FITT 4 Flashcards
1
Q
Leave no trace principle LNT
A
Plant ahead and be prepared.
Travel and camp on durable land.
Respect wildlife.
Leave what you find.
Dispose of waste properly.
Minimize campfire impact.
Be considerate to other visitors
2
Q
Climb categories
A
Minor climb
Major climb
Training climb
Clean – up climb
Guide – ship climb
3
Q
Different types of knot tying
A
Overhand knot.
Figure 8 stopper knot.
Figure 8 on a bight knot.
Double loop figure 8.
Bowline.
Butterfly knot.
Double fisherman’s bend knot.
Square knot.
Clove hitch knot.
Cow hitch knot.
4
Q
A
5
Q
is the sport, hobby, or profession of climbing mountains. It involves ascending
mountain peaks and can encompass various activities such as hiking, trekking, rock climbing, ice
climbing, and alpine climbing. Mountaineers face a unique set of challenges, including high
altitudes, extreme weather conditions, technical terrain, and the need for self-sufficiency.
A
mountaineering
5
Q
Mountaineers need to be in excellent physical condition to
handle the strenuous demands of climbing at high altitudes and navigating
challenging terrain.
A
Physical Fitness
5
Q
Depending on the difficulty of the climb, mountaineers may need
proficiency in skills such as rock climbing, ice climbing, rope work, and crevasse
rescue techniques.
A
Technical Skills
6
Q
Mountaineering requires specialized gear, including crampons, ice
axes, ropes, harnesses, helmets, and clothing designed for extreme conditions.
A
Equipment
7
Q
Climbing at high altitudes presents the risk of altitude
sickness. Mountaineers must acclimatize properly, stay hydrated, and recognize
symptoms of altitude-related illnesses.
A
Altitude Management
8
Q
Mountaineers must be skilled in reading maps,
using a compass, and planning routes to navigate safely through mountainous
terrain.
A
Route Planning and Navigation
9
Q
Weather conditions in mountainous regions can change
rapidly and dramatically. Mountaineers need to be prepared for adverse weather and
know when to turn back if conditions become unsafe.
A
Weather Awareness
10
Q
Assessing and managing risks is a crucial aspect of
mountaineering. This includes evaluating potential hazards such as avalanches,
rockfall, and crevasse falls
A
Risk Management
11
Q
Many mountaineering expeditions involve teamwork, as climbers rely
on each other for safety and support. Effective communication and collaboration are
essential
A
Teamwork
12
Q
Mountaineers should practice Leave No Trace
principles to minimize their impact on the environment. Respecting local cultures
and ecosystems is also important
A
Environmental Responsibility
13
Q
Mountaineers often set goals for themselves, whether it’s reaching a
specific summit, completing a challenging route, or conquering a series of peaks
A
Goal Setting
14
Q
Is an outdoor recreational activity that aims to reach the peak of a forest
mountain. It includes hiking, camping, climbing, river crossing, navigation, and other activities in the
natural setting.
A
Mountaineering
15
Q
Is an outdoor activity that involves walking in natural surroundings, often on
mountainous or other scenic terrain
A
Hiking
16
Q
A long and difficult walk, or one that makes you feel tired. Generally over mountains,
Hills, or forests.
A
Trekking
17
Q
The act of staying and sleeping for one or more days and nights in the outside field,
usually in a tent.
A
Camping
18
Q
A team sport in which players find their way to different checkpoints throughout
the rough country with the help of a map and a compass, the winner being the one with the lowest
time span.
A
Orienteering
19
Q
A pile of rock or wood used to mark a given path or A pile of stones used as a trail marker.
A
Cairn
20
Q
A climb using one’s hands and feet only; without artificial help
A
Free Climb
21
Q
Disassembling tents, clean campsite and getting ready to leave camp
A
Break Camp
22
Q
easily accessible bottle of water or snacks for refreshment along the trail.
A
Trail water/food
23
Rocks, strings, foliage, branches, or hack signs on tree trunks that mark the
designated route.
Trail Signs
24
Take 5 minutes rest.
Take 5
25
- Emergency camp.
E-camp
26
The highest point of a mountain.
Summit
27
- The main staging area for an expedition, usually located at the mountain's base.
Base Camp
28
The height above sea level. Altitude sickness can occur at higher elevations.
Altitude
29
Traction devices attached to boots for walking on snow and ice.
Crampons
30
- A tool used for ice climbing and self-arresting during a fall.
Ice Axe
31
A deep crack or fissure in a glacier
Crevasse
32
Descending a rope, often used on steep or vertical sections.
