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SECOND YEAR, SECOND SEM > BSES 34 > Flashcards

BSES 34 Flashcards

Earth Science

1
Q

The largest unit of geologic unit of time

A

eon

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2
Q

Geologic time is divided into four eons

A

➢ the Hadean eon,
➢ the Archean eon,
➢ the Proterozoic eon,
➢ the Phanerozoic eon.

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3
Q

The first three eons are part of a time interval
commonly known as

A

Precambrian Time

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4
Q

a unit of geologic time that includes two or
more periods

A

era

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5
Q

After Precambrian time the ___ began

A

Phanerozoic eon

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6
Q

The first era of the Phanerozoic eon was the _____ which lasted 292 million years

A

paleozoic era

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7
Q

■ After the Paleozoic Era the ______ began and
lasted about 183 million

A

mesozoic era

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8
Q

contain fossils of a
wide variety of marine and terrestrial
life forms

A

Paleozoic rocks

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9
Q

include early forms of birds
and reptile

A

Mesozoic fossils

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10
Q

The present era is the _____, which began
65 million years ago.

A

Cenozoic Era

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11
Q

Fossils of mammals are common
in

A

Cenozoic rocks.

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12
Q

a unit of geologic time that is longer than an
epoch but shorter than an era

A

period

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13
Q

a subdivision of geologic time that is longer
than an age but shorter than a period

A

epoch

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14
Q

Epochs may be divided into smaller units of time
called

A

ages

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15
Q

are defined by the occurrence of distinct
fossils in the fossil record

A

ages

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16
Q
  • Time prior to Phanerozoic Era
  • Archean Eon
    ● 4.6-2.5 billion years ago
  • Proterozoic Eon
A

precambrian

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17
Q
  • Large under-formed portions of
    continent
  • Primarily Precambrian
A

cratons

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18
Q
  • Craton exposed at surface
  • Canadian Shield exposed by glaciation
A

Precambrian shield

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19
Q

Provide important information concerning age
of earth

A

origin of universe

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20
Q

Fragments of layer bodies that have
undergone collision and broken into pieces

A

origin of universe

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21
Q

Rocky composition

A

stony meteorite

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22
Q

Metallic composition

A

iron meteorite

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23
Q

Mixture of rocky and metallic

Proxy for core composition

A

Stony-iron meteorite

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24
Q

Organized in disks

A

Stars cluster in galaxies

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25
Q

Our galaxy of stars

A

Milky Way

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26
Q

Galaxies move apart

A

Expanding Universe

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27
Q

Originally concentrated into a single
point

A

Redshift

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28
Q
  • 15 billion years ago
  • Age of universe
A

BigBang

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29
Q

our sun

A

Stars form

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30
Q

Exploding star

A

Supernova

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31
Q

Dense rational cloud

A

Solar nebula

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32
Q

Planets formed near time of sun’s formation

A

4.6 billion years ago

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33
Q

Earth materials differentiated

A
  • Dense at center
  • Less dense silicates rose to surface (
    magma ocean )
  • Cooled to form crust
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34
Q

Moon formed from impact

A
  • Mantle of impacting body
  • Proportions of Fe and Mg differ from
    Earth’s mantle
35
Q

Early atmosphere

A
  • Degassing from volcanic Emissions
  • CH4 and NH3 abundant
  • Little O2 (No photosynthesis)
36
Q

Earth’s Oceans

A
  • Volcanic emissions cooled, condensed
  • Salts ( carried to sea by rivers and
    introduced at ridges)
37
Q

Moon’s Maria

A
  • Originally thought to be seas
  • Creates formed by asteroids
  • Floored by basalts
  • Craters ( 3.8 -4.6 billion years old )
38
Q

Decreased through time

A

Heat flow

39
Q

origin of the solar system

A

● Planets formed near time of sun’s formation
● Planets far from sun are formed from volatile
elements
● Planets close to sun are rocky
● Rocky Debris

40
Q

origin of earth and moon

A

● Meteorite impacts increased concentration of
some elements in upper earth
● Earth materials differentiated
● Moon formed from impact
● Early atmosphere
● Earth’s Oceans
● Moon’s Maria
● Heat flow
● Indicates abundant hot spots, small lithosphere
fragments

41
Q

Basalt ( oceanic)

