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USMLE High Yield Flashcards > First Aid Rapid Review > Flashcards

First Aid Rapid Review Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Abdominal pain, ascites, hepatomegaly. Disease/Dx?

A

Budd-Chiari syndrome (posthepatic venous thrombosis)

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2
Q

Achilles tendon xanthoma. Disease/Dx?

A

Familial hypercholesterolemia (dec LDL receptor signaling)

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3
Q

Adrenal hemorrhage, hypotension, DIC. Disease/Dx?

A

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (meningococcemia)

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4
Q

Anterior “drawer sign” (+). Disease/Dx?

A

Anterior cruciate ligament injury

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5
Q

Arachnodactyly, lens dislocation, aortic dissection, hyperflexible joints. Disease/Dx?

A

Marfan syndrome (fibrillin defect)

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6
Q

Athlete with polycythemia. Disease/Dx?

A

2° to erythropoietin injection

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7
Q

Back pain, fever, night sweats, weight loss. Disease/Dx?

A

Pott disease (vertebral TB)

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8
Q

Bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis. Disease/Dx?

A

Sarcoidosis (noncaseating granulomas)

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9
Q

Blue sclera. Disease/Dx?

A

Osteogenesis imperfecta (type I collagen defect)

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10
Q

Bluish line on gingiva. Disease/Dx?

A

Burton line (lead poisoning)

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11
Q

Bone pain, bone enlargement, arthritis. Disease/Dx?

A

Paget disease of bone (inc osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity)

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12
Q

Bounding pulses, diastolic heart murmur, head bobbing. Disease/Dx?

A

Aortic regurgitation

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13
Q

Butterfly facial rash and Raynaud phenomenon in a young female. Disease/Dx?

A

Systemic lupus erythematosus

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14
Q

Café-au-lait spots, Lisch nodules (iris hamartoma). Disease/Dx?

A

Neurofibromatosis type I (+ pheochromocytoma, optic gliomas)

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15
Q

Café-au-lait spots, polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty, multiple endocrine abnormalities. Disease/Dx?

A

McCune-Albright syndrome (mosaic G-protein signaling mutation)

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16
Q

Calf pseudohypertrophy. Disease/Dx?

A

Muscular dystrophy (most commonly Duchenne): X-linked recessive deletion of dystrophin gene

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17
Q

Cherry-red spots on macula. Disease/Dx?

A

Tay-Sachs (ganglioside accumulation) or Niemann-Pick (sphingomyelin accumulation), central retinal artery occlusion

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18
Q

Chest pain on exertion. Disease/Dx?

A

Angina (stable: with moderate exertion; unstable: with minimal exertion)

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19
Q

Chest pain, pericardial effusion/friction rub, persistent fever following MI. Disease/Dx?

A

Dressler syndrome (autoimmune-mediated post-MI fibrinous pericarditis, 1-12 weeks after acute episode)

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20
Q

Child uses arms to stand up from squat. Disease/Dx?

A

Gowers sign (Duchenne muscular dystrophy)

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21
Q

Child with fever later develops red rash on face that spreads to body. Disease/Dx?

A

Slapped cheeks (erythema infectiosum/fifth disease: parvovirus B19)

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22
Q

Chorea, dementia, caudate degeneration. Disease/Dx?

A

Huntington disease (autosomal dominant CAG repeat expansion)

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23
Q

Chronic exercise intolerance with myalgia, fatigue, painful cramps, myoglobinuria. Disease/Dx?

A

McArdle disease (muscle glycogen phosphorylase deficiency)

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24
Q

Cold intolerance. Disease/Dx?

A

Hypothyroidism

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25
Q

Conjugate lateral gaze palsy, horizontal diplopia. Disease/Dx?

A

Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (damage to MLF; bilateral [multiple sclerosis], unilateral [stroke])

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26
Q

Continuous “machine-like” heart murmur. Disease/Dx?

A

PDA (close with indomethacin; open or maintain with misoprostol)

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27
Q

Cutaneous/dermal edema due to connective tissue deposition. Disease/Dx?

A

Myxedema (caused by hypothyroidism, Graves disease [pretibial])

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28
Q

Dark purple skin/mouth nodules in a patient with AIDS. Disease/Dx?