Rappelling
33
A metal loop with a spring-loaded gate used to connect climbing equipment
Carabiner
34
A temporary, makeshift campsite used during a climb.
Bivouac (Bivy)
35
Large, blocky structures of ice often found on glaciers.
Serac
36
A mass of snow, ice, and debris sliding down a mountain.
Avalanche
37
The degree of danger or difficulty on a climb, often related to steepness and height.
Exposure
38
The skill of navigating and choosing a path through a mountainous terrain.
Route Finding
39
Beginning a climb early in the morning to take advantage of favorable conditions.
Alpine Start
40
The most challenging section of a climb.
. Crux
41
Sliding down a slope on feet or with the help of an ice axe.
Glissade
42
A collapsible pole used for balance and support during hikes
Trekking Pole
43
Protective coverings worn over boots to keep out snow and debris.
Gaiters
44
Climbing without any protective equipment or ropes.
Free Solo
45
VALUES OF MOUNTAINEERING
1. Self-reliance.
2. Wilderness survival skills.
3. Leadership and teamwork.
4. Environmentalism/Ecological Education.
5. Helping local economy.
6. Eco-Tourism.
7. Outdoor fitness activity.
46
Mountaineering often involves overcoming physical and mental challenges, such as
harsh weather, difficult terrain, and altitude-related difficulties. Climbers learn to adapt, persevere,
and bounce back from setbacks.
Resilience
47
Climbers must be self-sufficient in the mountains, making decisions and solving
problems independently. This fosters a sense of personal responsibility and resourcefulness.
Self-Reliance
48
Many climbs require teamwork and collaboration with fellow
climbers. Trust, effective communication, and mutual support are essential for the safety and
success of the entire team
Teamwork and Collaboration
49
Mountaineers must make critical decisions in dynamic and sometimes
hazardous environments. Developing sound judgment, risk assessment, and decision-making skills
are crucial for safety.
Decision-Making Skills
50
Mountains are powerful and unpredictable. Mountaineering teaches humility by
reminding individuals of their smallness in the face of nature's grandeur and forces.
Humility
51
- Climbers often set specific goals, whether it's reaching a summit, completing a
challenging route, or conquering a series of peaks. Goal setting in mountaineering encourages
perseverance and determination.
Goal Setting
52
Mountaineers appreciate the fragile ecosystems of mountainous
regions. Respect for the environment and a commitment to Leave No Trace principles are integral
values in mountaineering.
Environmental Stewardship
53
Climbing requires focus on the present moment, concentrating on the
task at hand and the immediate surroundings. This mindfulness fosters a deep connection with the
environment.
Mindfulness and Presence
54
Confronting fear and taking calculated risks are inherent in mountaineering. Climbers
develop courage as they face challenging situations and push beyond their comfort zones.
Courage
55
Mountaineering encourages a commitment to physical fitness and overall
well-being. Climbers often maintain a healthy lifestyle to prepare for and participate in challenging
climbs.
Fitness and Health
56
Mountaineers often travel to diverse regions and encounter different
cultures. Respect for local customs, traditions, and the communities that inhabit mountainous areas
is a value emphasized in mountaineering.
Cultural Sensitivity
57
Climbers develop a profound appreciation for the natural beauty and
wilderness of mountain environments. This often leads to a greater sense of environmental
conservation and a desire to protect these areas.
Appreciation for Nature
58
CLIMB ETHICS.
1. Leave No Trace
2. Stay on Designated Trails
3. Respect Wildlife
4. Respect Access Restrictions
5. Safety First
6. Ethical Bolting
7. Minimize Noise
8. Educate Yourself
9. Respect Other Users
10. Cultural Sensitivity
11. No Chipping or Manufacturing Holds
12. Community Involvement
59
Minimize impact on the environment by packing out all trash, avoiding damage to
vegetation, and leaving natural features undisturbed. Follow the "Leave No Trace"
principles to ensure that climbing areas remain pristine for future generations
Leave No Trace
60
Stick to established trails and designated access points to minimize environmental impact.
Avoid creating new paths that can lead to soil erosion and habitat disruption.
Stay on Designated Trails:
61
Observe wildlife from a distance and avoid disturbing their natural behaviors. Keep noise
levels down and be cautious during nesting seasons to avoid stressing animals.
Respect Wildlife:
62
Adhere to access regulations and guidelines set by land managers, local communities, and
climbing organizations. Obtain necessary permits and be aware of seasonal closures to
protect sensitive habitats
Respect Access Restrictions:
63
Prioritize safety by using appropriate gear, practicing proper techniques, and staying within
personal skill levels. Be mindful of potential hazards to yourself and others.
