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SECOND YEAR, SECOND SEM > BSES 27 - FINAL COVERAGE > Flashcards

BSES 27 - FINAL COVERAGE Flashcards

proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

1
Q

From the word proteios meaning first of importance

A

proteins

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2
Q

proteins defined sequence

A

polypeptide

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3
Q

most abundant of cellular components

A

proteins

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4
Q

Complex macromolecules with exquisite specificity

A

proteins

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5
Q

FunctionlRole of Protein

A
  1. Enzymatic catalyst
  2. Transport and storage
  3. Coordinated motion
  4. Mechanical support
  5. Immune protection
  6. Generation and transmission of nerve impulses
  7. Control of growth and differentiation
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6
Q

Basic structural unit of protein

A

amino acids

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7
Q

Almost all naturally occurring amino acids belong to the

A

L -
stereochemical series

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8
Q

3 common features of amino acids are

A

-carboxyl group
-amino group
- r group

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9
Q

amino acid classes

A

-neutral amino acids
-acidic amino acids
-basic amino acids

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10
Q
  • have the same no. of amino and carboxyl group
A

neutral amino acids

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11
Q

have more carboxyl groups than amino groups
( aspartic acid and glutamic acid)

A

acidic amino acids

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12
Q

have more amino groups than carboxyl groups
( Lysine, Arginine and Histidine)

A

basic amino acids

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13
Q

Ability of amino acids to react either as acid or base

A

amphoterism

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14
Q

dipolar ion

A

zwitterions

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15
Q

a common form in which amino acids exist

A

zwitterions

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16
Q

point at which the concentration of the dipolar ion is at its maximum
level and the concentrations of the anions and cations are equal

A

electric point

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17
Q

pH at which there is no migration toward either electrode

A

electric point

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18
Q

those that yield only amino acids or their derivatives
when hydrolyzed.

A

simple proteins

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19
Q

those that are composed of simple proteins combined w some non-protein substances

A

conjugated proteins

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20
Q

classification of protein based on solubility properties

A

-simple proteins
-conjugated proteins

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21
Q

classification of proteins acc to three dimensional shape

A

-fibrous proteins
-globular proteins

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22
Q

consist of polypeptide chain arranged side by side in
long filaments. Because these proteins are tough and insoluble in water , they
are used in nature for structural materials for tendons, hooves, horns and
muscles.

A

fibrous proteins

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23
Q

coiled into compact and nearly spherical shapes

A

globular proteins

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24
Q

classification of proteins acc to function

A

-enzymes
-hormones
-protective proteins
-storage proteins
-structural proteins
-transport proteins

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25
Q

refers to the stable amino acid sequence that eshblish definite
amino acid sequence in a Protein

A

primary structure

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26
Q

are amide formed by interactions between amino groups and
carboxyl groups of amino acid

A

peptides

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27
Q

combination of two amino acids

A

dipeptides

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28
Q

refers to the regular repetitive conformation of amino acids that are
spatially closed to one another

A

secondary structure

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29
Q

dictated by maximum H-bonding involving the carbonyl group of one
peptide bond and the amino group of another

A

secondary structure

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30
Q

3D shape that arises from further foldings of its polypeptide chains,
foldings superimposed on the coils of the a-helices

A

tertiary structure

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31
Q

results from R-group interaction

A

tertiary structure

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32
Q

coils maybe looped twisted or folded upon itself in a variety of ways

A

tertiary structure

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33
Q

stabilizing forces are disulfide bonds, H-bond, electrostatic and
hydrophobic

A

tertiary structure

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34
Q

concerns interaction by which two or more polypeptide chains associate in
a specific manner to form biologically active proteins

A

quaternary structure

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35
Q

found in some complex proteins which is composed of two or more
smaller proteins; non-protein components may also be present

A

quaternary structure

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36
Q

Any change in the native structure of proteins brought about by breaking
of any bond except the peptide bond

A

denaturation

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37
Q

tests for proteins and amino acids

A

-xanthroproteic test
-biuret test
-ninhydrin test

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38
Q

proteins containing benzene ring react with concentrated nitric acid to
give yellow products

A

Xanthroproteic test

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39
Q

A violet color is produced when dilute copper (II) sulfate is added to an
alkaline solution of peptide or protein

A

biuret test

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40
Q

At least two peptide bonds must be present, as the color changes only
when peptide bonds can surround the Cu2+

