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HistoPath Lec 2ndYR 2ndSem Midterms > Fixation > Flashcards

Fixation Flashcards

1
Q

The killing, penetration and hardening of tissues

A

Fixation

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2
Q

First and most crucial step in tissue processing

A

Fixation

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3
Q

Fixative of Choice

A

10% Neutral Buffered Formalin

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4
Q

Tissue to Fixative Ratio

A

1:10 or 1:20

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5
Q

Optimal pH for Fixative

A

6-8

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6
Q

Optimal Temp for routine fixative

A

Room Temp to 45C

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7
Q

Types of Fixative based on Composition

A

Simple & Compound

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8
Q

Type based on composition:

made of only 1 component

A

simple

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9
Q

Type based on composition:

consists of 2 or more components of fixatives

A

compound

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10
Q

Types of Fixative based on Action

A

Microanatomical
Cytological
Histochemical

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11
Q

Type of fixative based on action:

General study of tissue w/o structure alteration

A

Microanatomical

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12
Q

2 types of Cytological Fixative

A

Nuclear
Cytoplasmic

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13
Q

Aldehyde Fixative:

  • Saturated Formaldehyde + 10% NaCl
  • For fixation of CNS tissues and general post mortem tissues for histochemical examination
A

10% Formol-Saline

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14
Q

Aldehyde Fixative:

  • Best general tissue fixative
A

10% Neutral Buffered Formalin

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15
Q

Aldehyde Fixative:

  • Saturated aq. Mercuric chloride + 40% Formaldehyde
  • For routine post mortem tissues and Silver Reticulum staining methods
A

Formol-Corrosive

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16
Q

Aldehyde Fixative:

  • Has 95% ETOH, Picric Acid, and GHAc
A

Gendre’s

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17
Q

Aldehyde Fixative:

  • For GI tissues, prostate biopsies, and bone marrow
A

Hollande’s

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18
Q

Aldehyde Fixative:

  • Made up of 2 formaldehyde residues linked by 3 carbon chains
  • For enzyme histochemistry and electron microscopy
A

Glutaraldehyde

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19
Q

Glutaraldehyde concentration for immune electron microscopy

A

0.25%

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20
Q

Glutaraldehyde concentration for small tissue fragments

A

2.5%

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21
Q

Most common glutaraldehyde concentration

A

3%

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22
Q

Glutaraldehyde concentration for large tissue fragments

A

4%

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23
Q

Aldehyde Fixative:

-Polymer of Formalin
- For ultrathin and electron microscopy

A

Paraformaldehyde

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24
Q

Aldehyde Fixative:

  • Acrolein in glutaraldehyde or formalin
  • for electron microscopy and electron immunocytochemistry
A
  • Karnovsky’s Paraformaldehyde
  • Karnovsky’s Glutaraldehyde
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25
Q

3 types of Metallic Fixatives

A

Mercuric Chloride
Chromates
Lead

26
Q

Most common type of metallic fixative

A

Mercuric Chloride

27
Q

Mercuric Chloride Fixative:

  • HgCl2 + Potassium dichromate + glacial acetic acid
  • Good general fixative for adequate preservation of all kinds of tissues
A

Zenker’s Fluid

28
Q

Mercuric Chloride Fixative:

  • HgCl2 + Potassium dichromate + strong formalin (40%)
  • For pituitary gland, BM, & blood-containing organs
A

Zenker-Formol (Helly’s)

29
Q

Mercuric Chloride Fixative:

  • HgCl2 + NaCl + TCA + glacial acetic acid + formalin
  • for skin tumor biopsy
A

Heidenhain’s Susa

30
Q

Mercuric Chloride Fixative:

  • recommended for hematopoietic and lymphoid tissue
A

B-5 Fixative

31
Q

Mercuric Chloride Fixative:

  • for making smears of loose cells on slides
A

Shaudinn’s Fluid

32
Q

Chromate Fixatives:

  • preserves carbohydrates; precipitates all protein
A

Chromic Acid 1-2%

33
Q

Chromate Fixative:

  • for chromatin, mitochondria, mitotic figures, golgi bodies, RBC and colloid containing tissues
A

Regaud’s / Muller’s Fluid

34
Q

Chromate Fixative:

  • study of early degenerative processes and necrosis; Rickettsia and other bacteria
  • preserves myelin
A

Orth’s Fluid

35
Q

Chromate Fixative:

  • preserves lipids & mitochondria at pH 4.5 to 5.2; cytoplasm, chromatin, and chromosome are fixed
A

Potassium Dichromate

36
Q

Metallic Fixative:

Preserves acid mucopolysaccharide

A

Lead

37
Q

Normally used in strong aqueous solution

A

Picric Acid Fixatives

38
Q

Picric Acid Fixative:

  • for embryo and pituitary biopsies, and tissue to be stained with Masson’s Trichrome
A

Bouin’s

39
Q

Picric Acid Fixative:

  • better and less messy than Bouin’s
A

Brasil’s Alcoholic Picroformol

40
Q

Picric Acid Fixative:

  • incorporated in compound fixatives
  • solidifies at 17C
  • important for nuclear fixatives
  • destroys mitochondira and golgi elements
A

Glacial Acetic Acid

41
Q

Fixative that causes polarization of glycogen

A

Alcohol Fixative

42
Q

Alcohol Fixative:

-most rapid tissue fixative
- fixing brain tissues for rabies dx
- fixes nissl granules and cytoplasmic granules

A

Carnoy’s Fluid

43
Q

Alchohol Fixative:

  • enzyme studies; does not fix but preserves glycogen
A

Ethanol

44
Q

Alcohol Fixative:

  • for dry and wet smears, bone marrow smears, and bacterial smears
A

Methanol / Wood Alcohol

45
Q

Alcohol Fixative:

  • for touch prep smears to be Wright-stained
A

Isopropanol

46
Q

Alcohol Fixative:

  • for mucopolysaccharide
A

Newcomer’s Fluid

47
Q

Alcohol Fixative:

  • for sputum
A

Gendre’s (Alcoholic Formalin)

48
Q

Tissue-to-fixative ratio of Osmic Acid Fixatives

A

1:5

49
Q

Osmic Acid Fixative:

  • nuclear fixative
  • most common osmic acid fixative
A

Flemming’s Solution

50
Q

Osmic Acid Fixative:

  • cytoplasmic fixative
A

Flemming’s Solution w/o Glacial acetic acid

51
Q

Osmic Acid Fixative:

  • incorporated into compound fixatives
  • marked swelling effect on tissues
  • poor penetration thus for small pieces of tissues or bones
  • weak decalcifying agent, has softening effect on dense fibrous tissues
A

Trichloroacetic acid

52
Q

Osmic Acid Fixative:

  • use at ice cold temps (-5 to 4C)
  • for water diffusible enzymes
  • fixes brain tissue (for rabies)
A

Acetone

53
Q

Involves thermal coagulation of tissue proteins for rapid diagnosis

A

Heat Fixation

54
Q

Optimum temp for Heat Fixation

A

45 - 55C

55
Q

To ensure further and complete hardening and preservation of tissues

A

Secondary Fixation

56
Q

Technique whereby a primary fixed tissue is placed in aq. solution of 2.5% to 3% potassium dichromate for 24hrs

A

Post-Chromatization

57
Q

Process of removing excess fixatives

A

Washing Out

58
Q

used for washing out excess chromate, formalin, and osmic acid

A

Tap water

59
Q

used for washing out of picric acid

A

50% - 70% Alcohol

60
Q

used for washing out of Mercuric Fixatives

A

Alcoholic Iodine

HistoPath Lec 2ndYR 2ndSem Midterms (5 decks)

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