Fitness Evaluation - A lot of unanswered

Question 1

What is the protocol to measure blood pressure?

Answer 1

1. Instruct the client to refrain from smoking or ingesting caffeine at least 30 minutes prior to BP measurements (34).
2. Have the client sit upright in a chair that supports the back with either the right or the left arm and forearm exposed, supinated, and supported at the level of the heart (differences between right and left arm BP measurements are marginal). Note: If exposing the arm by rolling or bunching up the sleeves of clothing causes any occlusion of circulation above the cuff site, ask the client to remove the constricting clothing articles (19).
3. Select the appropriate cuff size for the client. See table 11.3 (p. 233) for the correct cuff size based on the client’s arm circumference. To determine the arm circumference, have the client stand with arms hanging freely at the sides, and take the arm circumference measurements midway between the acromion process of the scapula and the olecranon process of the ulna (19), roughly midway between the shoulder and elbow.
4. Begin BP measurements only after the client has rested for a minimum of 5 minutes in the position described in step 2 (35).
5. Place the cuff on the arm so that the air bladder is directly over the brachial artery (some cuffs have a line indicating the specific placement over the brachial artery). The bottom edge of the cuff should be 1 inch (2.5 cm) above the antecubital space (8).
6. With the client’s palm facing up, place the stethoscope firmly, but not hard enough to indent the skin, over the antecubital space (8). Note: Most personal trainers find it easier to use their dominant hand to control the bladder airflow by placing the air bulb in the palm and using the thumb and forefinger to control the pressure release. The nondominant hand is then used to hold the stethoscope (8).
7. Position the sphygmomanometer so that the center of the mercury column or aneroid dial is at eye level and the air bladder tubing is not overlapping, obstructing, or being allowed to freely contact the stethoscope head or tubing (19). See figure 11.2 for common errors in performing a BP assessment.
8. Once the cuff, stethoscope, and sphygmomanometer are in place, quickly inflate the air bladder either (a) to 160 mmHg or (b) to 20 mmHg above the anticipated systolic BP. Upon maximum inflation, turn the air release screw counterclockwise to release the pressure slowly at a rate of 2 or 3 mmHg per second (8).
9. Record both systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) measurements in even numbers using units of millimeters of mercury (mmHg) to the nearest 2 mmHg on the sphygmomanometer. To do this it is necessary during cuff deflation to make a mental note of the pressure corresponding with the first audible detection of Korotkoff sounds via auscultation, or SBP. The pressure at which the Korotkoff sounds disappear is the DBP (8).
10. Upon the disappearance of the Korotkoff sounds, carefully observe the manometer for an additional 10 to 20 mmHg of deflation to confirm the absence of sounds. Once the absence of sounds is confirmed, release the remaining pressure rapidly and remove the cuff (8).
11. After a minimum of 2 minutes’ rest, measure BP again using the same technique. If the two consecutive measurements of either the SBP or the DBP differ by more than 5 mmHg, take a third BP measurement and record the average of the three SBP and the average of the three DBP measurements as the final scores (i.e., the SBP and the DBP; see example 11.2, Client A). If the consecutive measurements of neither the SBP nor the DBP differ by more than 5 mmHg, average the two SBP scores and average the two DBP scores to determine the final BP (see example 11.2, Client B) (8).
12. Once a client’s BP has been determined, it can be classified from table 11.4.

Question 2

How does a client’s blood pressure change during various type of exercise (e.g., aerobic vs. anaerobic exercise)?

Answer 2

For aerobic exercise systolic blood pressure Increase and diastolic blood pressure No change or slight decrease

Question 3

What is the protocol for measuring height?

Answer 3

1. Ask the client remove all footwear.
2. Instruct the client to stand as erect as possible with feet flat on the floor and heels together facing away from wall or stadiometer.
3. Instruct the client to horizontally align the lowest point of the orbit of the eye with the opening of the ear.
4. Immediately before taking the measurement, instruct the client to take a deep breath and hold until the measurement has been taken.
5. Rest the anthropometer arm or measurement angle gently on the crown of the client’s head.
6. Mark the wall or stabilize the anthropometer, and record the measurement to the nearest centimeter. If only inches are available as a unit of measure, then record the value to the nearest 1/4 to 1/2 inch and convert the measurement in inches to centimeters.
7. Once a client’s height has been measured, the value can be compared to those in tables 11.6 and 11.7 (p. 234).

