BSES 27 - FINAL COVERAGE Flashcards
proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
1
Q
From the word proteios meaning first of importance
A
proteins
2
Q
proteins defined sequence
A
polypeptide
3
Q
most abundant of cellular components
A
proteins
4
Q
Complex macromolecules with exquisite specificity
A
proteins
5
Q
FunctionlRole of Protein
A
- Enzymatic catalyst
- Transport and storage
- Coordinated motion
- Mechanical support
- Immune protection
- Generation and transmission of nerve impulses
- Control of growth and differentiation
6
Q
Basic structural unit of protein
A
amino acids
7
Q
Almost all naturally occurring amino acids belong to the
A
L -
stereochemical series
8
Q
3 common features of amino acids are
A
-carboxyl group
-amino group
- r group
9
Q
amino acid classes
A
-neutral amino acids
-acidic amino acids
-basic amino acids
10
Q
- have the same no. of amino and carboxyl group
A
neutral amino acids
11
Q
have more carboxyl groups than amino groups
( aspartic acid and glutamic acid)
A
acidic amino acids
12
Q
have more amino groups than carboxyl groups
( Lysine, Arginine and Histidine)
A
basic amino acids
13
Q
Ability of amino acids to react either as acid or base
A
amphoterism
14
Q
dipolar ion
A
zwitterions
15
Q
a common form in which amino acids exist
A
zwitterions
16
Q
point at which the concentration of the dipolar ion is at its maximum
level and the concentrations of the anions and cations are equal
A
electric point
17
Q
pH at which there is no migration toward either electrode
A
electric point
18
Q
those that yield only amino acids or their derivatives
when hydrolyzed.
A
simple proteins
19
Q
those that are composed of simple proteins combined w some non-protein substances
A
conjugated proteins
20
Q
classification of protein based on solubility properties
A
-simple proteins
-conjugated proteins
21
Q
classification of proteins acc to three dimensional shape
A
-fibrous proteins
-globular proteins
22
Q
consist of polypeptide chain arranged side by side in
long filaments. Because these proteins are tough and insoluble in water , they
are used in nature for structural materials for tendons, hooves, horns and
muscles.
A
fibrous proteins
23
Q
coiled into compact and nearly spherical shapes
A
globular proteins
24
Q
classification of proteins acc to function
A
-enzymes
-hormones
-protective proteins
-storage proteins
-structural proteins
-transport proteins
25
refers to the stable amino acid sequence that eshblish definite
amino acid sequence in a Protein
primary structure
26
are amide formed by interactions between amino groups and
carboxyl groups of amino acid
peptides
27
combination of two amino acids
dipeptides
28
refers to the regular repetitive conformation of amino acids that are
spatially closed to one another
secondary structure
29
dictated by maximum H-bonding involving the carbonyl group of one
peptide bond and the amino group of another
secondary structure
30
3D shape that arises from further foldings of its polypeptide chains,
foldings superimposed on the coils of the a-helices
tertiary structure
31
results from R-group interaction
tertiary structure
32
coils maybe looped twisted or folded upon itself in a variety of ways
tertiary structure
33
stabilizing forces are disulfide bonds, H-bond, electrostatic and
hydrophobic
tertiary structure
34
concerns interaction by which two or more polypeptide chains associate in
a specific manner to form biologically active proteins
quaternary structure
35
found in some complex proteins which is composed of two or more
smaller proteins; non-protein components may also be present
quaternary structure
36
Any change in the native structure of proteins brought about by breaking
of any bond except the peptide bond
denaturation
37
tests for proteins and amino acids
-xanthroproteic test
-biuret test
-ninhydrin test
38
proteins containing benzene ring react with concentrated nitric acid to
give yellow products
Xanthroproteic test
39
A violet color is produced when dilute copper (II) sulfate is added to an
alkaline solution of peptide or protein
biuret test
40
At least two peptide bonds must be present, as the color changes only
when peptide bonds can surround the Cu2+
biuret test
41
Triketohydrindene hydtrate, generally known as ninhydrin, is an extremely
sensitive reagent for amino acid
ninhydrin test
42
All amino acid except proline and hydroxy proline, give a blue solution
with ninhydrin
ninhydrin test
43
determination of the primary structure of protein, like
similar analysis of nucleic acid (today all sequencing is via Edman Degradation
Method and is done almost entirely by automatic instruments known as
sequenators)
sequence analysis
44
Catalysts of biochemical reaction
enzymes
45
Proteins synthesized in a Iiving cell and catalyzes or speeds up a
thermodynamically possible reaction so that the rate of the reaction is
compatible with biochemical process essenUal fur the maintenance of cell
enzymes
46
The compete functional or active complex of an enzyme including its
required co-factors
holoenzyme
47
6 main classes of enzymes
-oxidoreductases
-transferases
-hydrolases
-lyases
-isomerases
-ligases
48
catalyze the oxidation reduction between two
substrate
oxidoreductases
49
catalyze the transfer of a functional group between two
substrate molecules
transferases
50
catalyze the hydrolysis of esters, carbohydrates and proteins
. hydrolases
51
catalyze the removal of group from substrate by mechanisms
other than hydrolysis
lyases
52
catalyze the interconversion of stereoisomers and structural
isomers
isomerases
53
catalyze the linking of two compounds by breaking a
phosphate anhydride bond in adenosine tri phosphate (ATP)
ligases
54
- is a measure of the rate at which an enzyme converts
substrate to products
enzyme activity
55
envisions the substrate as a key that fits into the
appropriate active site: the lock
lock and key model
56
proposes that the active site adjusts its structure in
order to prepare the substrate-enzyme complex for catalysis
induced fit model
57
models of enzyme action
-lock and key model
-induced fit model
58
2 types of inhibition
-competitive inhibition
-non-competitive inhibition
59
this type of inhibition involves inhibitors tha
resemble the substrate structurally. The inhibitors binds at the same site
the substrate binds the enzyme. The inhibitor and the substrate therefore
compete fur the active site.
