First Lecture

Question 1

Five plus Five rights

Answer 1

Right client - two identifiers
right drug,
right dose,
right time,
right route

Right documentation,
Right assessment
Right to education,
Right evaluation,
Right to refuse

Question 2

Factors that modify drug response

Answer 2

Absorption,
distribution,
metabolism,
excretion,
age,
body weight,
toxicity,
pharmacogenetics,
route of administrations,
time of administration,
emotional factors,
preexisting disease state,
drug history,
tolerance

Question 3

Forms and route

Answer 3

Tablets and capsules, liquids, tranasdermal, topical, instillations, inhalations, NOT DONE

Question 4

National Patient Safety Goals

Answer 4

Use two identifiers
Timely reporting of critical tests and critical results
Safe labeling
Anticoagulation Safety
Hand hygiene
Preventing Infection
Reconciling medications across the continuum
Providing client with reconciled medication list
NOT DONE

Question 5

What does the QSEN Culture of Safety take into account?

Answer 5

• QSEN
• Disposal of medications
• Counterfeit drugs
• Pill Splitting
• Internet consumerism
• Do not crush
• High Alert Medications
• Look Alike- sound alike
• Pregnancy Categories
• Prevention of Medication Errors

Question 6

Name five transcultural considerations:

Answer 6

Ethnopharmacology
Pharmacogenetics
Efficacy
Adherence
High-risk behaviors

Question 7

A drug taken by mouth goes through what three phases?

Answer 7

Pharmaceutic - the med dissolves
Pharmacokinetic - It gets absorbed, distributed, metabolised, excreted
Pharmacodynamic - Whether the drug is sub-therapeutic, therapeutic, toxic

Question 8

If a drug is given by IV, it skips what phase of drug action?

Answer 8

Pharmaceutic

Question 9

What are the four aspects of the pharmacokinetic phase?

Answer 9

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

Question 10

The three ways cells lining the digestive tract can absorb drugs are:

Answer 10

Passive absorption
Active absorption
pinocytosis

Question 11

What factors affect drug absorption?

Answer 11

Lipid or water soluble (blood- brain barrier)​
Blood flow​
Temperature​
Food, hunger, fasting​
Stress​
Pain​
Ph​
Route of administration​
First pass effect (hepatic first pass)​
Bioavailability​

Question 12

What is the bioavailability of a drug?

Answer 12

The percentage that reaches the blood stream and is therefore available to the body.

Question 13

IV drugs are _____% bioavailable?

Answer 13

100

Question 14

Rapid absorption (increases/decreases) bioavailability? Which means slower absorption does what?

Answer 14

Increases

Decreases

Question 15

What does distribution mean, in pharmacokinetics?

Answer 15

The process of the drug moving into different organs and tissues in the body.

Question 16

What are factors influencing distribution?

Answer 16

*How much the drug wants to bind to plasma proteins
*How much plasma protein there is to bind to (malnutrition, age/hypoalbuminemia)
*Liver/kidney disease

Question 17

Drug metabolism is mostly done by what organ?
Damage to this organ would result in (decreased/increased) metabolism, and therefore a (decreased/increased) risk in toxicity?

Answer 17

Liver
decreased
increased

Question 18

What is a drug’s half life?

Answer 18

The time it takes for one-half of the drug concentration to be eliminated.​

Question 19

Excretion happens mainly by way of what organ?
Damage to this organ would result in (decreased/increased) excretion, and therefore a (decreased/increased) risk in toxicity?

Answer 19

The kidneys
decreased
increased

Question 20

What is the difference between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics?

Answer 20

Kinetics is what the body does to the drug, dynamics is what the drug does to the body.

Question 21

Answer 21

Question 22

Define tachyphylaxis:

Answer 22

really fast tolerance, sometimes after one dose

Question 23

Explain agonists and antagonists?

Answer 23

Question 24

What is the difference between side effects and adverse reactions?

Answer 24

Adverse reactions are not expected, can be dose dependent, are never desired, require intervention.

Side effects are expected, are not dose dependent, can be desired, usually resolve over time and do not usually require intervention.

Question 25

What does a low therapeutic index mean?

Answer 25

It means there is not much room between the therapeutic dose and the toxic dose

Question 26

What is the difference between nonspecific drugs and nonselective drugs?

Answer 26

Nonspecific drugs are selective to certain receptors but those receptors may be in different organs or tissues.
Nonspecific has the letter P in it, as in Picky recePtor Parts in Plenty of Places.

Nonselective drugs are not selective to just one type of receptor, it can act on different receptors throughout the body. Nonselective has an l in it, like Loose eLixers light up lots of Ligand latchers

Question 27

What are four categories of drug action?

Answer 27

Stimulation or depression​

Replacement​

Inhibition or killing of organisms​

Irritation