Respect Access Restrictions:
64
Prioritize safety by using appropriate gear, practicing proper techniques, and staying within
personal skill levels. Be mindful of potential hazards to yourself and others.
Safety First:
65
When bolting routes, follow ethical bolting practices. Avoid unnecessary bolting, respect
local guidelines, and consider the long-term impact on the climbing area.
Ethical Bolting:
66
Keep noise levels to a minimum to avoid disturbing wildlife and other outdoor enthusiasts.
Respect the tranquility of the natural environment.
Minimize Noise:
67
Stay informed about local regulations, environmental concerns, and access issues. Educate
yourself about the specific ethics and guidelines for each climbing area.
Educate Yourself
68
Share climbing areas with other outdoor enthusiasts, such as hikers and wildlife watchers.
Be courteous, yield the right of way when appropriate, and foster a positive community
atmosphere.
Respect Other Users:
69
Be respectful of local cultures and communities. Understand and abide by local customs
and regulations. Leave a positive impression to ensure continued access for climbers.
Cultural Sensitivity:
70
Do not alter the natural rock by chipping or manufacturing holds. Climbers should accept
the challenge presented by the existing rock features.
No Chipping or Manufacturing Holds
71
Get involved in local climbing organizations and community initiatives focused on
conservation, access issues, and environmental stewardship. Participate in clean-up efforts
and support sustainable practices.
Community Involvement:
72
LOCAL CULTURAL SENSITIVITY
1. Respect what is scared to them.
2. Be conscious of your behavior, as it may be offensive to their traditions and practices.
3. Make a courtesy call to the local officials
73
LOCAL ECONOMY.
1. Plan carefully.
2. Determine beforehand or consult local officials for the standard rates for professional services such
as guide and porter fees.
3. Give only tokens for appreciation so that giving of material things will not be misunderstood as an
exchange for favors.
74
LOW-IMPACT MOUNTAINEERING.
1. Every mountaineer must be fully conscious of the fragile balance of nature and the importance
of leaving the mountain in its original state as much as possible.
75
COMMON VISITORS CREATED IMPACT:
1. Garbage.
2. Trampled vegetation.
3. Trails.
4. Forest fires.
5. Wildlife dependence to human food.
6. Vandalism.
7. Contaminated water sources.
8. Name carved on trees and caves
76
Mountaineering equipment
Essential gears.
Group equipment.
Climb preparation and planning.
Hiking group composition.
Pacing during hike.
Rest.
When lost.
Trail signs.
International whistle code.
77
Sturdy, insulated boots with good ankle support and a rigid sole for traction on
snow and ice.
Climbing Boots
78
Metal spikes that attach to boots for traction on icy or snowy surfaces.
Crampons
79
– Essential for self-arrest and balance on steep terrain. Different types of ice axes are
designed for various uses, such as technical ice climbing or general mountaineering.
Ice Axe
80
A safety harness for attaching yourself to a rope. It should be comfortable and
adjustable to accommodate additional layers.
Harness
81
Protects the head from falling objects and rockfall. Choose a helmet designed for
climbing and mountaineering.
Helmet
82
– Dynamic climbing rope suitable for the specific type of climbing. Length and diameter
depend on the route and team size.
Rope
83
Used for connecting various pieces of climbing gear. Locking carabiners are often
used for safety-critical connections.
Carabiners
84
Short slings with carabiners at each end used to quickly attach the rope to
protection points.
Quickdraws
85
A mechanical device that creates friction on the rope, allowing for controlled
descent or protection during a climb.
Belay Device
86
Devices for ascending or descending a rope efficiently. Used during rope
work and rescue situations.
Ascenders/Descenders
87
Includes a beacon, shovel, and probe for backcountry travel in
avalanche-prone areas.
Avalanche Safety Gear
88
A durable and spacious pack for carrying gear, clothing, food, and water. Consider a
pack with attachment points for ice axes and other tools.
Backpack
89
– Layered clothing for varying temperatures, including a moisture-wicking base layer,
insulation layer, and waterproof and windproof outer layer. Considerations for gloves, hats, and
gaiters are also important.
Clothing
90
Lightweight and durable tents designed for mountaineering. They should be able to
withstand high winds and harsh weather conditions.
Tent
91
A high-quality sleeping bag rated for cold temperatures. Consider the specific
conditions you'll encounter on your climb.
Sleeping Bag
92
Provides insulation from the cold ground and enhances sleeping comfort.