A

biuret test

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41
Q

Triketohydrindene hydtrate, generally known as ninhydrin, is an extremely
sensitive reagent for amino acid

A

ninhydrin test

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42
Q

All amino acid except proline and hydroxy proline, give a blue solution
with ninhydrin

A

ninhydrin test

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43
Q

determination of the primary structure of protein, like
similar analysis of nucleic acid (today all sequencing is via Edman Degradation
Method and is done almost entirely by automatic instruments known as
sequenators)

A

sequence analysis

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44
Q

Catalysts of biochemical reaction

A

enzymes

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45
Q

Proteins synthesized in a Iiving cell and catalyzes or speeds up a
thermodynamically possible reaction so that the rate of the reaction is
compatible with biochemical process essenUal fur the maintenance of cell

A

enzymes

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46
Q

The compete functional or active complex of an enzyme including its
required co-factors

A

holoenzyme

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47
Q

6 main classes of enzymes

A

-oxidoreductases
-transferases
-hydrolases
-lyases
-isomerases
-ligases

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48
Q

catalyze the oxidation reduction between two
substrate

A

oxidoreductases

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49
Q

catalyze the transfer of a functional group between two
substrate molecules

A

transferases

50
Q

catalyze the hydrolysis of esters, carbohydrates and proteins

A

. hydrolases

51
Q

catalyze the removal of group from substrate by mechanisms
other than hydrolysis

A

lyases

52
Q

catalyze the interconversion of stereoisomers and structural
isomers

A

isomerases

53
Q

catalyze the linking of two compounds by breaking a
phosphate anhydride bond in adenosine tri phosphate (ATP)

A

ligases

54
Q
  • is a measure of the rate at which an enzyme converts
    substrate to products
A

enzyme activity

55
Q

envisions the substrate as a key that fits into the
appropriate active site: the lock

A

lock and key model

56
Q

proposes that the active site adjusts its structure in
order to prepare the substrate-enzyme complex for catalysis

A

induced fit model

57
Q

models of enzyme action

A

-lock and key model
-induced fit model

58
Q

2 types of inhibition

A

-competitive inhibition
-non-competitive inhibition

59
Q

this type of inhibition involves inhibitors tha
resemble the substrate structurally. The inhibitors binds at the same site
the substrate binds the enzyme. The inhibitor and the substrate therefore
compete fur the active site.

A

competitive inhibition

60
Q

This type of inhibition involves inhibitors that
can bind at sites different from the active site of the enryme. These
inhibitors do not interfere with the binding site of the substrate to the
enzyme directly but interfere with the reaction of the enzyme - substrate
complex

A

non-competitive inhibition

61
Q

water insoluble, oily or greasy biochemical compounds that can be extracted from the cells by nonpolar solvents such as ether, chloroform, and benzene

A

lipids

62
Q

function of lipids

A

-as structural components of membranes
-as enzyme co-factors
-as storage and transport form metabolic fuel
-as protective coating on the surface of many organisms
-hormones and vitamins
-insulation

63
Q

building block component of saponifiable lipids

A

fatty acid

64
Q

fatty acid structure

A

RCOOH

65
Q

possess a long HC chain and terminal carboxyl group

A

fatty acid

66
Q

about _ diff fatty acid occurs naturally

A

40

67
Q

the most abundant saturated fatty acids

A

palmitic acid and strearic acid

68
Q

the most abundant unsaturated ones

A

oleic acid and linoleic acid

69
Q

unsaturated fatty acid maybe

A

cis or trans

70
Q

main storage form of fatty acids particularly in animals

A

triacyglycerol

71
Q

esters of glycerol and fatty acid

A

triacyglycerol

72
Q

converts double bonds to single, saturated bond by the addition of hydrogen. The hydrogen is bubbled through hot oil in the presence of nickel catalyst

A

hydrogenation

73
Q

splitting of triglycerides by water in the presence of strong acids or digestive enzymes called lipase

A

hydrolysis

74
Q

reaction of fat with a strong base

A

saponification

75
Q

a fat/oil becomes rancid when its double bonds are oxidized by oxygen and microorganisms

A

oxidation

76
Q

classification of lipids

A

-simple lipids
-compound lipids
-steroids
-miscellaneous lipids

77
Q

most prevalent form of lipids, include butterfat, lard body fat, and vegetable oils such as olive oil and corn oil

A

fats and oils

78
Q

ester of glycerol and three fatty acids

A

fats and oild

79
Q

are water insoluble, solid ester of higher fatty acids with long chain monohydric fatty alcohols. They are soft and pliable when warm but hard when cold.