A

Kaposi sarcoma, associated with HHV-8

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29
Q

Deep, labored breathing/hyperventilation. Disease/Dx?

A

Kussmaul respirations (diabetic ketoacidosis)

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30
Q

Dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea. Disease/Dx?

A

Pellagra (niacin [vitamin B3] deficiency)

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31
Q

Dilated cardiomyopathy, edema, alcoholism or malnutrition. Disease/Dx?

A

Wet beriberi (thiamine [vitamin B1] deficiency)

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32
Q

Dog or cat bite resulting in infection. Disease/Dx?

A

Pasteurella multocida (cellulitis at inoculation site)

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33
Q

Dry eyes, dry mouth, arthritis. Disease/Dx?

A

Sjögren syndrome (autoimmune destruction of exocrine glands)

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34
Q

Dysphagia (esophageal webs), glossitis, iron deficiency anemia. Disease/Dx?

A

Plummer-Vinson syndrome (may progress to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma)

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35
Q

Elastic skin, hypermobility of joints. Disease/Dx?

A

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (type III collagen defect)

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36
Q

Enlarged, hard left supraclavicular node. Disease/Dx?

A

Virchow node (abdominal metastasis)

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37
Q

Erythroderma, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, atypical T cells. Disease/Dx?

A

Mycosis fungoides (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma) or Sézary syndrome (mycosis fungoides + malignant T cells in blood)

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38
Q

Facial muscle spasm upon tapping. Disease/Dx?

A

Chvostek sign (hypocalcemia)

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39
Q

Fat, female, forty, and fertile. Disease/Dx?

A

Cholelithiasis (gallstones)

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40
Q

Fever, chills, headache, myalgia following antibiotic treatment for syphilis. Disease/Dx?

A

Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction (rapid lysis of spirochetes results in toxin release)

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41
Q

Fever, cough, conjunctivitis, coryza, diffuse rash. Disease/Dx?

A

Measles

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42
Q

Fever, night sweats, weight loss. Disease/Dx?

A

B symptoms (staging) of lymphoma

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43
Q

Fibrous plaques in soft tissue of penis. Disease/Dx?

A

Peyronie disease (connective tissue disorder)

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44
Q

Gout, intellectual disability, self-mutilating behavior in a boy. Disease/Dx?

A

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (HGPRT deficiency, X-linked recessive)

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45
Q

Green-yellow rings around peripheral cornea. Disease/Dx?

A

Kayser-Fleischer rings (copper accumulation from Wilson disease)

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46
Q

Hamartomatous GI polyps, hyperpigmentation of mouth/feet/hands. Disease/Dx?

A

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (inherited, benign polyposis can cause bowel obstruction; inc cancer risk, mainly GI)

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47
Q

Hepatosplenomegaly, osteoporosis, neurologic symptoms. Disease/Dx?

A

Gaucher disease (glucocerebrosidase deficiency)

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48
Q

Hereditary nephritis, sensorineural hearing loss, cataracts. Disease/Dx?

A

Alport syndrome (mutation in collagen IV)

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49
Q

Hyperphagia, hypersexuality, hyperorality, hyperdocility. Disease/Dx?

A

Klüver-Bucy syndrome (bilateral amygdala lesion)

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50
Q

Hyperreflexia, hypertonia, Babinski sign present. Disease/Dx?

A

UMN damage

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51
Q

Hyporeflexia, hypotonia, atrophy, fasciculations. Disease/Dx?

A

LMN damage

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52
Q

Hypoxemia, polycythemia, hypercapnia. Disease/Dx?

A

Blue bloater (chronic bronchitis: hyperplasia of mucous cells)

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53
Q

Indurated, ulcerated genital lesion. Disease/Dx?

A

Nonpainful: chancre (1° syphilis, Treponema pallidum) Painful, with exudate: chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi)

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54
Q

Infant with cleft lip/palate, microcephaly or holoprosencephaly, polydactyly, cutis aplasia. Disease/Dx?

A

Patau syndrome (trisomy 13)

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55
Q

Infant with failure to thrive, hepatosplenomegaly, and neurodegeneration. Disease/Dx?

A

Niemann-Pick disease (genetic sphingomyelinase deficiency)

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56
Q

Infant with hypoglycemia, failure to thrive, and hepatomegaly. Disease/Dx?