Sleeping Pad
93
Navigation tools to help you find your way in complex terrain. A GPS
device can be valuable, but having map and compass skills is essential.
GPS and Map/Compass
94
Includes essential medical supplies for treating injuries and illnesses in remote
locations.
. First Aid Ki
95
A reliable and bright headlamp for visibility during early morning starts, late
finishes, or emergencies.
Headlamp
96
Sunglasses with UV protection, sunscreen, and lip balm to protect against sun
exposure at high altitudes.
Sun Protection
97
Here's a list of essential gear for mountaineering:
1. ID Card.
2. Water (1L).
3. Cellphone or other communication device.
4. Money.
5. Whistle and Mirror.
6. Flashlight and extra batteries/power bank.
7. Fire starter.
8. Folding knife/Multi tools.
9. Notebook and pencil.
10. Mess kit.
11. Wind breaker/Rain Gear/ Poncho.
12. Plastic bags/trash bags.
13. Sandals.
14. Backpack.
15. Hiking boots.
16. Toiletries.
17. First aid kit.
98
Remember: A, B, C, and D
A – Accessibility
B – Balance
C – Compressibility
D – Double water proofing
99
GROUP EQUIPMENT
1. Tent.
2. Stove.
3. Cook set.
4. Rope.
5. Ground sheet/Earth pad.
6. Map and compass.
7. Trowel.
8. Bolo.
100
Here's a list of group equipment commonly used in mountaineering:
1. Tent/Shelter
2. Cooking System
3. Group Rope
4. Snow/Ice Anchors
5. Group First Aid Kit
6. Navigation Tools
7. Communication Devices
8. Repair Kit
9. Emergency Shelter
10. Group Climbing Protection
11. Avalanche Safety Gear
12. Group Rescues Equipment
13. Snow Shovels
14. Group Water Filtration
15. Group Climbing Protection
16. Group Shelter
17. Group Clothing
18. Snow Saws or Snow Tools
19. Group Emergency Evacuation Gear
20. Emergency Communication Device
101
Here are some considerations for food provision during a mountaineering trip:
1. Caloric Needs:
2. Lightweight and Nutrient-Dense Foods:
3. Meal Planning:
4. Hydration:
5. Individual Preferences and Dietary Restrictions:
6. Packable Snacks:
7. Hot Drinks
8. Meal Variety:
9. Cooking Equipment:
10. Food Safety
11. Resupply Points:
12. Environmental Impact:
13. High Altitude Considerations:
14. Emergency Food Supply:
15. All-in-One Meals:
102
Assess the caloric requirements of each team member based on the duration, intensity, and
altitude of the climb. Mountaineering often demands a higher calorie intake than regular
activities.
Caloric Needs
103
Choose lightweight, compact, and nutrient-dense foods to minimize the weight of the food
pack. Consider dehydrated or freeze-dried options for meals.
Lightweight and Nutrient-Dense Foods:
104
Plan meals that provide a balance of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Include a variety of
food items to ensure a mix of nutrients.
Meal Planning:
105
Pack enough fluids, including water and electrolyte-rich drinks. Staying hydrated is crucial,
especially at higher altitudes where dehydration can occur more rapidly.
Hydration:
106
Consider the dietary preferences and restrictions of each team member when planning
meals. Ensure that there are options for those with allergies, intolerances, or specific
dietary preferences
Individual Preferences and Dietary Restrictions:
107
Include easily accessible and packable snacks for on-the-go energy. Trail mix, energy bars,
dried fruits, and nuts are good options.
Packable Snacks:
108
Pack instant coffee, tea, or hot chocolate to provide warmth and comfort, especially during
cold conditions.
Hot Drinks:
109
Aim for a variety of meals to prevent food fatigue. Include a mix of breakfasts, lunches,
dinners, and snacks with different flavors and textures
Meal Variety:
110
Bring lightweight cooking equipment, such as a stove and cookware, for preparing hot
meals and drinks.
Cooking Equipment:
111
Follow proper food safety practices, especially in areas without refrigeration. Ensure that
perishable items are consumed early in the trip.
Food Safety:
112
Plan for resupply points if the expedition is extended. Know where and how to obtain
additional food and supplies if needed.
Resupply Points:
113
Minimize environmental impact by avoiding excessive packaging and carrying out all
waste for reusable containers and consider the Leave No Trace principles.
Environmental Impact:
114
High altitudes can affect appetite and digestion. Choose foods that are easily digestible and
that the team members enjoy, as appetite may decrease
High Altitude Considerations:
115
Pack emergency food supplies that are easy to access and require no preparation, such as
energy gels or bars
Emergency Food Supply:
116
Consider all-in-one meals that require minimal cooking and cleanup, such as freeze-dried
backpacking meals.
