First Lecture Flashcards
Five plus Five rights
Right client - two identifiers
right drug,
right dose,
right time,
right route
Right documentation,
Right assessment
Right to education,
Right evaluation,
Right to refuse
Factors that modify drug response
Absorption,
distribution,
metabolism,
excretion,
age,
body weight,
toxicity,
pharmacogenetics,
route of administrations,
time of administration,
emotional factors,
preexisting disease state,
drug history,
tolerance
Forms and route
Tablets and capsules, liquids, tranasdermal, topical, instillations, inhalations, NOT DONE
National Patient Safety Goals
Use two identifiers
Timely reporting of critical tests and critical results
Safe labeling
Anticoagulation Safety
Hand hygiene
Preventing Infection
Reconciling medications across the continuum
Providing client with reconciled medication list
NOT DONE
What does the QSEN Culture of Safety take into account?
- QSEN
- Disposal of medications
- Counterfeit drugs
- Pill Splitting
- Internet consumerism
- Do not crush
- High Alert Medications
- Look Alike- sound alike
- Pregnancy Categories
- Prevention of Medication Errors
Name five transcultural considerations:
Ethnopharmacology
Pharmacogenetics
Efficacy
Adherence
High-risk behaviors
A drug taken by mouth goes through what three phases?
Pharmaceutic - the med dissolves
Pharmacokinetic - It gets absorbed, distributed, metabolised, excreted
Pharmacodynamic - Whether the drug is sub-therapeutic, therapeutic, toxic
If a drug is given by IV, it skips what phase of drug action?
Pharmaceutic
What are the four aspects of the pharmacokinetic phase?
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
The three ways cells lining the digestive tract can absorb drugs are:
Passive absorption
Active absorption
pinocytosis
What factors affect drug absorption?
Lipid or water soluble (blood- brain barrier)
Blood flow
Temperature
Food, hunger, fasting
Stress
Pain
Ph
Route of administration
First pass effect (hepatic first pass)
Bioavailability
What is the bioavailability of a drug?
The percentage that reaches the blood stream and is therefore available to the body.
IV drugs are _____% bioavailable?
100
Rapid absorption (increases/decreases) bioavailability? Which means slower absorption does what?
Increases
Decreases
What does distribution mean, in pharmacokinetics?
The process of the drug moving into different organs and tissues in the body.
What are factors influencing distribution?
*How much the drug wants to bind to plasma proteins
*How much plasma protein there is to bind to (malnutrition, age/hypoalbuminemia)
*Liver/kidney disease
Drug metabolism is mostly done by what organ?
Damage to this organ would result in (decreased/increased) metabolism, and therefore a (decreased/increased) risk in toxicity?
Liver
decreased
increased
What is a drug’s half life?
The time it takes for one-half of the drug concentration to be eliminated.
Excretion happens mainly by way of what organ?
Damage to this organ would result in (decreased/increased) excretion, and therefore a (decreased/increased) risk in toxicity?
The kidneys
decreased
increased
What is the difference between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics?
Kinetics is what the body does to the drug, dynamics is what the drug does to the body.
Define tachyphylaxis:
really fast tolerance, sometimes after one dose
Explain agonists and antagonists?
What is the difference between side effects and adverse reactions?
Adverse reactions are not expected, can be dose dependent, are never desired, require intervention.
Side effects are expected, are not dose dependent, can be desired, usually resolve over time and do not usually require intervention.
What does a low therapeutic index mean?
It means there is not much room between the therapeutic dose and the toxic dose
What is the difference between nonspecific drugs and nonselective drugs?
Nonspecific drugs are selective to certain receptors but those receptors may be in different organs or tissues.
Nonspecific has the letter P in it, as in Picky recePtor Parts in Plenty of Places.
Nonselective drugs are not selective to just one type of receptor, it can act on different receptors throughout the body. Nonselective has an l in it, like Loose eLixers light up lots of Ligand latchers
What are four categories of drug action?
Stimulation or depression
Replacement
Inhibition or killing of organisms
Irritation