A

Cori disease (debranching enzyme deficiency) or Von Gierke disease (glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency, more severe)

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57
Q

Infant with microcephaly, rocker-bottom feet, clenched hands, and structural heart defect. Disease/Dx?

A

Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18)

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58
Q

Jaundice, palpable distended non-tender gallbladder. Disease/Dx?

A

Courvoisier sign (distal obstruction of biliary tree)

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59
Q

Large rash with bull’s-eye appearance. Disease/Dx?

A

Erythema chronicum migrans from Ixodes tick bite (Lyme disease: Borrelia)

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60
Q

Lucid interval after traumatic brain injury. Disease/Dx?

A

Epidural hematoma (middle meningeal artery rupture)

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61
Q

Male child, recurrent infections, no mature B cells. Disease/Dx?

A

Bruton disease (X-linked agammaglobulinemia)

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62
Q

Mucosal bleeding and prolonged bleeding time. Disease/Dx?

A

Glanzmann thrombasthenia (defect in platelet aggregation due to lack of GpIIb/IIIa)

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63
Q

Muffled heart sounds, distended neck veins, hypotension. Disease/Dx?

A

Beck triad of cardiac tamponade

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64
Q

Multiple colon polyps, osteomas/soft tissue tumors, impacted/ supernumerary teeth. Disease/Dx?

A

Gardner syndrome (subtype of FAP)

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65
Q

Myopathy (infantile hypertrophic cardiomyopathy), exercise intolerance. Disease/Dx?

A

Pompe disease (lysosomal α-1,4-glucosidase deficiency)

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66
Q

Neonate with arm paralysis following difficult birth. Disease/Dx?

A

Erb-Duchenne palsy (superior trunk [C5-C6] brachial plexus injury: “waiter’s tip”)

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67
Q

No lactation postpartum, absent menstruation, cold intolerance. Disease/Dx?

A

Sheehan syndrome (pituitary infarction)

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68
Q

Nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning speech, bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia. Disease/Dx?

A

Multiple sclerosis

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69
Q

Oscillating slow/fast breathing. Disease/Dx?

A

Cheyne-Stokes respirations (central apnea in CHF or inc intracranial pressure)

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70
Q

Painful blue fingers/toes, hemolytic anemia. Disease/Dx?

A

Cold agglutinin disease (autoimmune hemolytic anemia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, infectious mononucleosis)

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71
Q

Painful, pale, cold fingers/toes. Disease/Dx?

A

Raynaud phenomenon (vasospasm in extremities)

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72
Q

Painful, raised red lesions on pad of fingers/toes. Disease/Dx?

A

Osler nodes (infective endocarditis, immune complex deposition)

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73
Q

Painless erythematous lesions on palms and soles. Disease/Dx?

A

Janeway lesions (infective endocarditis, septic emboli/ microabscesses)

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74
Q

Painless jaundice. Disease/Dx?

A

Cancer of the pancreatic head obstructing bile duct

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75
Q

Palpable purpura on buttocks/legs, joint pain, abdominal pain (child), hematuria. Disease/Dx?

A

Henoch-Schönlein purpura (IgA vasculitis affecting skin and kidneys)

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76
Q

Pancreatic, pituitary, parathyroid tumors. Disease/Dx?

A

MEN 1 (autosomal dominant)

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77
Q

Periorbital and/or peripheral edema, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hypercholesterolemia. Disease/Dx?

A

Nephrotic syndrome

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78
Q

Pink complexion, dyspnea, hyperventilation. Disease/Dx?

A

Pink puffer (emphysema: centriacinar [smoking], panacinar [α1-antitrypsin deficiency])

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79
Q

Polyuria, renal tubular acidosis type II, growth failure, electrolyte imbalances, hypophosphatemic rickets. Disease/Dx?

A

Fanconi syndrome (proximal tubular reabsorption defect)

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80
Q

Pruritic, purple, polygonal planar papules and plaques (6 P’s). Disease/Dx?

A

Lichen planus

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81
Q

Ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis. Disease/Dx?

A

Horner syndrome (sympathetic chain lesion)

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82
Q

Pupil accommodates but doesn’t react. Disease/Dx?

