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SECOND YEAR, SECOND SEM > FITT 4 > Flashcards

FITT 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Leave no trace principle LNT

A

 Plant ahead and be prepared.
 Travel and camp on durable land.
 Respect wildlife.
 Leave what you find.
 Dispose of waste properly.
 Minimize campfire impact.
 Be considerate to other visitors

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2
Q

Climb categories

A

 Minor climb
 Major climb
 Training climb
 Clean – up climb
 Guide – ship climb

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3
Q

Different types of knot tying

A

 Overhand knot.
 Figure 8 stopper knot.
 Figure 8 on a bight knot.
 Double loop figure 8.
 Bowline.
 Butterfly knot.
 Double fisherman’s bend knot.
 Square knot.
 Clove hitch knot.
 Cow hitch knot.

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4
Q
A
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5
Q

is the sport, hobby, or profession of climbing mountains. It involves ascending
mountain peaks and can encompass various activities such as hiking, trekking, rock climbing, ice
climbing, and alpine climbing. Mountaineers face a unique set of challenges, including high
altitudes, extreme weather conditions, technical terrain, and the need for self-sufficiency.

A

mountaineering

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5
Q

Mountaineers need to be in excellent physical condition to
handle the strenuous demands of climbing at high altitudes and navigating
challenging terrain.

A

Physical Fitness

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5
Q

Depending on the difficulty of the climb, mountaineers may need
proficiency in skills such as rock climbing, ice climbing, rope work, and crevasse
rescue techniques.

A

Technical Skills

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6
Q

Mountaineering requires specialized gear, including crampons, ice
axes, ropes, harnesses, helmets, and clothing designed for extreme conditions.

A

Equipment

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7
Q

Climbing at high altitudes presents the risk of altitude
sickness. Mountaineers must acclimatize properly, stay hydrated, and recognize
symptoms of altitude-related illnesses.

A

Altitude Management

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8
Q

Mountaineers must be skilled in reading maps,
using a compass, and planning routes to navigate safely through mountainous
terrain.

A

Route Planning and Navigation

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9
Q

Weather conditions in mountainous regions can change
rapidly and dramatically. Mountaineers need to be prepared for adverse weather and
know when to turn back if conditions become unsafe.

A

Weather Awareness

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10
Q

Assessing and managing risks is a crucial aspect of
mountaineering. This includes evaluating potential hazards such as avalanches,
rockfall, and crevasse falls

A

Risk Management

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11
Q

Many mountaineering expeditions involve teamwork, as climbers rely
on each other for safety and support. Effective communication and collaboration are
essential

A

Teamwork

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12
Q

Mountaineers should practice Leave No Trace
principles to minimize their impact on the environment. Respecting local cultures
and ecosystems is also important

A

Environmental Responsibility

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13
Q

Mountaineers often set goals for themselves, whether it’s reaching a
specific summit, completing a challenging route, or conquering a series of peaks

A

Goal Setting

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14
Q

Is an outdoor recreational activity that aims to reach the peak of a forest
mountain. It includes hiking, camping, climbing, river crossing, navigation, and other activities in the
natural setting.

A

Mountaineering

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15
Q

Is an outdoor activity that involves walking in natural surroundings, often on
mountainous or other scenic terrain

A

Hiking

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16
Q

A long and difficult walk, or one that makes you feel tired. Generally over mountains,
Hills, or forests.

A

Trekking

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17
Q

The act of staying and sleeping for one or more days and nights in the outside field,
usually in a tent.

A

Camping

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18
Q

A team sport in which players find their way to different checkpoints throughout
the rough country with the help of a map and a compass, the winner being the one with the lowest
time span.

A

Orienteering

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19
Q

A pile of rock or wood used to mark a given path or A pile of stones used as a trail marker.

A

Cairn

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20
Q

A climb using one’s hands and feet only; without artificial help

A

Free Climb

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21
Q

Disassembling tents, clean campsite and getting ready to leave camp

A

Break Camp

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22
Q

easily accessible bottle of water or snacks for refreshment along the trail.

A

Trail water/food

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23
Q

Rocks, strings, foliage, branches, or hack signs on tree trunks that mark the
designated route.

A

Trail Signs

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24
Q

Take 5 minutes rest.

A

Take 5

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25
Q
  • Emergency camp.
A

E-camp

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26
Q

The highest point of a mountain.

A

Summit

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27
Q
  • The main staging area for an expedition, usually located at the mountain’s base.
A

Base Camp

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28
Q

The height above sea level. Altitude sickness can occur at higher elevations.

A

Altitude

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29
Q

Traction devices attached to boots for walking on snow and ice.

A

Crampons

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30
Q
  • A tool used for ice climbing and self-arresting during a fall.
A

Ice Axe

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31
Q

A deep crack or fissure in a glacier

A

Crevasse

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32
Q

Descending a rope, often used on steep or vertical sections.

A

Rappelling

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33
Q

A metal loop with a spring-loaded gate used to connect climbing equipment

A

Carabiner

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34
Q

A temporary, makeshift campsite used during a climb.

