - anode = answer

It’s a galvanic cell, so we know the cathode is the one with the highest reduction potential (most positive) which is Cu

Replying for review and/or if it helps anyone in the future. So you know from the chart that the Pb(s) metal strip creates a new solid when reacted with Cu2+(aq) ion. This means that Cu2+ is getting reduced BY Pb(s), meaning that Pb is a stronger reductant (reducing agent) than Cu. Since Pb is a stronger reductant, it will be the one being oxidized in the reaction, while Cu2+ is getting reduced into Cu(s) (which is the solid produced from the chart). Thus, from the standard reduction potential equations, you need to flip the Pb equation so it’s E becomes positive and add the two together to get a positive E value of 0.466

Answer 27

Pb(s) and Cu2+ make a new solid which would be Cu being reduced and Pb being oxidized.