All-in-One Meals:
117
Survival Kit
1. Emergency Shelter:
2. Fire-Starting Tools:
3. Headlamp and Spare Batteries:
4. Navigation Tools:
5. Whistle:
6. Multi-Tool or Knife
7. First Aid Kit:
8. Communication Device:
9. Emergency Food and Water:
10. Extra Clothing:
11. Personal Identification and Medical Information
12. Cordage:
13. Duct Tape
14. Sun Protection:
15. Compact Emergency Stove:
118
Repair Kit:
1. Sewing Kit
2. Tent Repair Kit:
3. Sleeping Pad Repair Kit:
4. Down Jacket Repair Kit:
5. Gear Patches:
6. Multi-Tool:
7. Spare Fasteners
8. Spare Cord and Webbing:
9. Tape:
10. Super Glue:
11. Zip Ties:
12. Spare Batteries:
119
t can be tailored to individual preferences, specific
climbing conditions, or personal comfort. While these items may not be considered essential,
they can enhance your overall experience and preparedness
OPTIONAL ITEMS.
120
depends on personal preferences, the nature of
the climb, and the expected conditions. It's important to balance comfort with the weight and
space constraints of your backpack. Additionally, consider the environmental impact of your
choices, and adhere to Leave No Trace principles by minimizing waste and respecting the
natural surroundings.
OPTIONAL ITEMS
121
list of optional items for a mountaineering expedition:
1. Camera or Smartphone:
2. Portable Power Bank:
3. Trekking Poles:
4. Solar Charger:
5. Camp Chair:
6. Portable Water Filtration System:
7. Gaiters:
8. Insect Repellent:
9. Camp Towel:
10. Dry Bags:
10. Dry Bags:
11. Travel-sized Toiletries:
12. Journal and Pen:
13. Personal Entertainment:
14. Pocketknife
15. Thermos:
16. Camp Shoes or Sandals:
17. Emergency Blanket:
18. Hand Warmers:
19. Dry Sack or Compression Stuff Sack:
20. Emergency Cash:
122
CLIMB CATEGORIES.
1. Minor Climb
2. Major Climb
3. Training Climb
4. Clean-up Climb
5. Exploratory Climb
6. Guide-ship Climb
123
Fun or recreational climb, experiential climb.
Minor Climb
124
High level of difficulties, need more preparation and other consideration.
Major Climb
125
For developing and skills progress of climb members.
Training Climb
126
Organized climb, tree planting.
Clean-up Climb
127
Expedition, needs more planning and preparation
Exploratory Climb
128
A tour-aid type climb.
Guide-ship Climb
129
Involves ascending natural rock formations, cliffs, or indoor climbing walls. Routes can
vary in difficulty based on factors like rock type, steepness, and holds.
Rock Climbing:
130
Ascending ice-covered surfaces, such as frozen waterfalls or ice-covered rock faces. Ice
climbing often requires specialized equipment like ice axes and crampons.
Ice Climbing
131
Combines rock and ice climbing with elements of mountaineering. Alpine climbs often
involve navigating mixed terrain, including glaciers and high-altitude environments.
Alpine Climbing
132
Climbers place and remove their protection, such as cams and nuts, as they ascend a route.
This form of climbing requires skill in placing protection and is common in both rock and
alpine settings.
Traditional (Trad) Climbing:
133
Climbers ascend pre-placed bolts and anchors, using quickdraws to clip into the fixed
protection. Sport climbing routes are often found on crags and climbing walls
Sport Climbing
134
Involves ascending large rock faces or cliffs that typically require multiple days. Climbers
haul their gear and may sleep in portaledges or other temporary shelters.
Big Wall Climbing
135
Climbing short, powerful routes, known as "problems," without the use of ropes.
Bouldering often emphasizes strength, technique, and problem-solving skills.
Bouldering:
136
Encompasses ascents of high-altitude peaks, often involving snow, ice, and mixed terrain.
Mountaineers may use a variety of skills, including ice and rock climbing, as well as
glacier travel.
Mountaineering:
137
Climbing without the use of ropes or protection. Free soloing is considered extremely risky
and is only attempted by highly skilled and experienced climbers
Free Soloing
138
Climbers use devices to pull or step on gear placed in the rock to ascend a route. Aid
climbing is often used on big walls or challenging, overhanging terrain.