competitive inhibition
60
This type of inhibition involves inhibitors that
can bind at sites different from the active site of the enryme. These
inhibitors do not interfere with the binding site of the substrate to the
enzyme directly but interfere with the reaction of the enzyme - substrate
complex
non-competitive inhibition
61
water insoluble, oily or greasy biochemical compounds that can be extracted from the cells by nonpolar solvents such as ether, chloroform, and benzene
lipids
62
function of lipids
-as structural components of membranes
-as enzyme co-factors
-as storage and transport form metabolic fuel
-as protective coating on the surface of many organisms
-hormones and vitamins
-insulation
63
building block component of saponifiable lipids
fatty acid
64
fatty acid structure
RCOOH
65
possess a long HC chain and terminal carboxyl group
fatty acid
66
about _ diff fatty acid occurs naturally
40
67
the most abundant saturated fatty acids
palmitic acid and strearic acid
68
the most abundant unsaturated ones
oleic acid and linoleic acid
69
unsaturated fatty acid maybe
cis or trans
70
main storage form of fatty acids particularly in animals
triacyglycerol
71
esters of glycerol and fatty acid
triacyglycerol
72
converts double bonds to single, saturated bond by the addition of hydrogen. The hydrogen is bubbled through hot oil in the presence of nickel catalyst
hydrogenation
73
splitting of triglycerides by water in the presence of strong acids or digestive enzymes called lipase
hydrolysis
74
reaction of fat with a strong base
saponification
75
a fat/oil becomes rancid when its double bonds are oxidized by oxygen and microorganisms
oxidation
76
classification of lipids
-simple lipids
-compound lipids
-steroids
-miscellaneous lipids
77
most prevalent form of lipids, include butterfat, lard body fat, and vegetable oils such as olive oil and corn oil
fats and oils
78
ester of glycerol and three fatty acids
fats and oild
79
are water insoluble, solid ester of higher fatty acids with long chain monohydric fatty alcohols. They are soft and pliable when warm but hard when cold.
waxes
80
most abundant lipids in cell membranes, where the play an important in cellular permeability. the make up much of the myelin sheet that protects the nerve cells
phospholipids
81
two types of phosphoglycerides
lecithins and cephalins
82
can be regarded as derivatives of phosphatidic acid
glycerophospholipid
83
group of phospholipids are esters of the amino alcohol sphingosine instead of glycerol
sphingolipid
84
a carbohydrate bounded to an alcohol group of a lipid by a glycosidic bond
glycolipids
85
the two most important classes found mainly in cell membranes of nerve and brain tissue
glycolipids
86
steroid comes from the latin word ____ meaning __
-stereos
-solid
87
examples of steroids
-cholesterol
-bile salts
-ergosterol
-adrenal cortex hormones
-sex hormones
88
most abundant steroid in the body
cholesterol
89
aids in the digestion of fats
bile salts
90
a yeast steroid, which is converted to vitamin D by ultraviolet radiation
ergosterol
91
involved in metabolism
adrenal cortex hormones
92
controls sexual characteristics and reproduction
sex hormones
93
examples of sex hormones
-androgens
-estrogen
-progestin
94
responsible for the development of male secondary characteristics during puberty
androgens
95
responsible for the development of female secondary sex characteristics and regulation of menstrual cycle
estrogen
96
another kind of sex hormones essential for preparing the uterus for implantation of a fertilized ovum during pregnancy
progestin
97
what is the most important progestin
progesterone
98
most important male sex hormones
-testosterone
-androsterone
99
most important female sex hormones
estrone
-estradiol
100
lipids found in the oils of some plants and flowers that give them their characteristics odors and colors. they are composed of two or more sections containing five carbon atom related to isoprene
terpenes
101
fat soluble vitamins which are derived from terpenes
vitamin a, e, and k
102
thin, semi-permeable cellular barries
biological membranes
103
is composed of two adjoining layers of lipid molecules aligned so that their hydrophobic portions from the bilayer interior while the hydrophilic portions from the bilayer exterior
lipid bilayer
104
are chemical carriers of the cell's genetic information
nucleic acid
105
two forms of nucleic acid
-DNA
-RNA
106
nucleic acid linkage
phosphodiester linkage
107
composed of an aldopentose sugar linked to a heterocyclic purine of pyrimidine base (nucleoside) bonded to a phosphate group
nucleotides
108
they used the x-ray diffraction photographs of maurice wilkins and rosalind fraklin to infer a structural model known as watson and crick model of DNA
-james watson
-francis crick
109
is the process by which the physical and mental characteristics of parents are transferred to their offspring
heredity
110
sum of all hereditary
genome
111
exact duplication of the double strand
replication
112
each daughter duplex contains one strand from the parent duplex
semiconservative replication
113
occurs in two direction about the origin of replication
bidirectional
114
half of the newly synthesized DNA is first made as small pieces and are subsequently ligated together to form long chains
discontinuous synthesis
115
the replication happens in
nucleus of the cell
116
what direction both leading and lagging strand occur
5' - 3' direction
117
transfer of genetic info from DNA to RNA
transcription
118
carried genetic message from DNA to ribosomes, small granular particles in the cytoplasm where protein is synthesized
messenger RNA
119
complexed with proteins; provides the physical make up of the ribosome
ribosomal RNA
120
transports amino acids to ribosomes where they are joined to form proteins
transfer RNA
121
which is complementary to the strand containing gene
coding strand or sense strand
122
define as the relation between the sequence of bases in DNA and the sequence of amino acid in a protein
genetic code