A

Argyll Robertson pupil (neurosyphilis)

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83
Q

Rapidly progressive leg weakness that ascends following GI/upper respiratory infection. Disease/Dx?

A

Guillain-Barré syndrome (acute autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy)

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84
Q

Rash on palms and soles. Disease/Dx?

A

Coxsackie A, 2° syphilis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever

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85
Q

Recurrent colds, unusual eczema, high serum IgE. Disease/Dx?

A

Hyper-IgE syndrome (Job syndrome: neutrophil chemotaxis abnormality)

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86
Q

Red “currant jelly” sputum in alcoholic or diabetic patients. Disease/Dx?

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae

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87
Q

Red “currant jelly” stools. Disease/Dx?

A

Acute mesenteric ischemia (adults), intussusception (infants)

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88
Q

Red, itchy, swollen rash of nipple/areola. Disease/Dx?

A

Paget disease of the breast (sign of underlying neoplasm)

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89
Q

Red urine in the morning, fragile RBCs. Disease/Dx?

A

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

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90
Q

Renal cell carcinoma (bilateral), hemangioblastomas, angiomatosis, pheochromocytoma. Disease/Dx?

A

von Hippel-Lindau disease (dominant tumor suppressor gene mutation)

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91
Q

Resting tremor, rigidity, akinesia, postural instability. Disease/Dx?

A

Parkinson disease (nigrostriatal dopamine depletion)

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92
Q

Retinal hemorrhages with pale centers. Disease/Dx?

A

Roth spots (bacterial endocarditis)

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93
Q

Severe jaundice in neonate. Disease/Dx?

A

Crigler-Najjar syndrome (congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)

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94
Q

Severe RLQ pain with palpation of LLQ. Disease/Dx?

A

Rovsing sign (acute appendicitis)

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95
Q

Severe RLQ pain with rebound tenderness. Disease/Dx?

A

McBurney sign (acute appendicitis)

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96
Q

Short stature, inc incidence of tumors/leukemia, aplastic anemia. Disease/Dx?

A

Fanconi anemia (genetic loss of DNA crosslink repair; often progresses to AML)

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97
Q

Single palmar crease. Disease/Dx?

A

Down syndrome

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98
Q

Situs inversus, chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis, infertility. Disease/Dx?

A

Kartagener syndrome (dynein arm defect affecting cilia)

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99
Q

Skin hyperpigmentation, hypotension, fatigue. Disease/Dx?

A

Addison disease (1° adrenocortical insufficiency causes inc ACTH and inc α-MSH production)

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100
Q

Slow, progressive muscle weakness in boys. Disease/Dx?

A

Becker muscular dystrophy (X-linked missense mutation in dystrophin; less severe than Duchenne)

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101
Q

Small, irregular red spots on buccal/lingual mucosa with blue-white center. Disease/Dx?

A

Koplik spots (measles; rubeola virus)

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102
Q

Smooth, flat, moist, painless white lesions on genitals. Disease/Dx?

A

Condylomata lata (2° syphilis)

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103
Q

Splinter hemorrhages in fingernails. Disease/Dx?

A

Bacterial endocarditis

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104
Q

Strawberry tongue. Disease/Dx?

A

Scarlet fever, Kawasaki disease, toxic shock syndrome

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105
Q

Streak ovaries, congenital heart disease, horseshoe kidney, cystic hygroma at birth, short stature, webbed neck, lymphedema. Disease/Dx?

A

Turner syndrome (45,XO)

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106
Q

Sudden swollen/painful big toe joint, tophi. Disease/Dx?

A

Gout/podagra (hyperuricemia)

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107
Q

Swollen gums, mucosal bleeding, poor wound healing, petechiae. Disease/Dx?

A

Scurvy (vitamin C deficiency: can’t hydroxylate proline/lysine for collagen synthesis)

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108
Q

Swollen, hard, painful finger joints. Disease/Dx?

A

Osteoarthritis (osteophytes on PIP [Bouchard nodes], DIP [Heberden nodes])

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109
Q

Systolic ejection murmur (crescendo-decrescendo). Disease/Dx?

A

Aortic valve stenosis

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110
Q

Thyroid and parathyroid tumors, pheochromocytoma. Disease/Dx?

A

MEN 2A (autosomal dominant ret mutation)

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111
Q

Thyroid tumors, pheochromocytoma, ganglioneuromatosis. Disease/Dx?

