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Science > First Quarter Review > Flashcards

First Quarter Review Flashcards

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0
Q

dependent variable

A

output of the independent variable

plotted on the y-axis

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1
Q

hypothesis

A

an educated guess about how things work

form: if__ then__

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2
Q

independent variable

A

a variable that is controlled by scientist

plotted on x-axis

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3
Q

qualitative data

A

data that describes how? and what?

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4
Q

quantitative data

A

data that describes how many? or how much?

has numbers

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5
Q

matter

A

anything that has mass and takes up space

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6
Q

mass

A

the amount of matter in an object

measure of inertia

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7
Q

chemical property

A

a property of matter that describes a substance’s ability to participate in chemical reactions
ex. inflammability

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8
Q

chemical change/reaction

A

a change that occurs when one or more substances change into entirely new substances with different properties
ex. wood burning, carbon and oxygen(2) form carbon dioxide, sour milk

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9
Q

physical property

A

a characteristic of a substance that does not involve a chemical change
ex. density, color, hardness

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10
Q

physical change

A

a change of matter from one form to the other without a change in chemical properties
ex. salt dissolving in water
all changes in state are physical changes

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11
Q

atom

A

the smallest particle in which an element can be divided and still be the same substance

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12
Q

atomic number

A

the number of protons
identifies the element
determines chemical properties

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13
Q

isotopes

A

atoms that have the same number of protons but have different number of neutrons
same atomic number different mass number
atoms of the same element with different masses

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14
Q

mass number

A

number of protons + number of neutrons

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15
Q

electron

A

the negatively charged particles in an atom
likely found in the electron cloud
mass: tiny

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16
Q

energy levels

max. # of electrons of each level

A 
a layer of electrons 
formula for finding max # of electrons of each level: 2n^2
1st- 2
2nd- 8
3rd- 18
4th- 32
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17
Q

valance electrons

A

electrons on the outermost shell of electron cloud

determines the atom’s chemical properties

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18
Q

proton

A

positively charged particle
found in the nucleus
mass: 1+

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19
Q

neutron

A

no charge particle
found in nucleus
mass: 1amu
slightly bigger mass than proton

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20
Q

gas

A

the state of matter does not have a definite volume or shape
disorganized
far apart
move in straight line until they bounce off something else
lot of energy

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21
Q

liquid

A

the state of matter that has a definite volume but not a definite shape
particles slide past each other
disorganized

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22
Q

solid

A

the state of matter in which the volume and shape of a substance are fixed
particles are close together
organized
move by vibrating

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23
Q

fluids

A

liquid
gas
plasma

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24
Q

boiling

A

when a liquid turns into a gas

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25
Q

freezing

A

when a liquid turns into a solid

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26
Q

melting

A

when a solid turns into liquid

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27
Q

condensation

A

when a gas turns into a liquid

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28
Q

sublimation

A

when a solid turns into a gas

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29
Q

deposition

A

when a gas turns into a solid directly

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30
Q

substance

A

matter that has uniform and unchanging properties

cannot be separated by physical changes

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31
Q

compound

A

a pure substance composed of two or more elements chemically combined
can be broken down by chemical reactions(means)
definite ratio of components

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32
Q

element

A

a pure substance that cannot be broken down by physical or chemical means

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33
Q

mixture

A

a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined
2 or more components that keep their physical characteristics
can be separated by physical means(changes)
2 types: heterogeneous and homogeneous

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34
Q

solution

A 
homogeneous mixture 
smaller part: solute 
largest part: solvent 
can't be filtered or settled out on standing 
can't scatter light
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35
Q

solute

A

smaller part of solution

dissolved into solvent

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36
Q

solvent

A

largest part of solution

solute dissolves into solvent

37
Q

colloid

A 
heterogeneous mixture 
can't be separated by filtration 
can't settle out on standing
can scatter light (Tyndall effect
ex. jello, fog, whipped cream
38
Q

suspension

A 
heterogeneous mixture
can be separated by filtration 
settles out on standing 
can't scatter light 
ex. chocolate, orange juice w/ pulp, snow globe
39
Q

particle size

A

smallest: solution- smaller than light waves
larger: colloid- bigger than light waves but not big enough to see
largest: suspension- big enough to see

40
Q

heterogeneous mixture

A 
not uniformly mixed
unequal distribution of parts 
you can see different parts
2 kinds: suspension and colloid 
when broken breaks into pieces
41
Q

homogeneous mixture

A

uniformly mixed

same as solution

42
Q

molecule

A

the smallest unit of a substance that keeps all of the physical and chemical properties of that substance
held together by covalent bonds

43
Q

Covalent Bonding
Mechanism?
Bond?
Atom kind need?

A

when two elements share valence electrons
electron sharing
the nuclei’s attraction for the shared electrons
non-metal

44
Q

naming covalent compounds

A

first word- prefix if more than one (of element) and element name (never use mono- on first word)
second word- prefix & element root & “ide”
NO CRISSCROSS!!!
no double vowels so drop a vowel (unless it is an “i”)

45
Q

Ionic Bonding
Mechanism?
Bond?
Atom kind needed?

A

bonding with ions
electrons transfer
attraction of the positive cation and the negative anion
non-metal and metal

46
Q

naming ionic compounds

A

first word- name the cation (keep name of parent ion)

second word- name the anion (change ending to “ide”)

47
Q

inert

A

chemically non-reactive

noble gases are inert

48
Q

Metallic Bonding

Atom kind needed?

A

the bond is the attraction of the nuclei for “sea of valence electrons” or “giant valence electron cloud”
metal

49
Q

cation

A

positively charged ion
losing electrons
more protons

50
Q

anion

A

negatively charged ion
gains electrons
more electrons

51
Q

period/series

same # of?

