Exam 2 Lecture Flashcards
Acquired resistance
Some bacteria, that are normally susceptible to antibiotics, become resistant as a result of genetic changes (acquired resistance).
Inherent resistance
Some bacteria are naturally resistant to certain antibiotics (intrinsic or inherent resistance).
Nosocomial infection
Nosocomial infections also referred to as healthcare-associated infections (HAI), are infection(s) acquired during the process of receiving health care that was not present during the time of admission.
Define cross resistance:
Resistance to other drugs within an antibiotic class or to unrelated drugs. Resistance arises when bacteria acquire drug resistance genes or mutations in genes that alter their sensitivity to an antibiotic.
Antibodies won’t work if your immune system doesn’t work.
Antibiotic combinations are additive.
True / False
True
Antibiotic combinations fall under the categories of:
Additive, potentiative, antagonistic
What is the difference between additivity, synergy, and ana
Additivity: when the effect of two drugs given in combination equals the mathematical summation of their effects when given alone.
Synergism: when the combine effect of two drugs is greater than the sum of their effects when given separately.
Potentiation: when one drug does not elicit a response on its own but enhances the response to another drug.
What are the four major adverse reactions to antibiotics?
- Allergy
- Superinfection
- Photosensitivity
- Organ toxicity ( liver, kidney, CN 8)
Antibiotics are broad spectrum or narrow spectrum. What is the difference?
Narrow fights one type of germ, broad fights more than one
What are examples of narrow spectrum antibiotics?
illins
e-mycin
What are examples of broad spectrum antibiotics?
Tetracyclines
Cephalosporins
What is the nursing assessment for penicillins?
Allergy (illin or ceph)
Lab results (especially liver enxymes)
urine output (decrease dose if urine output is too low)
What antibiotic causes crystalluria?
What intervention is required?
Sulfonamides
Drinking lots of water
What is the nursing diagnosis for penicillin use?
Risk for infection, risk for impaired tissue integrity
What is the nursing plan for penicillins?
Client’s infection will be controlled and later eliminated
What are the nursing interventions for penicillins?
- culture and sensitivity
- assess for superinfection
- monitor for allergic symptoms
- monitor bleeding
- monitor site and temp
- patient teaching - decreases effectiveness of birth control
- diet - food reduces absorption, avoid taking with acidic things
- monitor BUN/creatinine
1 tsp = ___ mL
5
What is the formula for calculating dose?
dose ordered / dose on hand times quantity = quantity you need to give
Do you round to the nearest tenth or the nearest hundredth?
Whatever your syringe can measure. Less than a mL, hundredeths, more than, the nearest tenth
What is the evaluation for Penicillins?
Cessation of infection, no signs of superinfection
What are the adverse reactions of penicillins?
hypersensitivity, superinfection, N/V/D, rash, anaphylaxis, High K+ if large doses of potassium penicillin, High Na+ if large doses of sodium penicillin- especially a problem on ICU or with patients who have kidney issues.
What are drug interactions of ~illins?
Reduces effectiveness of birth control
aminoglycosides inactivated w/ ~illin.
General nursing considerations for all antibiotics are what?
Monitor for allergies, anaphylaxis, superinfections
Assess liver and kidney function
photosensitivity
Obtain cx sample before initiating abx.
Take entire dose until gone
N/V/D; Take on an empty stomach for better absorption
May cause birth control to be ineffective