Aid Climbing
139
Involves extended climbs, often in remote and challenging locations. Expedition climbs
may include multiple peaks or a series of objectives and require careful planning and
logistics
Expedition Climbing:
140
A protected climbing route equipped with fixed cables, ladders, and other aids. Via ferratas
provide a way for less-experienced climbers to traverse challenging terrain with added
safety.
Via Ferrata
141
Descending and ascending canyons, often involving rappelling, swimming, and route
finding. Canyoneering can be a combination of climbing and hiking in narrow, slot-like
canyons.
Canyoneering
142
HIKING GROUP COMPOSITION.
TEAM LEADER
LEAD MAN
MIDDLE MAN.
MEDIC.
SWEEPER and TAIL MAN
143
plays a crucial role in ensuring the safety,
coordination, and overall success of the expedition. The team leader is responsible for making
decisions, managing group dynamics, and responding to unexpected situations.
TEAM LEADER
144
is a pivotal figure in the success of a hiking or mountaineering expedition,
and their skills and qualities contribute significantly to the overall experience of the group
TEAM LEADER
145
team leader responsibilities
1. Trip Planning
2. Communication
3. Decision-Making
4. Navigation
5. Emergency Response
6. Group Dynamics
7. Risk Management
8. Skill Assessment
9. Gear Inspection
10. Environmental Stewardship
11. First Aid
12. Group Pace
13. Flexibility
14. Knowledge Sharing
15. Team Empowerment
146
team leader qualities
1. Leadership Skills
2. Communication Skills
3. Problem-Solving
4. Empathy
5. Experience
6. Calm Under Pressure
7. Fitness
8. Decision Analysis
9. Teaching and Mentoring
10. Positive Attitude
147
roles are essential for group safety, especially in activities
where participants move together, such as hiking or climbing. These individuals play a critical
role in preventing stragglers, helping those who may face challenges, and communicating
effectively with the group leader.
SWEEPER and TAIL MAN.
148
typically positioned at the back or behind the
group. Their primary responsibility is to ensure that no one is left behind and to provide
assistance if any participant is struggling or facing difficulties
Sweeper
149
often used interchangeably with the sweeper, especially in hiking,
mountaineering, or team activities.
tail man
150
ensures that no one is left behind, provides encouragement, and offers assistance if needed.
This role is important for maintaining a supportive and inclusive group dynamic.
tail man
151
PACING DURING HIKE
Don’t walk fast.
When walking with a group, walk in single file 2 to 5 meters away from each other.
When walking uphill, lean forward and place your foot flat on the ground before pushing
up with the other leg.
When walking downhill, take small steps and move steadily, lean backward dig with the
heel. Use a walking stick.
When walking on steep slopes, place your foot sideways, walking sick downhill, hold on
roots or vines, make sure these are sturdy.
152
REST
5 minutes per 1 hour walk for flat terrain.
5 minutes per 30-minute walk in ascending terrain.
5 minutes per 15-minute walk in steep ascending.
Don’t sit/lie down, keep standing for 30 sec. before sitting. Take a sip of water only.
153
WHEN LOST
Don’t panic.
Assess your position.
Take the necessary steps to find the correct route.
When walking in cold weather, minimize rest stops to prevent the body from freezing.
It totally lost, stay at your place. But avoid places that are prone to flash floods, landslides, and
heavy wind blows.
154
some common types of trail signs
1. Trailhead Sign
2. Trail Blazes
3. Directional Signs
4. Distance Markers
5. Elevation Signs
6. Interpretive Signs
7. Warning Signs
8. Regulatory Signs
9. Emergency Information Signs
10. Trail Closure Signs
11. Restroom Signs
12. Bridge and Water Crossing Signs
13. Campsite Signs
14. Parking Signs
15. Leave No Trace Signs
16. Wayfinding Signs
155
Located at the starting point of a trail, the trailhead sign provides information
about the trail, including its name, length, difficulty level, and any specific regulations or
guidelines.
Trailhead Sign
156
Colored markings or symbols painted on trees, rocks, or posts along the trail to
indicate the correct route. Different colors may represent different trails or routes.
Trail Blazes
157
Arrows or signs that indicate the direction of the trail or point toward specific
destinations, landmarks, or points of interest.
Directional Signs
158
Signs that provide information about the distance to key points along the trail,
such as junctions, viewpoints, or the trail's end.
Distance Markers
159
Indicate the current elevation above sea level or the elevation gain/loss along a
specific section of the trail.
Elevation Signs
160
- Educational signs that provide information about the natural and cultural
features of the area, including flora, fauna, geology, and historical significance.