A

First Crust

42
Q
  • Formed nuclei of continental crust
  • Iceland (modern analogue )
A

Felsies differentiated

43
Q

High heat flow limited continental
thickness

A

Small Archean

44
Q
  • 4.1 - 4.2 B years old
  • Weathered from felsic rocks
A

Zircon Crystal

45
Q

3.8 - 4.0 B years old

A

Canadian Shield

46
Q
  • Weakly metamorphosed
  • Abundant chlorite ( green color)
  • Nested in high-grade felsie
    metamorphic rocks
A

Greenstone belts

47
Q
  • Volcanic contain pillow basalts
    (underwater extrusion)
  • Formation of sediments in deep water
A

Greenstone belts contain igneous rocks

48
Q

3 billion years old
- Isua, Southern greenland

A

Banded iron Formation

49
Q
  • Deep water sediments accreted to
    continent
  • Marine sediments from wedge between
    continental masses
A

Continental Accretion

50
Q

origin of continents

A

● First Crust
● Felsies differentiated
● Small Archean
● Zircon Crystal
● Canadian Shield
● Greenstone belts
● Greenstone belts contain igneous rocks
● Banded iron Formation
● Continental Accretion

51
Q
  • Water flowed once
  • Life may have evolved separately
A

mars

52
Q

Produced amino acids found in proteins

A

Miller Urey

53
Q
  • Nucleic acid
  • Can replicate itself
  • May have been catalyst for production
    of key proteins
A

RNA world

54
Q
  • High heat
  • Chemosynthetic organisms
A

Mid - ocean ridges

55
Q

2H2 + O2 - >2H2O + energy

A

Hydrogen Oxidation

56
Q

S+H2 ->H2S+ energy

A

Sulfur Reduction

57
Q

CO2 + 4H2 -> CH4 + 2H2O + energy

A

Methane production

58
Q

types of bonding

A

● Chemical bonding
● Ionic bonding
● Covalent bonding

59
Q

Formation of a compound by combining
two or more elements

A

Chemical bonding

60
Q

Atoms gain or lose outermost (valence)
electrons to form ions

A

Ionic bonding

61
Q

Example of Ionic bonding

A

Halite (NaCl)

62
Q

Atoms share electrons to achieve
electrical neutrality

A

Covalent bonding

63
Q

Generally stronger than ionic bonds

A

Covalent bonding

64
Q

Valence electrons are free to migrate
among atoms

A

Metallic bonding

65
Q

Minerals with the same composition but
different crystalline structures

A

Polymorphs

66
Q

Determined by observation or
performing a simple test

A

Primary diagnostic properties

67
Q
  • External expression of a mineral’s
    internal structure
  • Often interrupted due to competition for
    space and rapid loss of heat
A

Crystal form

68
Q

minerals

A

● Naturally occurring
● Inorganic substance (non-living)
● Crystalline structure
● Definite chemical composition

69
Q

4 Characteristics of mineral

A
  1. Naturally occurring - formed by processes on
    or inside earth with no input from humans
  2. Inorganic - not made by life processes
  3. Elements or compound with a definite chemical
    composition
  4. Orderly arrangement of atoms all minerals are
    crystalline solids
70
Q

composition of minerals

A

● Elements
● Atoms
● Atomic structure
● Electrons

71
Q

physical properties of minerals

A
  1. Hardness
  2. Color and Appearance
  3. luster
  4. specific gravity
  5. streak
  6. cleavage
  7. fracture

other properties
8. Magnetism
9. Reaction to Hydrochloric acid
10. Malleability
11. Double Refraction
12. Taste
13. Smell
14. Elasticity

72
Q

Ability to scratch another mineral

A

Hardness

73
Q
  • They are not enough to distinguish
    most minerals
A

Color and Appearance

74
Q

Refers to the way light bounces off the
surface of a mineral. Minerals may be
metallic (shiny ) dull, glossy, or pearly

A

luster

75
Q
  • Weight of a mineral/ weight of an equal
    volume of water
  • Average value = 2.7
A

specific gravity

76
Q

A mineral’s streak is the color of the
powder left behind when its is
scratched on a white tile

A

streak

77
Q

Tendency to break along planes of
weak bonding

A

cleavage

78
Q

Absence of cleavage when a minerals
is broken

A

fracture

79
Q

Three Main types of rocks are

A

● Igneous
● Sedimentary
● metamorphic

80
Q

Rocks that forms from melted rock

A

Igneous

81
Q

Melted rock called magma cools and
hardens to form igneous rock

A

Igneous

82
Q

Layers of substances are pressed and
cemented together

A

Sedimentary

83
Q

can form from
igneous and sedimentary rocks or from
other metamorphic rocks

A

metamorphic

SECOND YEAR, SECOND SEM (7 decks)

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