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SECOND YEAR, SECOND SEM > BSES 34 - FINAL COVERAGE > Flashcards

BSES 34 - FINAL COVERAGE Flashcards

1
Q

an opening, or vent in the earth’s crust through which magma and gases are expelled

A

volcano

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2
Q

diff parts of a volcano

A

-vent
-conduit
-ash cloud
-crater
-magma reservoir
-throat

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3
Q

a cloud of ash. it is formed by volcanic explosions

A

ash cloud

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4
Q

the mouth of a volcano. it surrounds the vent

A

crater

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5
Q

the entrance of a volcano. it ejects lava and volcanic ash

A

throat

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6
Q

a large underground pool of liquid rock found beneath the surface of the earth

A

magma reservoir

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7
Q

an underground passage which magma travels through

A

conduit

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8
Q

an opening in the surface of the earth through which volcano material, such as magma, can escape

A

vent

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9
Q

two major ways how volcanoes form

A

-convergence of tectonic plates
-hot spots

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10
Q

what happens when the two tectonic plates collide

A

-there is subduction of a plate into the asthenosphere
-plate begins to melt rock, forming magma
-the hot, low density magma rises toward earth’s surface
-magma that is above earth’s surface is called lava

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11
Q

hot spot example

A

hawaii

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12
Q

two main types of volcanoes

A

-composite
-shield

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13
Q

type of volcano that are found on destructive plate margins where crust sinks beneath the continental crust

A

composite volcanoes

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14
Q

type of volcano that are found on constructive plate margins where two plates move away from one another

A

shield volcanoes

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15
Q

structure and common features of volcanoes

A

-magma chamber
-main vent
-secondary vent
-crater

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16
Q

this is where the molten rock is stored beneath the ground

A

magma chamber

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17
Q

this is the cannel through which magma travels to reach the earth’s surface

A

main vent

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18
Q

some magma may escape through the side of the volcano, particularly if the main vent becomes blocked

A

secondary vent

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19
Q

this is found at the top of the volcano, where the magma erupts from

A

crater

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20
Q

used to mearsure earthquakes occurring near on eruption

A

seismometers

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21
Q

these devices monitor any changes in lanscape. volcanoes tend to swell near an eruption

A

tiltmeters and GPS satellite

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22
Q

earth’s crust is constantly in a process of change

A

-weathering
-erosion
-deposition

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23
Q

the process by which rocks are broken down into small pieces called sediment

A

weathering

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24
Q

occurs when weathered material is carried away by wind or water

A

erosion

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25
Q

responsible for some of our most impressive natural monuments

A

erosion

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26
Q

occurs when sediment is dropped off at a new location

A

deposition

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27
Q

is the physical disintegration and reduction in the size of the rocks without changing their chemical composition

A

mechanical weathering

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28
Q

decomposes, dissolves, alters, or weakens the rock through chemical processes to form residual materials

A

chemical weathering

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29
Q

is the disintegration or decay of rocks and minerals caused by chemical or physical agents of organisms

A

biological weathering

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30
Q

heating causes rock to expand, cooling results in contraction; different mineral expand and contract at different rates

A

thermal expansion and contraction

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31
Q

rock breaks apart in layers that are parallel to the earth’s surface; as rock is uncovered, it expands

A

mechanical exfoliation

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32
Q

occurs when rocks collide against each other while they are transported by water, glacial ice, wind, or gravitational force

A

abrasion

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33
Q

two categories of soil

A

-residual soil
-transported soil

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34
Q

types of soil that remains in place and has not been transported

A

residual soil

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35
Q

type of soil that transported by wind or water and deposited

A

transported soil

36
Q

how many percent does the ocean make up the earth surface

A

70%

37
Q

five main oceans

A

-atlantic ocean
-pacific ocean
-indian ocean
-arctic ocean
-southern ocean

38
Q

the ocean that covers an area of approximately 41, 105, 000 square miles

A

atlantic ocean

39
Q

the second largest basin

A

atlantic ocean

40
Q

by far the largest of world’s ocean basins, covering approximately 59 million square miles and containing more than half of the free water on earth

A

the pacific ocean

41
Q

smallest of the world’s five ocean basins

A

arctic ocean

42
Q

study of earth’s surface, shape, and features

A

topography

43
Q

hills along the ocean floor, ranging in height and diameter, these hills are much larger than the hills we see on land