Interpretive Signs
161
Signs that alert trail users to potential hazards, such as steep terrain, unstable
surfaces, or wildlife presence. Common warnings include "Caution" or "Watch Your Step."
Warning Signs
162
Signs that convey specific rules or regulations for trail use, such as leash
requirements for pets, camping restrictions, or designated use areas.
Regulatory Signs
163
Signs providing emergency contact information, location codes,
or instructions on what to do in case of an emergency.
Emergency Information Signs
164
Indicates that a section of the trail is closed, either temporarily or
permanently, due to maintenance, environmental concerns, or safety issues.
Trail Closure Signs
165
Direct users to restroom facilities along the trail, if available
Restroom Signs
166
Indicate the presence of bridges or water crossings, along
with any specific instructions or cautions
Bridge and Water Crossing Signs
167
Identify designated camping areas and provide information about camping
regulations, permits, and available facilities.
Campsite Signs -
168
Indicate the location of parking areas for trail users
Parking Signs
169
Encourage environmentally responsible behavior and adherence to Leave
No Trace principles, promoting the conservation of natural resources.
Leave No Trace Signs
170
Large signs at trail junctions or intersections, providing a map of the trail
network and helping users orient themselves.
Wayfinding Signs
171
INTERNATIONAL WHISTLE CODE
1. Three Blast – Means “I NEED HELP!”
2. Two Blast – Means “I’M HERE/COME HERE”
3. One Blast – Means “ATTENTION/WHERE ARE YOU?”
172
parts of rope
-rope
-strand
-yarn
-fibre
173
rope loop
-working end
-bight
-loop
-elbow
-standing end
174
This knot is used as a safety knot with the purpose of securing loose ends
Overhand knot
175
– Is used to stop the end of the rope from moving through a device such as
a rappel rack.
Figure-8 stopper knot
176
This is an anchor knot that creates a single loop that will not slip. It
can be attached to elements of a rescue system with carabiners.
Figure-8 on a Bight Knot
177
This anchor knot provides more load-bearing surface area due to its
two-loop configuration. When you need to tie around a tight object like a carabiner, this knot is
slightly more efficient.
Double loop Figure-8 knot
178
This knot may be used as a static anchor knot. However, this should NEVER be
used in moving applications because it can untie when going over an edge. Remember to always
safely the loose end.
Bowline knot
179
This is a bridle knot that provides a midline attachment point. This knot is
designed to take a three-dimensional pull.
Butterfly Knot
180
This is used to join two ropes of equal (or slightly unequal)
diameter together for load bearing applications
Double Fisherman’s Bend knot
181
This is used in binding two ropes, with the same diameter, together. To know if a
square knot is done correctly, the tail ends should emerge from the same side of knot. But
remember, square knots should not be used in load-bearing applications or to support a human
load.
Square knot
182
This is an adjustable anchor hitch often tied around anchor points,
horizontally or vertically.
Clove Hitch knot
183
This is used to anchor, is also called the lark’s head is a hitch knot used to
attach a rope to an object.
Cow Hitch knot
184
TYPE OF TENT
1. Ridge/A-frame
2. Dome
3. Tunnel
4. Geodesic
5. Cabin
6. Pyramid
185
Tips for Camping and Tent Setup
1. Practice Setting Up Your Tent
2. Check Weather Conditions
3. Leave No Trace
4. Tent Maintenance
5. Follow Manufacturer Instructions
186
main parts of a tent
1. Tent Body (Inner Tent)
2. Rainfly (Outer Tent):
3. Poles
4. Stakes (Pegs)
5. Guy Lines
6. Tent Pockets
7. Doors
8. Windows and Ventilation Panels
9. Zippers
10. Floor
11. Footprint (Ground Cloth)
12. Vestibule
187
A covered area outside the tent's main body created by the rainfly. Vestibules provide
additional storage space for gear and protect items from the weather.
Vestibule
188
A protective layer placed underneath the tent to shield it from abrasive surfaces, moisture,
and punctures. Footprints can extend the lifespan of the tent floor.
Footprint (Ground Cloth)
189
The bottom part of the tent that separates campers from the ground. Tent floors are usually
made of waterproof and durable material to keep moisture from entering the tent
Floor
190
Fasteners used to open and close doors, windows, and other openings in the tent. Quality
zippers are crucial for easy access and durability.
Zippers
191
Transparent panels or openings with mesh that provide additional ventilation and allow
occupants to see outside. Proper ventilation helps reduce condensation inside the tent
Windows and Ventilation Panels
192
Openings in the tent body or rainfly that serve as entry and exit points. Some tents have
multiple doors for convenient access, and they may feature mesh panels for ventilation
while keeping insects out.