A

Bivouac (Bivy)

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35
Q

Large, blocky structures of ice often found on glaciers.

A

Serac

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36
Q

A mass of snow, ice, and debris sliding down a mountain.

A

Avalanche

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37
Q

The degree of danger or difficulty on a climb, often related to steepness and height.

A

Exposure

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38
Q

The skill of navigating and choosing a path through a mountainous terrain.

A

Route Finding

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39
Q

Beginning a climb early in the morning to take advantage of favorable conditions.

A

Alpine Start

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40
Q

The most challenging section of a climb.

A

. Crux

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41
Q

Sliding down a slope on feet or with the help of an ice axe.

A

Glissade

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42
Q

A collapsible pole used for balance and support during hikes

A

Trekking Pole

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43
Q

Protective coverings worn over boots to keep out snow and debris.

A

Gaiters

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44
Q

Climbing without any protective equipment or ropes.

A

Free Solo

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45
Q

VALUES OF MOUNTAINEERING

A
  1. Self-reliance.
  2. Wilderness survival skills.
  3. Leadership and teamwork.
  4. Environmentalism/Ecological Education.
  5. Helping local economy.
  6. Eco-Tourism.
  7. Outdoor fitness activity.
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46
Q

Mountaineering often involves overcoming physical and mental challenges, such as
harsh weather, difficult terrain, and altitude-related difficulties. Climbers learn to adapt, persevere,
and bounce back from setbacks.

A

Resilience

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47
Q

Climbers must be self-sufficient in the mountains, making decisions and solving
problems independently. This fosters a sense of personal responsibility and resourcefulness.

A

Self-Reliance

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48
Q

Many climbs require teamwork and collaboration with fellow
climbers. Trust, effective communication, and mutual support are essential for the safety and
success of the entire team

A

Teamwork and Collaboration

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49
Q

Mountaineers must make critical decisions in dynamic and sometimes
hazardous environments. Developing sound judgment, risk assessment, and decision-making skills
are crucial for safety.

A

Decision-Making Skills

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50
Q

Mountains are powerful and unpredictable. Mountaineering teaches humility by
reminding individuals of their smallness in the face of nature’s grandeur and forces.

A

Humility

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51
Q
  • Climbers often set specific goals, whether it’s reaching a summit, completing a
    challenging route, or conquering a series of peaks. Goal setting in mountaineering encourages
    perseverance and determination.
A

Goal Setting

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52
Q

Mountaineers appreciate the fragile ecosystems of mountainous
regions. Respect for the environment and a commitment to Leave No Trace principles are integral
values in mountaineering.

A

Environmental Stewardship

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53
Q

Climbing requires focus on the present moment, concentrating on the
task at hand and the immediate surroundings. This mindfulness fosters a deep connection with the
environment.

A

Mindfulness and Presence

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54
Q

Confronting fear and taking calculated risks are inherent in mountaineering. Climbers
develop courage as they face challenging situations and push beyond their comfort zones.

A

Courage

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55
Q

Mountaineering encourages a commitment to physical fitness and overall
well-being. Climbers often maintain a healthy lifestyle to prepare for and participate in challenging
climbs.

A

Fitness and Health

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56
Q

Mountaineers often travel to diverse regions and encounter different
cultures. Respect for local customs, traditions, and the communities that inhabit mountainous areas
is a value emphasized in mountaineering.

A

Cultural Sensitivity

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57
Q

Climbers develop a profound appreciation for the natural beauty and
wilderness of mountain environments. This often leads to a greater sense of environmental
conservation and a desire to protect these areas.

A

Appreciation for Nature

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58
Q

CLIMB ETHICS.

A
  1. Leave No Trace
  2. Stay on Designated Trails
  3. Respect Wildlife
  4. Respect Access Restrictions
  5. Safety First
  6. Ethical Bolting
  7. Minimize Noise
  8. Educate Yourself
  9. Respect Other Users
  10. Cultural Sensitivity
  11. No Chipping or Manufacturing Holds
  12. Community Involvement
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59
Q

Minimize impact on the environment by packing out all trash, avoiding damage to
vegetation, and leaving natural features undisturbed. Follow the “Leave No Trace”
principles to ensure that climbing areas remain pristine for future generations

A

Leave No Trace

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60
Q

Stick to established trails and designated access points to minimize environmental impact.
Avoid creating new paths that can lead to soil erosion and habitat disruption.

A

Stay on Designated Trails:

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61
Q

Observe wildlife from a distance and avoid disturbing their natural behaviors. Keep noise
levels down and be cautious during nesting seasons to avoid stressing animals.

A

Respect Wildlife:

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62
Q

Adhere to access regulations and guidelines set by land managers, local communities, and
climbing organizations. Obtain necessary permits and be aware of seasonal closures to
protect sensitive habitats

A

Respect Access Restrictions:

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63
Q

Prioritize safety by using appropriate gear, practicing proper techniques, and staying within
personal skill levels. Be mindful of potential hazards to yourself and others.