Question 4

What is the metric equivalent for measuring height?

Answer 4

Nearest 1/4 to 1/2 inch and convert the measurement in inches to centimeters.

Question 5

What it the protocol for measuring weight?

Answer 5

1. Ask the client to remove as much clothing and jewelry as feasible.
2. Instruct the client to step gently onto the scale and remain as still as possible throughout the measurement.
3. Record the weight to the nearest 1/4 pound or, when a sensitive metric scale is available, to the nearest 0.02 kg (8).
4. Convert the measurement in pounds to kilograms using the following equation:
   Pounds (lb) ÷ 2.2046 = kilograms (kg) (11.2)
5. Body weight measurements can be compared to the values in table 11.8 on page 236.

Question 6

What is the metric equivalent for measuring weight?

Answer 6

pounds (lb) ÷ 2.2046 = kilograms (kg)

Question 7

Carefully identify and mark the appropriate skinfold sites: Chest

Answer 7

Take a diagonal fold half the distance between the anterior axillary line (imaginary line extending from the front of the armpit downward) and the nipple for men (figure 11.3a), and one-third of the distance from the anterior axillary line to the nipple for women.

Question 8

Carefully identify and mark the appropriate skinfold sites: Midaxilla

Answer 8

Take a vertical fold on the midaxillary line (imaginary line extending from the middle of the armpit downward; it divides the body into front and back halves) at the level of the xiphoid process (bottom of the sternum

Question 9

Carefully identify and mark the appropriate skinfold sites: Triceps

Answer 9

Take a vertical fold on the posterior midline of the upper arm (over the triceps muscle), halfway between the acromion (top of shoulder) and olecranon processes (elbow); the elbow should be extended and relaxed (figure 11.3c).

Question 10

Carefully identify and mark the appropriate skinfold sites: Subscapula

Answer 10

Take a fold on a diagonal line coming from the vertebral (medial) border to 1 to 2 cm (0.4 to 0.8 inches) from the inferior angle (bottommost point) of the scapula (figure 11.3d).

Question 11

Carefully identify and mark the appropriate skinfold sites: Abdomen

Answer 11

Take a vertical fold at a lateral distance of approximately 2 cm (1 inch) from the umbilicus (figure 11.3e).

Question 12

Carefully identify and mark the appropriate skinfold sites: Suprailium

Answer 12

Take a diagonal fold above the crest of the ilium (top of the pelvis) at the spot where an imaginary line would come down from the anterior axillary line (figure 11.3f).

Question 13

Carefully identify and mark the appropriate skinfold sites: Thigh

Answer 13

Take a vertical fold on the anterior aspect of the thigh midway between hip and knee joints (figure 11.3g).

Question 14

Carefully identify and mark the appropriate skinfold sites: Medial calf

Answer 14

Have the client place the right leg on a bench with the knee flexed at 90°. On the medial border, mark the level of the greatest calf girth. Raise a vertical skinfold on the medial side of the right calf 1 cm (0.4 inches) above the mark, and measure the fold at the maximal girth (figure 11.3h).

Question 15

What are typical body composition values of different populations (e.g. children, college-aged, adult, order adult, and male, female)?

Answer 15

It will help the PT to design more accurate program for clients to reach better result. Client’s safety purpose.

Question 16

What is the protocol to measure girth?

Answer 16

1. Place tape measure around girth of waist (smallest girth around the abdomen) and hip (largest girth measured around the buttocks). See figures 11.4 and 11.5.
2. Hold zero end of tape in one hand, positioned below the other part of the tape, which is held in the other hand.
3. Apply tension to the tape so that it fits snugly around the body part but does not indent the skin or compress the subcutaneous tissue.
4. Align the tape in a horizontal plane, parallel to the floor.
5. To determine the waist-to-hip ratio, divide the waist circumference by the hip circumference.

Question 17

What protocols and techniques are appropriate to use when assessing muscular strength?