A

MEN 2B (autosomal dominant ret mutation)

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112
Q

Toe extension/fanning upon plantar scrape. Disease/Dx?

A

Babinski sign (UMN lesion)

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113
Q

Unilateral facial drooping involving forehead. Disease/Dx?

A

Facial nerve (LMN CN VII palsy)

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114
Q

Urethritis, conjunctivitis, arthritis in a male. Disease/Dx?

A

Reactive arthritis associated with HLA-B27

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115
Q

Vascular birthmark (port-wine stain). Disease/Dx?

A

Hemangioma (benign, but associated with Sturge-Weber syndrome)

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116
Q

Vomiting blood following gastroesophageal lacerations. Disease/Dx?

A

Mallory-Weiss syndrome (alcoholic and bulimic patients)

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117
Q

Weight loss, diarrhea, arthritis, fever, adenopathy. Disease/Dx?

A

Whipple disease (Tropheryma whipplei)

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118
Q

Worst headache of my life. Disease/Dx?

A

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

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119
Q

Labs: Anticentromere antibodies. Disease/Dx?

A

Scleroderma (CREST)

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120
Q

Labs: Antidesmoglein (epithelial) antibodies. Disease/Dx?

A

Pemphigus vulgaris (blistering)

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121
Q

Labs: Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies. Disease/Dx?

A

Goodpasture syndrome (glomerulonephritis and hemoptysis)

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122
Q

Labs: Antihistone antibodies. Disease/Dx?

A

Drug-induced SLE (hydralazine, INH, phenytoin, procainamide)

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123
Q

Labs: Anti-IgG antibodies. Disease/Dx?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis (systemic inflammation, joint pannus, boutonnière deformity)

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124
Q

Labs: Antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs). Disease/Dx?

A

1° biliary cirrhosis (female, cholestasis, portal hypertension)

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125
Q

Labs: Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs). Disease/Dx?

A

Microscopic polyangiitis and Churg-Strauss syndrome (MPO-ANCA/p-ANCA); granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener; PR3-ANCA/c-ANCA)

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126
Q

Labs: Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs: anti-Smith and anti-dsDNA). Disease/Dx?

A

SLE (type III hypersensitivity)

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127
Q

Labs: Antiplatelet antibodies. Disease/Dx?

A

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

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128
Q

Labs: Anti-topoisomerase antibodies. Disease/Dx?

A

Diffuse systemic scleroderma

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129
Q

Labs: Anti-transglutaminase/anti-gliadin/anti-endomysial antibodies. Disease/Dx?

A

Celiac disease (diarrhea, distention, weight loss)

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130
Q

Labs: “Apple core” lesion on abdominal x-ray. Disease/Dx?

A

Colorectal cancer (usually left-sided)

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131
Q

Labs: Azurophilic peroxidase, + granular inclusions in granulocytes and myeloblasts. Disease/Dx?

A

Auer rods (AML, especially the promyelocytic [M3] type)

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132
Q

Labs: Bacitracin response. Disease/Dx?

A

Sensitive: Streptococcus pyogenes (group A); resistant: Streptococcus agalactiae (group B)

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133
Q

Labs: “Bamboo spine” on x-ray. Disease/Dx?

A

Ankylosing spondylitis (chronic inflammatory arthritis: HLA-B27)

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134
Q

Labs: Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs. Disease/Dx?

A

Howell-Jolly bodies (due to splenectomy or nonfunctional spleen)

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135
Q

Labs: Basophilic stippling of RBCs. Disease/Dx?

A

Lead poisoning or sideroblastic anemia

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136
Q

Labs: Bloody tap on LP. Disease/Dx?

A

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

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137
Q

Labs: “Boot-shaped” heart on x-ray. Disease/Dx?

A

Tetralogy of Fallot, RVH

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138
Q

Labs: Branching gram-positive rods with sulfur granules. Disease/Dx?

A

Actinomyces israelii

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139
Q

Labs: Bronchogenic apical lung tumor on imaging. Disease/Dx?

A

Pancoast tumor (can compress sympathetic ganglion and cause Horner syndrome)

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140
Q

Labs: “Brown” tumor of bone. Disease/Dx?