A

Respect Access Restrictions:

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64
Q

Prioritize safety by using appropriate gear, practicing proper techniques, and staying within
personal skill levels. Be mindful of potential hazards to yourself and others.

A

Safety First:

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65
Q

When bolting routes, follow ethical bolting practices. Avoid unnecessary bolting, respect
local guidelines, and consider the long-term impact on the climbing area.

A

Ethical Bolting:

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66
Q

Keep noise levels to a minimum to avoid disturbing wildlife and other outdoor enthusiasts.
Respect the tranquility of the natural environment.

A

Minimize Noise:

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67
Q

Stay informed about local regulations, environmental concerns, and access issues. Educate
yourself about the specific ethics and guidelines for each climbing area.

A

Educate Yourself

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68
Q

Share climbing areas with other outdoor enthusiasts, such as hikers and wildlife watchers.
Be courteous, yield the right of way when appropriate, and foster a positive community
atmosphere.

A

Respect Other Users:

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69
Q

Be respectful of local cultures and communities. Understand and abide by local customs
and regulations. Leave a positive impression to ensure continued access for climbers.

A

Cultural Sensitivity:

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70
Q

Do not alter the natural rock by chipping or manufacturing holds. Climbers should accept
the challenge presented by the existing rock features.

A

No Chipping or Manufacturing Holds

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71
Q

Get involved in local climbing organizations and community initiatives focused on
conservation, access issues, and environmental stewardship. Participate in clean-up efforts
and support sustainable practices.

A

Community Involvement:

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72
Q

LOCAL CULTURAL SENSITIVITY

A
  1. Respect what is scared to them.
  2. Be conscious of your behavior, as it may be offensive to their traditions and practices.
  3. Make a courtesy call to the local officials
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73
Q

LOCAL ECONOMY.

A
  1. Plan carefully.
  2. Determine beforehand or consult local officials for the standard rates for professional services such
    as guide and porter fees.
  3. Give only tokens for appreciation so that giving of material things will not be misunderstood as an
    exchange for favors.
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74
Q

LOW-IMPACT MOUNTAINEERING.

A
  1. Every mountaineer must be fully conscious of the fragile balance of nature and the importance
    of leaving the mountain in its original state as much as possible.
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75
Q

COMMON VISITORS CREATED IMPACT:

A
  1. Garbage.
  2. Trampled vegetation.
  3. Trails.
  4. Forest fires.
  5. Wildlife dependence to human food.
  6. Vandalism.
  7. Contaminated water sources.
  8. Name carved on trees and caves
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76
Q

Mountaineering equipment

A

 Essential gears.
 Group equipment.
 Climb preparation and planning.
 Hiking group composition.
 Pacing during hike.
 Rest.
 When lost.
 Trail signs.
 International whistle code.

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77
Q

Sturdy, insulated boots with good ankle support and a rigid sole for traction on
snow and ice.

A

Climbing Boots

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78
Q

Metal spikes that attach to boots for traction on icy or snowy surfaces.

A

Crampons

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79
Q

– Essential for self-arrest and balance on steep terrain. Different types of ice axes are
designed for various uses, such as technical ice climbing or general mountaineering.

A

Ice Axe

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80
Q

A safety harness for attaching yourself to a rope. It should be comfortable and
adjustable to accommodate additional layers.

A

Harness

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81
Q

Protects the head from falling objects and rockfall. Choose a helmet designed for
climbing and mountaineering.

A

Helmet

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82
Q

– Dynamic climbing rope suitable for the specific type of climbing. Length and diameter
depend on the route and team size.

A

Rope

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83
Q

Used for connecting various pieces of climbing gear. Locking carabiners are often
used for safety-critical connections.

A

Carabiners

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84
Q

Short slings with carabiners at each end used to quickly attach the rope to
protection points.

A

Quickdraws

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85
Q

A mechanical device that creates friction on the rope, allowing for controlled
descent or protection during a climb.

A

Belay Device

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86
Q

Devices for ascending or descending a rope efficiently. Used during rope
work and rescue situations.

A

Ascenders/Descenders

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87
Q

Includes a beacon, shovel, and probe for backcountry travel in
avalanche-prone areas.

A

Avalanche Safety Gear

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88
Q

A durable and spacious pack for carrying gear, clothing, food, and water. Consider a
pack with attachment points for ice axes and other tools.

A

Backpack

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89
Q

– Layered clothing for varying temperatures, including a moisture-wicking base layer,
insulation layer, and waterproof and windproof outer layer. Considerations for gloves, hats, and
gaiters are also important.

A

Clothing

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90
Q

Lightweight and durable tents designed for mountaineering. They should be able to
withstand high winds and harsh weather conditions.

A

Tent

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91
Q

A high-quality sleeping bag rated for cold temperatures. Consider the specific
conditions you’ll encounter on your climb.

A

Sleeping Bag

92
Q

Provides insulation from the cold ground and enhances sleeping comfort.

A

Sleeping Pad

93
Q

Navigation tools to help you find your way in complex terrain. A GPS
device can be valuable, but having map and compass skills is essential.