A

waxes

80
Q

most abundant lipids in cell membranes, where the play an important in cellular permeability. the make up much of the myelin sheet that protects the nerve cells

A

phospholipids

81
Q

two types of phosphoglycerides

A

lecithins and cephalins

82
Q

can be regarded as derivatives of phosphatidic acid

A

glycerophospholipid

83
Q

group of phospholipids are esters of the amino alcohol sphingosine instead of glycerol

A

sphingolipid

84
Q

a carbohydrate bounded to an alcohol group of a lipid by a glycosidic bond

A

glycolipids

85
Q

the two most important classes found mainly in cell membranes of nerve and brain tissue

A

glycolipids

86
Q

steroid comes from the latin word ____ meaning __

A

-stereos
-solid

87
Q

examples of steroids

A

-cholesterol
-bile salts
-ergosterol
-adrenal cortex hormones
-sex hormones

88
Q

most abundant steroid in the body

A

cholesterol

89
Q

aids in the digestion of fats

A

bile salts

90
Q

a yeast steroid, which is converted to vitamin D by ultraviolet radiation

A

ergosterol

91
Q

involved in metabolism

A

adrenal cortex hormones

92
Q

controls sexual characteristics and reproduction

A

sex hormones

93
Q

examples of sex hormones

A

-androgens
-estrogen
-progestin

94
Q

responsible for the development of male secondary characteristics during puberty

A

androgens

95
Q

responsible for the development of female secondary sex characteristics and regulation of menstrual cycle

A

estrogen

96
Q

another kind of sex hormones essential for preparing the uterus for implantation of a fertilized ovum during pregnancy

A

progestin

97
Q

what is the most important progestin

A

progesterone

98
Q

most important male sex hormones

A

-testosterone
-androsterone

99
Q

most important female sex hormones

A

estrone
-estradiol

100
Q

lipids found in the oils of some plants and flowers that give them their characteristics odors and colors. they are composed of two or more sections containing five carbon atom related to isoprene

A

terpenes

101
Q

fat soluble vitamins which are derived from terpenes

A

vitamin a, e, and k

102
Q

thin, semi-permeable cellular barries

A

biological membranes

103
Q

is composed of two adjoining layers of lipid molecules aligned so that their hydrophobic portions from the bilayer interior while the hydrophilic portions from the bilayer exterior

A

lipid bilayer

104
Q

are chemical carriers of the cell’s genetic information

A

nucleic acid

105
Q

two forms of nucleic acid

A

-DNA
-RNA

106
Q

nucleic acid linkage

A

phosphodiester linkage

107
Q

composed of an aldopentose sugar linked to a heterocyclic purine of pyrimidine base (nucleoside) bonded to a phosphate group

A

nucleotides

108
Q

they used the x-ray diffraction photographs of maurice wilkins and rosalind fraklin to infer a structural model known as watson and crick model of DNA

A

-james watson
-francis crick

109
Q

is the process by which the physical and mental characteristics of parents are transferred to their offspring

A

heredity

110
Q

sum of all hereditary

A

genome

111
Q

exact duplication of the double strand

A

replication

112
Q

each daughter duplex contains one strand from the parent duplex

A

semiconservative replication

113
Q

occurs in two direction about the origin of replication

A

bidirectional

114
Q

half of the newly synthesized DNA is first made as small pieces and are subsequently ligated together to form long chains

A

discontinuous synthesis

115
Q

the replication happens in

A

nucleus of the cell

116
Q

what direction both leading and lagging strand occur

A

5’ - 3’ direction

117
Q

transfer of genetic info from DNA to RNA

A

transcription

118
Q

carried genetic message from DNA to ribosomes, small granular particles in the cytoplasm where protein is synthesized

A

messenger RNA

119
Q

complexed with proteins; provides the physical make up of the ribosome

A

ribosomal RNA

120
Q

transports amino acids to ribosomes where they are joined to form proteins

A

transfer RNA

121
Q

which is complementary to the strand containing gene

A

coding strand or sense strand

122
Q

define as the relation between the sequence of bases in DNA and the sequence of amino acid in a protein

A

genetic code

SECOND YEAR, SECOND SEM (7 decks)

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