Doors
193
Small fabric pouches or pockets inside the tent where campers can store personal items
such as keys, flashlights, or small gear. Pockets help keep the interior organized.
Tent Pockets
194
Ropes attached to the tent and anchored to the ground to enhance stability. Guy lines are
particularly useful in windy conditions. Many tents have adjustable tensioners to tighten or
loosen the lines.
Guy Lines
195
Ground anchors used to secure the tent to the ground. Stakes are inserted through loops or
grommets at the corners of the tent body and rainfly, providing stability and preventing the
tent from shifting in the wind.
Stakes (Pegs)
196
Structural elements that create the framework of the tent. Tent poles are usually made of
lightweight materials such as aluminum or fiberglass. They come in segments that connect
to form the tent's skeleton.
Poles
197
A waterproof and weather-resistant covering that goes over the tent body. The rainfly
provides an additional layer of protection against rain, wind, and other external elements. It
often has ventilation openings to minimize condensation.
Rainfly (Outer Tent)
198
The primary enclosure where campers sleep. It typically consists of walls made of
breathable and water-resistant fabric with mesh panels for ventilation. The tent body
provides privacy and protection from insects.
Tent Body (Inner Tent)
199
A sheet of waterproof fabric that has been stitched together
tarp
200
Common Uses of Tarps:
Shelter
Ground Cover
Rainfly
Picnic or Camping Mat
Emergency Blanket
Cargo Cover
201
parts of tarp
-rope
eyelet/grommet
-tarpaulin
reinforced edges
202
Is a flat and graphic representation, drawn into scale, of a portion of Earth’s surface as seen
from above.
MAP
203
types of maps
Political map, Military map, Economic map,
Topographic map, Climatic map, etc.
204
PARTS OF MAP
1. Title
2. Scale
3. Compass Rose
4. Legend
205
What the map is, on the top of the map.
Title
206
Tells you how to read the distance on the map.
Scale
207
Shows the directions on the map.
Compass Rose
208
Lists each symbol and explains what it shows
on the map.
Legend
209
THE NORTH
1. True North
2. Magnetic North
3. Grid North
210
The direction of the Earth’s North Pole, which is 90 degrees north. The North Pole
star is directly above the North Pole.
True North
211
The direction of the Earth’s magnetic pole, i.e. the direction in which the needle
of the compass points.
Magnetic North
212
The direction of the vertical grid line called eastings.
Grid North
213
Is a navigation and orientation instrument that shows direction relative to geographic
directions.
COMPASS
214
parts of orienteering compass
-scales/rulers
-direction of travel
-orienteering arrow
-declination scales
-dial with degrees
-index line
-magnetic needle
-orienting lines
-rotating housing
-base plate
215
METHOD USE IN IDENTIFYING OWN LOCATION
resection
216
METHOD USE IN IDENTIFYING OTHER LOCATION
-INTERSECTION
-BY AZIMUTH AND DISTANCE. AZIMUTH
217
– method of locating one’s position on a map by determining grid azimuth to at
least well-defined locations that can be pinpointed on the map.
RESECTION
218
method of locating an unknown point by successively occupying at least
two (better three) known positions on the ground and then map sighting on the unknown
location. Used to locate distant or inaccessible points
INTERSECTION
219
defined as a horizontal angle measured
clockwise from a north base line. When using azimuth, the point from which the azimuth
originates is the center of imaginary circle. The circle is divided into 360 degrees.
BY AZIMUTH AND DISTANCE. AZIMUTH
220
Building fire from natural source is allowable only in case of emergency or if it is allowed in the
camp site. Remember the following LNT rules with regards to minimizing campfire impact.
FIRE BUILDING
221
Tinder, kindling and fuel together
GATHER
222
- The fire by adding kindling wood to the burning tinder and adding fuel to the fire as
it grows.
BUILD
223
From dead twigs found on the lower branches of trees and shrubs that snap off
easily when bent. Never use branches or woods that are still green in color.
TINDER
224
- Should be dry. Don’t gather wet woods from the forest floor. Look for branches
that are dead and down, not on the tree
KINDLING
225
Should be dry, split larger wood if possible and a good-sized stack on hand before
you light the fire.
FUEL
226
BUILDING FIRE PROCEDURE
1. GATHER
2. BUILD
3. TINDER
4. KINDLING
5. FUEL
227
LNT FIRE BUILD TIPS
1. Fire ring
2. Fire pan
228
TYPE OF FIRE BUILD
1. Tepee
2. lean-to
3. cross-ditch
4. pyramid