A

GPS and Map/Compass

94
Q

Includes essential medical supplies for treating injuries and illnesses in remote
locations.

A

. First Aid Ki

95
Q

A reliable and bright headlamp for visibility during early morning starts, late
finishes, or emergencies.

A

Headlamp

96
Q

Sunglasses with UV protection, sunscreen, and lip balm to protect against sun
exposure at high altitudes.

A

Sun Protection

97
Q

Here’s a list of essential gear for mountaineering:

A
  1. ID Card.
  2. Water (1L).
  3. Cellphone or other communication device.
  4. Money.
  5. Whistle and Mirror.
  6. Flashlight and extra batteries/power bank.
  7. Fire starter.
  8. Folding knife/Multi tools.
  9. Notebook and pencil.
  10. Mess kit.
  11. Wind breaker/Rain Gear/ Poncho.
  12. Plastic bags/trash bags.
  13. Sandals.
  14. Backpack.
  15. Hiking boots.
  16. Toiletries.
  17. First aid kit.
98
Q

Remember: A, B, C, and D

A

A – Accessibility
B – Balance
C – Compressibility
D – Double water proofing

99
Q

GROUP EQUIPMENT

A
  1. Tent.
  2. Stove.
  3. Cook set.
  4. Rope.
  5. Ground sheet/Earth pad.
  6. Map and compass.
  7. Trowel.
  8. Bolo.
100
Q

Here’s a list of group equipment commonly used in mountaineering:

A
  1. Tent/Shelter
  2. Cooking System
  3. Group Rope
  4. Snow/Ice Anchors
  5. Group First Aid Kit
  6. Navigation Tools
  7. Communication Devices
  8. Repair Kit
  9. Emergency Shelter
  10. Group Climbing Protection
  11. Avalanche Safety Gear
  12. Group Rescues Equipment
  13. Snow Shovels
  14. Group Water Filtration
  15. Group Climbing Protection
  16. Group Shelter
  17. Group Clothing
  18. Snow Saws or Snow Tools
  19. Group Emergency Evacuation Gear
  20. Emergency Communication Device
101
Q

Here are some considerations for food provision during a mountaineering trip:

A
  1. Caloric Needs:
  2. Lightweight and Nutrient-Dense Foods:
  3. Meal Planning:
  4. Hydration:
  5. Individual Preferences and Dietary Restrictions:
  6. Packable Snacks:
  7. Hot Drinks
  8. Meal Variety:
  9. Cooking Equipment:
  10. Food Safety
  11. Resupply Points:
  12. Environmental Impact:
  13. High Altitude Considerations:
  14. Emergency Food Supply:
  15. All-in-One Meals:
102
Q

Assess the caloric requirements of each team member based on the duration, intensity, and
altitude of the climb. Mountaineering often demands a higher calorie intake than regular
activities.

A

Caloric Needs

103
Q

Choose lightweight, compact, and nutrient-dense foods to minimize the weight of the food
pack. Consider dehydrated or freeze-dried options for meals.

A

Lightweight and Nutrient-Dense Foods:

104
Q

Plan meals that provide a balance of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Include a variety of
food items to ensure a mix of nutrients.

A

Meal Planning:

105
Q

Pack enough fluids, including water and electrolyte-rich drinks. Staying hydrated is crucial,
especially at higher altitudes where dehydration can occur more rapidly.

A

Hydration:

106
Q

Consider the dietary preferences and restrictions of each team member when planning
meals. Ensure that there are options for those with allergies, intolerances, or specific
dietary preferences

A

Individual Preferences and Dietary Restrictions:

107
Q

Include easily accessible and packable snacks for on-the-go energy. Trail mix, energy bars,
dried fruits, and nuts are good options.

A

Packable Snacks:

108
Q

Pack instant coffee, tea, or hot chocolate to provide warmth and comfort, especially during
cold conditions.

A

Hot Drinks:

109
Q

Aim for a variety of meals to prevent food fatigue. Include a mix of breakfasts, lunches,
dinners, and snacks with different flavors and textures

A

Meal Variety:

110
Q

Bring lightweight cooking equipment, such as a stove and cookware, for preparing hot
meals and drinks.

A

Cooking Equipment:

111
Q

Follow proper food safety practices, especially in areas without refrigeration. Ensure that
perishable items are consumed early in the trip.

A

Food Safety:

112
Q

Plan for resupply points if the expedition is extended. Know where and how to obtain
additional food and supplies if needed.

A

Resupply Points:

113
Q

Minimize environmental impact by avoiding excessive packaging and carrying out all
waste for reusable containers and consider the Leave No Trace principles.

A

Environmental Impact:

114
Q

High altitudes can affect appetite and digestion. Choose foods that are easily digestible and
that the team members enjoy, as appetite may decrease

A

High Altitude Considerations:

115
Q

Pack emergency food supplies that are easy to access and require no preparation, such as
energy gels or bars

A

Emergency Food Supply:

116
Q

Consider all-in-one meals that require minimal cooking and cleanup, such as freeze-dried
backpacking meals.