A

horizontal row of elements on the periodic table

principle energy levels

52
Q

group/family

same # of?

A

vertical column of elements on the periodic table

valence electrons

53
Q

Law of Conservation of Energy

A

states that energy cannot be created or destroyed through ordinary chemical or physical changes but can be converted into other forms

54
Q

Law of Conservation of Matter

A

states that matter cannot be created or destroyed in ordinary chemical and physical changes

55
Q

Density equation

A 
D=m/V
m=mass
V=volume 
m=D x V
V=m/D
56
Q

Law of Conservation of Charges

A

states that charges cannot be created or destroyed in ordinary chemical or physical changes

57
Q

alkaline earth elements

A 
group 2 on the periodic table 
lose 2 electrons 
bond:2+
metal properties 
metallic bonding and ionic bonding
58
Q

halogens

A 
the seventeenth group in the periodic table
gain 1 electron 
bond: 1-
nonmetal properties
covalent bonding and ionic bonding

gases: chlorine, fluorine
liquids: bromine

59
Q

alkali elements

A 
group 1 on the periodic table
lose 1 electron 
bond: 1+
metallic bonding and ionic bonding 
metal properties
60
Q

transition elements

A

groups 3-12 on the periodic table

metallic bonding and ionic bonding

61
Q

inner transition elements

A

both rows on the bottom of the periodic table
metal properties
make cations

62
Q

noble gases

A 
group 18 on the periodic table 
don't share, gain, or lose electrons (octet rule)
inert 
colorless 
odorless
gases
63
Q

metals

A 
left of the zigzag line 
shiny
ductile
good conductors of electric current
malleable
good conductors of thermal energy
64
Q

metalloids

A 
border the zigzag line 
shiny
brittle
hard but brittle
good conductor of electric current
65
Q

rare earth elements

A

1st row on the bottom of the periodic table

66
Q

acid

A

any compound that increases the number of hydronium ions (H3O+), when dissolved in water (hydronium is greater than hydroxide)
pH<7
electrolytes, solutions conduct electricity
sour taste
not slippery
reacts with metals to produce hydrogen gas

67
Q

base

A

any compound that increases the number of hydroxide ions (OH-), when dissolved in water (hydroxide is greater than hydronium)
bitter taste
has slippery solutions
electrolytes, solutions conduct electricity

68
Q

nonmetals

A 
right of the zigzag line
not malleable or ductile
not shiny 
poor conductors of thermal energy and electric current
(opposite of metal)
brittle
69
Q

pH

A

measure of concentration of hydronium ions H3O+

70
Q

reactant

A

the starting substance or molecule in a chemical reaction

71
Q

product

A

the new substances that forms in a chemical reaction

72
Q

neutral

A

pH=7

number of hydronium ions equal the number of hydroxide ions

73
Q

synthesis reaction

A

a reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a new compound
A+X-AX
single product

74
Q

decomposition

A

a reaction in where a single compound breaks down to form two or more simpler substances
one compound-2 or more substances
AX-A+X
reactant is compound

75
Q

yield

A

(arrow)

76
Q

single-replacement reaction

A

a reaction in which one element takes the place of another element in a compound
an element and a compound-a different element and compound
A+BX-B+AX(cation replacement), or Y+BX-X+BY(anion replacement)

77
Q

double-replacement reaction

A

a reaction in which a gas, a solid precipitate, or molecular compound forms from the exchange of ions between two compounds
two compounds-two different compounds
AX+BY-AY+BX

78
Q

combustion

A

substance + oxygen
oxygen is a reactant, product is oxides, light, and heat
product of hydrocarbon is CO2 and H2O
ex. 2H2+O2-2H2O

79
Q

nucleon

A

protons or neutrons

80
Q

nuclide

A

single type of nucleus (a specific number of protons and neutrons)

81
Q

radioactivity

A

process by which an unstable nucleus releases particles and/or energy to get to a stable energy state

82
Q

radioactive

A

describes a nucleus in an unstable state

83
Q

radiation

A

the particles of energy given off by a radioactive nucleus

84
Q

alpha (symbols, mass #, charge,etc.)

A 
a, a2+, ^4 2He2+, ^4 2He
mass #= 4
charge=2+
helium nucleus
not much energy is given off, sheet of paper can shield alpha particles
alpha increases proton-neutron ratio
85
Q

beta (symbols, mass#, charge, etc.)

A 
B, B-, e-, ^0 -1e
mass #= 0
charge= 1-
high energy electron
decreases proton-neutron ratio
86
Q

gamma (symbol, mass #, charge, etc.)

A 
Y
mass #= 0
charge= 0
electromagnetic energy waves 
proton-neutron ratio stays same
87
Q

positron

A

same mass as electron, positive charge

88
Q

band of stability

A

as the # of protons increases, the # of neutrons required to stabilize the nucleus increases too
if there are too many protons or neutrons, the nucleus is not stable
to get to a stable energy state, unstable nucleus undergoes a nuclear reaction, has to have a mass of 1-1.5 to be stable

89
Q

half life

A

the time needed for half of a sample of a radioactive substance to undergo radioactive decay
to get age of substance after decay, x the # of half-lives that have passed by the half-life of the substance

90
Q

writing formulas for ionic compounds

A
  1. write the ions including charge
  2. if ion charges match- only write the symbols
  3. if ion charges don’t match- Crisscross (where you switch the ion charges)
91
Q

Law of Conservation of Matter and Energy

A

E=mc^2
E=energy
m=matter
c=constant

Science (6 decks)

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