A

Hyperparathyroidism or osteitis fibrosa cystica (deposited hemosiderin from hemorrhage gives brown color)

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141
Q

Labs: Cardiomegaly with apical atrophy. Disease/Dx?

A

Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi)

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142
Q

Labs: Cellular crescents in Bowman capsule. Disease/Dx?

A

Rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis

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143
Q

Labs: “Chocolate cyst” of ovary. Disease/Dx?

A

Endometriosis (frequently involves both ovaries)

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144
Q

Labs: Circular grouping of dark tumor cells surrounding pale. Disease/Dx?

A

Homer-Wright rosettes (neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, neurofibrils retinoblastoma)

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145
Q

Labs: Colonies of mucoid Pseudomonas in lungs. Disease/Dx?

A

Cystic fibrosis (autosomal recessive mutation in CFTR gene –> fat-soluble vitamin deficiency and mucous plugs)

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146
Q

Labs: Decreased AFP in amniotic fluid/maternal serum. Disease/Dx?

A

Down syndrome or other chromosomal abnormality

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147
Q

Labs: Degeneration of dorsal column nerves. Disease/Dx?

A

Tabes dorsalis (3° syphilis), subacute combined degeneration (dorsal columns and lateral corticospinal tracts affected)

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148
Q

Labs: Depigmentation of neurons in substantia nigra. Disease/Dx?

A

Parkinson disease (basal ganglia disorder: rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia)

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149
Q

Labs: Desquamated epithelium casts in sputum. Disease/Dx?

A

Curschmann spirals (bronchial asthma; can result in whorled mucous plugs)

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150
Q

Labs: Disarrayed granulosa cells in eosinophilic fluid. Disease/Dx?

A

Call-Exner bodies (granulosa-theca cell tumor of the ovary)

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151
Q

Labs: Dysplastic squamous cervical cells with nuclear enlargement. Disease/Dx?

A

Koilocytes (HPV: predisposes to cervical cancer) and hyperchromasia

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152
Q

Labs: Enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies. Disease/Dx?

A

Owl eye appearance of CMV

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153
Q

Labs: Enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei. Disease/Dx?

A

Orphan Annie eyes nuclei (papillary carcinoma of the thyroid)

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154
Q

Labs: Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in liver cell. Disease/Dx?

A

Mallory body (alcoholic liver disease)

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155
Q

Labs: Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in nerve cell. Disease/Dx?

A

Lewy body (Parkinson disease)

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156
Q

Labs: Eosinophilic globule in liver. Disease/Dx?

A

Councilman body (toxic or viral hepatitis, often yellow fever)

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157
Q

Labs: Eosinophilic inclusion bodies in cytoplasm of hippocampal and cerebellar nerve cells. Disease/Dx?

A

Negri bodies of rabies

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158
Q

Labs: Extracellular amyloid deposition in gray matter of brain. Disease/Dx?

A

Senile plaques (Alzheimer disease)

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159
Q

Labs: Giant B cells with bilobed nuclei with prominent inclusions (“owl’s eye”). Disease/Dx?

A

Reed-Sternberg cells (Hodgkin lymphoma)

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160
Q

Labs: Glomerulus-like structure surrounding vessel in germ cells. Disease/Dx?

A

Schiller-Duval bodies (yolk sac tumor)

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161
Q

Labs: “Hair on end” (crew-cut) appearance on x-ray. Disease/Dx?

A

β-thalassemia, sickle cell anemia (marrow expansion)

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162
Q

Labs: hCG elevated. Disease/Dx?

A

Choriocarcinoma, hydatidiform mole (occurs with and without embryo, and multiple pregnancy)

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163
Q

Labs: Heart nodules (granulomatous). Disease/Dx?

A

Aschoff bodies (rheumatic fever)

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164
Q

Labs: Heterophile antibodies. Disease/Dx?

A

Infectious mononucleosis (EBV)

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165
Q

Labs: Hexagonal, double-pointed, needle-like crystals in bronchial secretions. Disease/Dx?

A

Bronchial asthma (Charcot-Leyden crystals: eosinophilic granules)

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166
Q

Labs: High level of D-dimers. Disease/Dx?

A

DVT, PE, DIC

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167
Q

Labs: Hilar lymphadenopathy, peripheral granulomatous lesion in middle or lower lung lobes (can calcify). Disease/Dx?