A

All-in-One Meals:

117
Q

Survival Kit

A
  1. Emergency Shelter:
  2. Fire-Starting Tools:
  3. Headlamp and Spare Batteries:
  4. Navigation Tools:
  5. Whistle:
  6. Multi-Tool or Knife
  7. First Aid Kit:
  8. Communication Device:
  9. Emergency Food and Water:
  10. Extra Clothing:
  11. Personal Identification and Medical Information
  12. Cordage:
  13. Duct Tape
  14. Sun Protection:
  15. Compact Emergency Stove:
118
Q

Repair Kit:

A
  1. Sewing Kit
  2. Tent Repair Kit:
  3. Sleeping Pad Repair Kit:
  4. Down Jacket Repair Kit:
  5. Gear Patches:
  6. Multi-Tool:
  7. Spare Fasteners
  8. Spare Cord and Webbing:
  9. Tape:
  10. Super Glue:
  11. Zip Ties:
  12. Spare Batteries:
119
Q

t can be tailored to individual preferences, specific
climbing conditions, or personal comfort. While these items may not be considered essential,
they can enhance your overall experience and preparedness

A

OPTIONAL ITEMS.

120
Q

depends on personal preferences, the nature of
the climb, and the expected conditions. It’s important to balance comfort with the weight and
space constraints of your backpack. Additionally, consider the environmental impact of your
choices, and adhere to Leave No Trace principles by minimizing waste and respecting the
natural surroundings.

A

OPTIONAL ITEMS

121
Q

list of optional items for a mountaineering expedition:

A
  1. Camera or Smartphone:
  2. Portable Power Bank:
  3. Trekking Poles:
  4. Solar Charger:
  5. Camp Chair:
  6. Portable Water Filtration System:
  7. Gaiters:
  8. Insect Repellent:
  9. Camp Towel:
  10. Dry Bags:
  11. Dry Bags:
  12. Travel-sized Toiletries:
  13. Journal and Pen:
  14. Personal Entertainment:
  15. Pocketknife
  16. Thermos:
  17. Camp Shoes or Sandals:
  18. Emergency Blanket:
  19. Hand Warmers:
  20. Dry Sack or Compression Stuff Sack:
  21. Emergency Cash:
122
Q

CLIMB CATEGORIES.

A
  1. Minor Climb
  2. Major Climb
  3. Training Climb
  4. Clean-up Climb
  5. Exploratory Climb
  6. Guide-ship Climb
123
Q

Fun or recreational climb, experiential climb.

A

Minor Climb

124
Q

High level of difficulties, need more preparation and other consideration.

A

Major Climb

125
Q

For developing and skills progress of climb members.

A

Training Climb

126
Q

Organized climb, tree planting.

A

Clean-up Climb

127
Q

Expedition, needs more planning and preparation

A

Exploratory Climb

128
Q

A tour-aid type climb.

A

Guide-ship Climb

129
Q

Involves ascending natural rock formations, cliffs, or indoor climbing walls. Routes can
vary in difficulty based on factors like rock type, steepness, and holds.

A

Rock Climbing:

130
Q

Ascending ice-covered surfaces, such as frozen waterfalls or ice-covered rock faces. Ice
climbing often requires specialized equipment like ice axes and crampons.

A

Ice Climbing

131
Q

Combines rock and ice climbing with elements of mountaineering. Alpine climbs often
involve navigating mixed terrain, including glaciers and high-altitude environments.

A

Alpine Climbing

132
Q

Climbers place and remove their protection, such as cams and nuts, as they ascend a route.
This form of climbing requires skill in placing protection and is common in both rock and
alpine settings.

A

Traditional (Trad) Climbing:

133
Q

Climbers ascend pre-placed bolts and anchors, using quickdraws to clip into the fixed
protection. Sport climbing routes are often found on crags and climbing walls

A

Sport Climbing

134
Q

Involves ascending large rock faces or cliffs that typically require multiple days. Climbers
haul their gear and may sleep in portaledges or other temporary shelters.

A

Big Wall Climbing

135
Q

Climbing short, powerful routes, known as “problems,” without the use of ropes.
Bouldering often emphasizes strength, technique, and problem-solving skills.

A

Bouldering:

136
Q

Encompasses ascents of high-altitude peaks, often involving snow, ice, and mixed terrain.
Mountaineers may use a variety of skills, including ice and rock climbing, as well as
glacier travel.

A

Mountaineering:

137
Q

Climbing without the use of ropes or protection. Free soloing is considered extremely risky
and is only attempted by highly skilled and experienced climbers

A

Free Soloing

138
Q

Climbers use devices to pull or step on gear placed in the rock to ascend a route. Aid
climbing is often used on big walls or challenging, overhanging terrain.

A

Aid Climbing

139
Q

Involves extended climbs, often in remote and challenging locations. Expedition climbs
may include multiple peaks or a series of objectives and require careful planning and
logistics

A

Expedition Climbing:

140
Q

A protected climbing route equipped with fixed cables, ladders, and other aids. Via ferratas
provide a way for less-experienced climbers to traverse challenging terrain with added
safety.