A

abyssal hills

44
Q

are flat or very gently sloping areas of the deep ocean basin floor. they generally lie between the foot of a continental rise and mid-oceanic ridge

A

abyssal plains

45
Q

extended perimeter of each continent and associated coastal plain, and was part of the continent during the glacial period, but is undersea during interglacial periods

A

continental shelf

46
Q

the descending slope which connects the sea floor to the continental shelf. this is still considered to be part of the continent

A

continental slope

47
Q

a gentle slope with a generally smooth surface, built up by the shedding of sediments from the continental block, and located between the continental slope and the abyssal plain

A

continental rise

48
Q

also known as a tablemount is a flat-topped seamount

A

guyot

49
Q

an underwater mountain range, typically having a valley known as a rift running along its spine, formed by plate tectonics. it is usually an oceanic spreading center

A

mid-ocean ridge

50
Q

hemispheric-scale long but narrow topographic depressions of the sea floor

A

trench

51
Q

the deepest part of the world’s oceans

A

mariana trench

52
Q

a mountain rising from the ocean seafloor that does not reach to the water’s surface and thus is not an island

A

sea mount

53
Q

an island of coral that encircles a lagoon partially or completely

A

atoll

54
Q

this island arise from volcanoes where the subduction of one plate under another is occurring

A

oceanic island

55
Q

a linear volcanic vent through which lava erupts, usually without any explosive activity,

A

volcanic fissure

56
Q

a fissure in a planet’s surface from which geothermal heated water issues

A

hydrothermal vent

57
Q

it refers to the movement of the earth’s continents relative to each other, appearing to drift across the ocean bed

A

continental drift theory

58
Q

continental drift theory was fully developed by

A

alfred wegener

59
Q

wegener named this supercontinent

A

pangaea

60
Q

all continents had once been joined together in a single landmass and have drifted apart since

A

continental drift

61
Q

pangaea means

A

all land

62
Q

the place where two plates move apart or diverge is called a

A

divergent boundary

63
Q

where two plates come together

A

convergent boundary

64
Q

is a place where two plates slip past each other, moving in opposite directions

A

transform boundary

65
Q

the process by which the ocean floor sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle is called

A

subduction

66
Q

also known as quake, tremor or temblor is the phenomenon where there is a sudden release of extreme energy from the earth crust resulting in shaking and displacement of the ground along with the creation of seismic waves

A

earthquake

67
Q

energy moving outward from the focus of an earthquake

A

seismic waves

68
Q

location of initial slip on the fault; where the earthquake origins

A

focus

69
Q

spot on earth’s surface directly above the focus

A

epicenter

70
Q

are cracks in the earth where sections of a plate are moving in diff directions

A

faults

71
Q

the cracks where one block of rock is sliding downward and away from another block of rock

A

normal faults

72
Q

a fault is a planar fracture or discontinuity in a volume of rock, across which there has been significant displacement

A

geological faults

73
Q

occurs when the crust is extended. the hanging wall moves downward relative to the footwall

A

normal fault

74
Q

a fault occurs when the crust is compressed. the hanging wall moves upward relative to the footwall

A

thrust fault

75
Q

are cracks formed where one plate is pushing into another plate.

A

reverse faults

76
Q

are the cracks between two plates that are sliding past each other

A

strike-slip fault

77
Q

is an instrument that records the shaking of the earth’s surface caused by seismic waves

A

seismograph

78
Q

surface of the fault along which the rock blocks are slipped during the earthquake

A

fault plane

79
Q

the first seismograph called

A

earthquake weathercock

80
Q

waves travel through the interior of the earth

A

body waves

81
Q

the first waves to arrive on a complte record of ground

A

p-waves

82
Q

travel slower than p-waves

A

s waves

83
Q

s waves also called

A

shear

84
Q

are transverse waves that vibrates the ground in the horizontal direction perpendicular to the direction that the waves are travelling

A

love waves

85
Q

are the slowest of all seismic wave types and in some ways the most complicated

A

rayleigh waves

86
Q

a type oof large amplitude rayleigh wave

A

stoneley waves

87
Q
A

SECOND YEAR, SECOND SEM (7 decks)

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