Answer 17

1. Instruct the client to warm up with a light resistance that easily allows 5 to 10 reps at 40% to 60% of his or her estimated 1RM.
2. Provide a 1-minute rest period.
3. Estimate a warm-up load that will allow the client to complete three to five reps by adding as follows:
   Body area Absolute increase or percent increase
   Upper body exercise 10-20 pounds (4-9 kg) or 5-10%
   Lower body exercise 30-40 pounds (14-18 kg) or 10-20%
4. Provide a 2-minute rest period.
5. Estimate a conservative, near-maximum load that will allow the client to complete two or three reps by adding as follows:
   Body area Absolute increase or percent increase
   Upper body exercise 10-20 pounds (4-9 kg) or 5-10%
   Lower body exercise 30-40 pounds (14-18 kg) or 10-20%
6. Provide a 2- to 4-minute rest period.
7. Make a load increase:
   Body area Absolute increase or percent increase
   Upper body exercise 10-20 pounds (4-9 kg) or 5-10%
   Lower body exercise 30-40 pounds (14-18 kg) or 10-20%
8. Instruct the client to attempt a 1RM.
9. If the client was successful, provide a 2- to 4-minute rest period and go to back to step 7. If the client failed, provide a 2- to 4-minute rest period and decrease the load as follows:
   Body area Absolute decrease or percent decrease
   Upper body exercise 5-10 pounds (2-4 kg) or 2.5-5%
   Lower body exercise 15-20 pounds (7-9 kg) or 5-10%
   And then go back to step 8.
10. Continue increasing or decreasing the load until the client can complete one repetition with proper exercise technique. Ideally, the client’s 1RM will be measured within three testing sets.
11. Record the 1RM value as the maximum weight lifted (i.e., the client’s absolute strength) for the last successful attempt.

Question 18

How do the protocol for assessing muscular strength vary based upon the characteristics of the clients

Answer 18

Read Chapter 15

Question 19

What protocols and techniques are appropriate to use when assessing muscular endurance?

Answer 19

1. Spot the client and closely observe the technique.
2. Set the resistance at 80 pounds (36.3 kg) for male clients, 35 pounds (15.9 kg) for female clients.
3. See page 308 for proper bench press technique.
4. Set the metronome cadence at 60 beats/min to establish a rate of 30 repetitions per minute.
5. Have the client, beginning with the arms extended and a shoulder-width grip, lower the weight to the chest. Then, without pausing, the client should raise the bar to full arm’s length. The movement should be smooth and controlled, with the bar reaching its highest and lowest positions with each beat of the metronome

Question 20

What relationships exist between weight management and a client’s nutritional/health status?

Answer 20

~answer needed~

Question 21

What types of information can the personal trainer give to healthy client? To unhealthy client?

Answer 21

~answer needed~

Question 22

What relationships exist between weight management and a client’s nutritional/health status?

Answer 22

~answer needed~

Question 23

What method can be used to evaluate a client’s nutritional/health status?

Answer 23

~answer needed~

Question 24

What are typical norms associated with the above fitness test (C1, A-K)

Answer 24

~answer needed~

Question 25

How should a test be performed to produce valid and reliable results?

Answer 25

~answer needed~

Question 26

How often should assessment be conduct?

Answer 26

~answer needed~

Question 27

How do result tie into development of goal and exercise programming?

Answer 27

~answer needed~

Question 28

What are common core stability, movement limitations, and functional ability assessment?

Answer 28

~answer needed~

Question 29

What activities/ exercise can be use to correct a variety of muscular imbalances?

Answer 29

~answer needed~

Question 30

What is the value of assessing a client’s postural alignment/muscle balance?

Answer 30

~answer needed~

Question 31

What are the protocols and techniques are appropriate to use when assessing flexibility?

Answer 31

~answer needed~

Question 32

What is the value of assessing a client’s flexibility?

Answer 32

~answer needed~

Question 33

What field and laboratory protocols and techniques are appropriate to use when measuring cardiovascular endurance.

Answer 33

~answer needed~

Question 34

What is the value of assessing a client’s cardiovascular endurance?

Answer 34

~answer needed~

Question 35

What are the protocols and techniques are appropriate to use when assessing speed, agility, or power?

Answer 35

~answer needed~

Question 36

What is the value of assessing a client’s speed, agility, or power?

Answer 36

~answer needed~

Question 37

What is the value of assessing a client’s muscular endurance?

Answer 37

~answer needed~

Question 38

How do the protocol for assessing muscular strength vary based upon the characteristics of the clients？

Answer 38

~answer needed~

Question 39

What is the value of assessing a client’s muscular strength?

Answer 39

~answer needed~

Question 40

What it the protocol to measuring skinfold thickness (e.g. gender-specific sites, method, trials)?

Answer 40

~answer needed~

Question 41

What are typical body composition values of different populations (e.g., children, college aged, adult, order, male, female,)?

Answer 41

~answer needed~