A

Via Ferrata

141
Q

Descending and ascending canyons, often involving rappelling, swimming, and route
finding. Canyoneering can be a combination of climbing and hiking in narrow, slot-like
canyons.

A

Canyoneering

142
Q

HIKING GROUP COMPOSITION.

A

 TEAM LEADER
 LEAD MAN
 MIDDLE MAN.
 MEDIC.
 SWEEPER and TAIL MAN

143
Q

plays a crucial role in ensuring the safety,
coordination, and overall success of the expedition. The team leader is responsible for making
decisions, managing group dynamics, and responding to unexpected situations.

A

TEAM LEADER

144
Q

is a pivotal figure in the success of a hiking or mountaineering expedition,
and their skills and qualities contribute significantly to the overall experience of the group

A

TEAM LEADER

145
Q

team leader responsibilities

A
  1. Trip Planning
  2. Communication
  3. Decision-Making
  4. Navigation
  5. Emergency Response
  6. Group Dynamics
  7. Risk Management
  8. Skill Assessment
  9. Gear Inspection
  10. Environmental Stewardship
  11. First Aid
  12. Group Pace
  13. Flexibility
  14. Knowledge Sharing
  15. Team Empowerment
146
Q

team leader qualities

A
  1. Leadership Skills
  2. Communication Skills
  3. Problem-Solving
  4. Empathy
  5. Experience
  6. Calm Under Pressure
  7. Fitness
  8. Decision Analysis
  9. Teaching and Mentoring
  10. Positive Attitude
147
Q

roles are essential for group safety, especially in activities
where participants move together, such as hiking or climbing. These individuals play a critical
role in preventing stragglers, helping those who may face challenges, and communicating
effectively with the group leader.

A

SWEEPER and TAIL MAN.

148
Q

typically positioned at the back or behind the
group. Their primary responsibility is to ensure that no one is left behind and to provide
assistance if any participant is struggling or facing difficulties

A

Sweeper

149
Q

often used interchangeably with the sweeper, especially in hiking,
mountaineering, or team activities.

A

tail man

150
Q

ensures that no one is left behind, provides encouragement, and offers assistance if needed.
This role is important for maintaining a supportive and inclusive group dynamic.

A

tail man

151
Q

PACING DURING HIKE

A

 Don’t walk fast.
 When walking with a group, walk in single file 2 to 5 meters away from each other.
 When walking uphill, lean forward and place your foot flat on the ground before pushing
up with the other leg.
 When walking downhill, take small steps and move steadily, lean backward dig with the
heel. Use a walking stick.
 When walking on steep slopes, place your foot sideways, walking sick downhill, hold on
roots or vines, make sure these are sturdy.

152
Q

REST

A

 5 minutes per 1 hour walk for flat terrain.
 5 minutes per 30-minute walk in ascending terrain.
 5 minutes per 15-minute walk in steep ascending.
 Don’t sit/lie down, keep standing for 30 sec. before sitting. Take a sip of water only.

153
Q

WHEN LOST

A

 Don’t panic.
 Assess your position.
 Take the necessary steps to find the correct route.
 When walking in cold weather, minimize rest stops to prevent the body from freezing.
 It totally lost, stay at your place. But avoid places that are prone to flash floods, landslides, and
heavy wind blows.

154
Q

some common types of trail signs

A
  1. Trailhead Sign
  2. Trail Blazes
  3. Directional Signs
  4. Distance Markers
  5. Elevation Signs
  6. Interpretive Signs
  7. Warning Signs
  8. Regulatory Signs
  9. Emergency Information Signs
  10. Trail Closure Signs
  11. Restroom Signs
  12. Bridge and Water Crossing Signs
  13. Campsite Signs
  14. Parking Signs
  15. Leave No Trace Signs
  16. Wayfinding Signs
155
Q

Located at the starting point of a trail, the trailhead sign provides information
about the trail, including its name, length, difficulty level, and any specific regulations or
guidelines.

A

Trailhead Sign

156
Q

Colored markings or symbols painted on trees, rocks, or posts along the trail to
indicate the correct route. Different colors may represent different trails or routes.

A

Trail Blazes

157
Q

Arrows or signs that indicate the direction of the trail or point toward specific
destinations, landmarks, or points of interest.

A

Directional Signs

158
Q

Signs that provide information about the distance to key points along the trail,
such as junctions, viewpoints, or the trail’s end.

A

Distance Markers

159
Q

Indicate the current elevation above sea level or the elevation gain/loss along a
specific section of the trail.

A

Elevation Signs

160
Q
  • Educational signs that provide information about the natural and cultural
    features of the area, including flora, fauna, geology, and historical significance.
A

Interpretive Signs

161
Q

Signs that alert trail users to potential hazards, such as steep terrain, unstable
surfaces, or wildlife presence. Common warnings include “Caution” or “Watch Your Step.”

