BSES 34 - FINAL COVERAGE Flashcards by KATE ANNE RONARIO

an opening, or vent in the earth’s crust through which magma and gases are expelled

volcano

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diff parts of a volcano

-vent
-conduit
-ash cloud
-crater
-magma reservoir
-throat

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a cloud of ash. it is formed by volcanic explosions

ash cloud

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the mouth of a volcano. it surrounds the vent

crater

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the entrance of a volcano. it ejects lava and volcanic ash

throat

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a large underground pool of liquid rock found beneath the surface of the earth

magma reservoir

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an underground passage which magma travels through

conduit

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an opening in the surface of the earth through which volcano material, such as magma, can escape

vent

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two major ways how volcanoes form

-convergence of tectonic plates
-hot spots

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what happens when the two tectonic plates collide

-there is subduction of a plate into the asthenosphere
-plate begins to melt rock, forming magma
-the hot, low density magma rises toward earth’s surface
-magma that is above earth’s surface is called lava

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hot spot example

hawaii

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two main types of volcanoes

-composite
-shield

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type of volcano that are found on destructive plate margins where crust sinks beneath the continental crust

composite volcanoes

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type of volcano that are found on constructive plate margins where two plates move away from one another

shield volcanoes

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structure and common features of volcanoes

-magma chamber
-main vent
-secondary vent
-crater

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this is where the molten rock is stored beneath the ground

magma chamber

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this is the cannel through which magma travels to reach the earth’s surface

main vent

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some magma may escape through the side of the volcano, particularly if the main vent becomes blocked

secondary vent

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this is found at the top of the volcano, where the magma erupts from

crater

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used to mearsure earthquakes occurring near on eruption

seismometers

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these devices monitor any changes in lanscape. volcanoes tend to swell near an eruption

tiltmeters and GPS satellite

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earth’s crust is constantly in a process of change

-weathering
-erosion
-deposition

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the process by which rocks are broken down into small pieces called sediment

weathering

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occurs when weathered material is carried away by wind or water

erosion

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responsible for some of our most impressive natural monuments

erosion

occurs when sediment is dropped off at a new location

deposition

is the physical disintegration and reduction in the size of the rocks without changing their chemical composition

mechanical weathering

decomposes, dissolves, alters, or weakens the rock through chemical processes to form residual materials

chemical weathering

is the disintegration or decay of rocks and minerals caused by chemical or physical agents of organisms

biological weathering

heating causes rock to expand, cooling results in contraction; different mineral expand and contract at different rates

thermal expansion and contraction

rock breaks apart in layers that are parallel to the earth's surface; as rock is uncovered, it expands

mechanical exfoliation

occurs when rocks collide against each other while they are transported by water, glacial ice, wind, or gravitational force

abrasion

two categories of soil

-residual soil -transported soil

types of soil that remains in place and has not been transported

residual soil

type of soil that transported by wind or water and deposited

transported soil

how many percent does the ocean make up the earth surface

70%

five main oceans

-atlantic ocean -pacific ocean -indian ocean -arctic ocean -southern ocean

the ocean that covers an area of approximately 41, 105, 000 square miles

atlantic ocean

the second largest basin

atlantic ocean

by far the largest of world's ocean basins, covering approximately 59 million square miles and containing more than half of the free water on earth

the pacific ocean

smallest of the world's five ocean basins

arctic ocean

study of earth's surface, shape, and features

topography

hills along the ocean floor, ranging in height and diameter, these hills are much larger than the hills we see on land

abyssal hills

are flat or very gently sloping areas of the deep ocean basin floor. they generally lie between the foot of a continental rise and mid-oceanic ridge

abyssal plains

extended perimeter of each continent and associated coastal plain, and was part of the continent during the glacial period, but is undersea during interglacial periods

continental shelf

the descending slope which connects the sea floor to the continental shelf. this is still considered to be part of the continent

continental slope

a gentle slope with a generally smooth surface, built up by the shedding of sediments from the continental block, and located between the continental slope and the abyssal plain

continental rise

also known as a tablemount is a flat-topped seamount

guyot

an underwater mountain range, typically having a valley known as a rift running along its spine, formed by plate tectonics. it is usually an oceanic spreading center

mid-ocean ridge

hemispheric-scale long but narrow topographic depressions of the sea floor

trench

the deepest part of the world's oceans

mariana trench

a mountain rising from the ocean seafloor that does not reach to the water's surface and thus is not an island

sea mount

an island of coral that encircles a lagoon partially or completely

atoll

this island arise from volcanoes where the subduction of one plate under another is occurring

oceanic island

a linear volcanic vent through which lava erupts, usually without any explosive activity,

volcanic fissure

a fissure in a planet's surface from which geothermal heated water issues

hydrothermal vent

it refers to the movement of the earth's continents relative to each other, appearing to drift across the ocean bed

continental drift theory

continental drift theory was fully developed by

alfred wegener

wegener named this supercontinent

pangaea

all continents had once been joined together in a single landmass and have drifted apart since

continental drift

pangaea means

all land

the place where two plates move apart or diverge is called a

divergent boundary

where two plates come together

convergent boundary

is a place where two plates slip past each other, moving in opposite directions

transform boundary

the process by which the ocean floor sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle is called

subduction

also known as quake, tremor or temblor is the phenomenon where there is a sudden release of extreme energy from the earth crust resulting in shaking and displacement of the ground along with the creation of seismic waves

earthquake

energy moving outward from the focus of an earthquake

seismic waves

location of initial slip on the fault; where the earthquake origins

focus

spot on earth's surface directly above the focus

epicenter

are cracks in the earth where sections of a plate are moving in diff directions

faults

the cracks where one block of rock is sliding downward and away from another block of rock

normal faults

a fault is a planar fracture or discontinuity in a volume of rock, across which there has been significant displacement

geological faults

occurs when the crust is extended. the hanging wall moves downward relative to the footwall

normal fault

a fault occurs when the crust is compressed. the hanging wall moves upward relative to the footwall

thrust fault

are cracks formed where one plate is pushing into another plate.

reverse faults

are the cracks between two plates that are sliding past each other

strike-slip fault

is an instrument that records the shaking of the earth's surface caused by seismic waves

seismograph

surface of the fault along which the rock blocks are slipped during the earthquake

fault plane

the first seismograph called

earthquake weathercock

waves travel through the interior of the earth

body waves

the first waves to arrive on a complte record of ground

p-waves

travel slower than p-waves

s waves

s waves also called

shear

are transverse waves that vibrates the ground in the horizontal direction perpendicular to the direction that the waves are travelling

love waves

are the slowest of all seismic wave types and in some ways the most complicated

rayleigh waves

a type oof large amplitude rayleigh wave

stoneley waves