A

Warning Signs

162
Q

Signs that convey specific rules or regulations for trail use, such as leash
requirements for pets, camping restrictions, or designated use areas.

A

Regulatory Signs

163
Q

Signs providing emergency contact information, location codes,
or instructions on what to do in case of an emergency.

A

Emergency Information Signs

164
Q

Indicates that a section of the trail is closed, either temporarily or
permanently, due to maintenance, environmental concerns, or safety issues.

A

Trail Closure Signs

165
Q

Direct users to restroom facilities along the trail, if available

A

Restroom Signs

166
Q

Indicate the presence of bridges or water crossings, along
with any specific instructions or cautions

A

Bridge and Water Crossing Signs

167
Q

Identify designated camping areas and provide information about camping
regulations, permits, and available facilities.

A

Campsite Signs -

168
Q

Indicate the location of parking areas for trail users

A

Parking Signs

169
Q

Encourage environmentally responsible behavior and adherence to Leave
No Trace principles, promoting the conservation of natural resources.

A

Leave No Trace Signs

170
Q

Large signs at trail junctions or intersections, providing a map of the trail
network and helping users orient themselves.

A

Wayfinding Signs

171
Q

INTERNATIONAL WHISTLE CODE

A
  1. Three Blast – Means “I NEED HELP!”
  2. Two Blast – Means “I’M HERE/COME HERE”
  3. One Blast – Means “ATTENTION/WHERE ARE YOU?”
172
Q

parts of rope

A

-rope
-strand
-yarn
-fibre

173
Q

rope loop

A

-working end
-bight
-loop
-elbow
-standing end

174
Q

This knot is used as a safety knot with the purpose of securing loose ends

A

Overhand knot

175
Q

– Is used to stop the end of the rope from moving through a device such as
a rappel rack.

A

Figure-8 stopper knot

176
Q

This is an anchor knot that creates a single loop that will not slip. It
can be attached to elements of a rescue system with carabiners.

A

Figure-8 on a Bight Knot

177
Q

This anchor knot provides more load-bearing surface area due to its
two-loop configuration. When you need to tie around a tight object like a carabiner, this knot is
slightly more efficient.

A

Double loop Figure-8 knot

178
Q

This knot may be used as a static anchor knot. However, this should NEVER be
used in moving applications because it can untie when going over an edge. Remember to always
safely the loose end.

A

Bowline knot

179
Q

This is a bridle knot that provides a midline attachment point. This knot is
designed to take a three-dimensional pull.

A

Butterfly Knot

180
Q

This is used to join two ropes of equal (or slightly unequal)
diameter together for load bearing applications

A

Double Fisherman’s Bend knot

181
Q

This is used in binding two ropes, with the same diameter, together. To know if a
square knot is done correctly, the tail ends should emerge from the same side of knot. But
remember, square knots should not be used in load-bearing applications or to support a human
load.

A

Square knot

182
Q

This is an adjustable anchor hitch often tied around anchor points,
horizontally or vertically.

A

Clove Hitch knot

183
Q

This is used to anchor, is also called the lark’s head is a hitch knot used to
attach a rope to an object.

A

Cow Hitch knot

184
Q

TYPE OF TENT

A
  1. Ridge/A-frame
  2. Dome
  3. Tunnel
  4. Geodesic
  5. Cabin
  6. Pyramid
185
Q

Tips for Camping and Tent Setup

A
  1. Practice Setting Up Your Tent
  2. Check Weather Conditions
  3. Leave No Trace
  4. Tent Maintenance
  5. Follow Manufacturer Instructions
186
Q

main parts of a tent

A
  1. Tent Body (Inner Tent)
  2. Rainfly (Outer Tent):
  3. Poles
  4. Stakes (Pegs)
  5. Guy Lines
  6. Tent Pockets
  7. Doors
  8. Windows and Ventilation Panels
  9. Zippers
  10. Floor
  11. Footprint (Ground Cloth)
  12. Vestibule
187
Q

A covered area outside the tent’s main body created by the rainfly. Vestibules provide
additional storage space for gear and protect items from the weather.

A

Vestibule

188
Q

A protective layer placed underneath the tent to shield it from abrasive surfaces, moisture,
and punctures. Footprints can extend the lifespan of the tent floor.

A

Footprint (Ground Cloth)

189
Q

The bottom part of the tent that separates campers from the ground. Tent floors are usually
made of waterproof and durable material to keep moisture from entering the tent

A

Floor

190
Q

Fasteners used to open and close doors, windows, and other openings in the tent. Quality
zippers are crucial for easy access and durability.

A

Zippers

191
Q

Transparent panels or openings with mesh that provide additional ventilation and allow
occupants to see outside. Proper ventilation helps reduce condensation inside the tent

A

Windows and Ventilation Panels

192
Q

Openings in the tent body or rainfly that serve as entry and exit points. Some tents have
multiple doors for convenient access, and they may feature mesh panels for ventilation
while keeping insects out.

A

Doors

193
Q

Small fabric pouches or pockets inside the tent where campers can store personal items
such as keys, flashlights, or small gear. Pockets help keep the interior organized.

A

Tent Pockets

194
Q

Ropes attached to the tent and anchored to the ground to enhance stability. Guy lines are
particularly useful in windy conditions. Many tents have adjustable tensioners to tighten or
loosen the lines.

A

Guy Lines

195
Q

Ground anchors used to secure the tent to the ground. Stakes are inserted through loops or
grommets at the corners of the tent body and rainfly, providing stability and preventing the
tent from shifting in the wind.

A

Stakes (Pegs)

196
Q

Structural elements that create the framework of the tent. Tent poles are usually made of
lightweight materials such as aluminum or fiberglass. They come in segments that connect
to form the tent’s skeleton.

A

Poles

197
Q

A waterproof and weather-resistant covering that goes over the tent body. The rainfly
provides an additional layer of protection against rain, wind, and other external elements. It
often has ventilation openings to minimize condensation.

A

Rainfly (Outer Tent)

198
Q

The primary enclosure where campers sleep. It typically consists of walls made of
breathable and water-resistant fabric with mesh panels for ventilation. The tent body
provides privacy and protection from insects.

A

Tent Body (Inner Tent)

199
Q

A sheet of waterproof fabric that has been stitched together

A

tarp

200
Q

Common Uses of Tarps:

A

 Shelter
 Ground Cover
 Rainfly
 Picnic or Camping Mat
 Emergency Blanket
 Cargo Cover

201
Q

parts of tarp

A

-rope
eyelet/grommet
-tarpaulin
reinforced edges

202
Q

Is a flat and graphic representation, drawn into scale, of a portion of Earth’s surface as seen
from above.

A

MAP

203
Q

types of maps

A

Political map, Military map, Economic map,
Topographic map, Climatic map, etc.

204
Q

PARTS OF MAP

A
  1. Title
  2. Scale
  3. Compass Rose
  4. Legend
205
Q

What the map is, on the top of the map.

A

Title

206
Q

Tells you how to read the distance on the map.

A

Scale

207
Q

Shows the directions on the map.

A

Compass Rose

208
Q

Lists each symbol and explains what it shows
on the map.

A

Legend

209
Q

THE NORTH

A
  1. True North
  2. Magnetic North
  3. Grid North
210
Q

The direction of the Earth’s North Pole, which is 90 degrees north. The North Pole
star is directly above the North Pole.

A

True North

211
Q

The direction of the Earth’s magnetic pole, i.e. the direction in which the needle
of the compass points.

A

Magnetic North

212
Q

The direction of the vertical grid line called eastings.

A

Grid North

213
Q

Is a navigation and orientation instrument that shows direction relative to geographic
directions.

A

COMPASS

214
Q

parts of orienteering compass

A

-scales/rulers
-direction of travel
-orienteering arrow
-declination scales
-dial with degrees
-index line
-magnetic needle
-orienting lines
-rotating housing
-base plate

215
Q

METHOD USE IN IDENTIFYING OWN LOCATION

A

resection

216
Q

METHOD USE IN IDENTIFYING OTHER LOCATION

A

-INTERSECTION
-BY AZIMUTH AND DISTANCE. AZIMUTH

217
Q

– method of locating one’s position on a map by determining grid azimuth to at
least well-defined locations that can be pinpointed on the map.

A

RESECTION

218
Q

method of locating an unknown point by successively occupying at least
two (better three) known positions on the ground and then map sighting on the unknown
location. Used to locate distant or inaccessible points

A

INTERSECTION

219
Q

defined as a horizontal angle measured
clockwise from a north base line. When using azimuth, the point from which the azimuth
originates is the center of imaginary circle. The circle is divided into 360 degrees.

A

BY AZIMUTH AND DISTANCE. AZIMUTH

220
Q

Building fire from natural source is allowable only in case of emergency or if it is allowed in the
camp site. Remember the following LNT rules with regards to minimizing campfire impact.

A

FIRE BUILDING

221
Q

Tinder, kindling and fuel together

A

GATHER

222
Q
  • The fire by adding kindling wood to the burning tinder and adding fuel to the fire as
    it grows.
A

BUILD

223
Q

From dead twigs found on the lower branches of trees and shrubs that snap off
easily when bent. Never use branches or woods that are still green in color.

A

TINDER

224
Q
  • Should be dry. Don’t gather wet woods from the forest floor. Look for branches
    that are dead and down, not on the tree
A

KINDLING

225
Q

Should be dry, split larger wood if possible and a good-sized stack on hand before
you light the fire.

A

FUEL

226
Q

BUILDING FIRE PROCEDURE

A
  1. GATHER
  2. BUILD
  3. TINDER
  4. KINDLING
  5. FUEL
227
Q

LNT FIRE BUILD TIPS

A
  1. Fire ring
  2. Fire pan
228
Q

TYPE OF FIRE BUILD

A
  1. Tepee
  2. lean-to
  3. cross-ditch
  4. pyramid

SECOND YEAR, SECOND SEM (7 decks)

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