A

Ghon complex (1° TB: Mycobacterium bacilli)

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168
Q

Labs: “Honeycomb lung” on x-ray or CT. Disease/Dx?

A

Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis

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169
Q

Labs: Hypercoagulability (leading to migrating DVTs and vasculitis). Disease/Dx?

A

Trousseau syndrome (adenocarcinoma of pancreas or lung)

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170
Q

Labs: Hypersegmented neutrophils. Disease/Dx?

A

Megaloblastic anemia (B12 deficiency: neurologic symptoms; folate deficiency: no neurologic symptoms)

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171
Q

Labs: Hypertension, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis. Disease/Dx?

A

Conn syndrome

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172
Q

Labs: Hypochromic, microcytic anemia. Disease/Dx?

A

Iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning, thalassemia (fetal hemoglobin sometimes present)

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173
Q

Labs: Increased AFP in amniotic fluid/maternal serum. Disease/Dx?

A

Dating error, anencephaly, spina bifida (neural tube defects)

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174
Q

Labs: Increased uric acid levels. Disease/Dx?

A

Gout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, tumor lysis syndrome, loop and thiazide diuretics

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175
Q

Labs: Intranuclear eosinophilic droplet-like bodies. Disease/Dx?

A

Cowdry type A bodies (HSV or CMV)

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176
Q

Labs: Iron-containing nodules in alveolar septum. Disease/Dx?

A

Ferruginous bodies (asbestosis: inc chance of mesothelioma)

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177
Q

Labs: Keratin pearls on a skin biopsy. Disease/Dx?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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178
Q

Labs: Large lysosomal vesicles in phagocytes, immunodeficiency. Disease/Dx?

A

Chédiak-Higashi disease (congenital failure of phagolysosome formation)

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179
Q

Labs: “Lead pipe” appearance of colon on barium enema x-ray. Disease/Dx?

A

Ulcerative colitis (loss of haustra)

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180
Q

Labs: Linear appearance of IgG deposition on glomerular basement. Disease/Dx?

A

Goodpasture syndrome membrane

181
Q

Labs: Low serum ceruloplasmin. Disease/Dx?

A

Wilson disease (hepatolenticular degeneration)

182
Q

Labs: “Lumpy bumpy” appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence. Disease/Dx?

A

Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (immune complex deposition of IgG and C3b)

183
Q

Labs: Lytic (“hole punched”) bone lesions on x-ray. Disease/Dx?

A

Multiple myeloma

184
Q

Labs: Mammary gland (“blue domed”) cyst. Disease/Dx?

A

Fibrocystic change of the breast

185
Q

Labs: Monoclonal antibody spike. Disease/Dx?

A

* Multiple myeloma (usually IgG or IgA)

186
Q

Labs: Mucin-filled cell with peripheral nucleus. Disease/Dx?

A

Signet ring (gastric carcinoma)

187
Q

Labs: Narrowing of bowel lumen on barium x-ray. Disease/Dx?

A

String sign (Crohn disease)

188
Q

Labs: Necrotizing vasculitis (lungs) and necrotizing glomerulonephritis. Disease/Dx?

A

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener; PR3-ANCA/c-ANCA) and Goodpasture syndrome (anti-basement membrane antibodies)

189
Q

Labs: Needle-shaped, negatively birefringent crystals. Disease/Dx?

A

Gout (monosodium urate crystals)

190
Q

Labs: Nodular hyaline deposits in glomeruli. Disease/Dx?

A

Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules (diabetic nephropathy)

191
Q

Labs: Novobiocin response. Disease/Dx?

A

Sensitive: Staphylococcus epidermidis; resistant: Staphylococcus saprophyticus

192
Q

Labs: “Nutmeg” appearance of liver. Disease/Dx?

A

Chronic passive congestion of liver due to right heart failure

193
Q

Labs: “Onion skin” periosteal reaction. Disease/Dx?

A

Ewing sarcoma (malignant round-cell tumor)

194
Q

Labs: Optochin response. Disease/Dx?

A

Sensitive: Streptococcus pneumoniae; resistant: viridans streptococci

195
Q

Labs: Periosteum raised from bone, creating triangular area. Disease/Dx?

A

Codman triangle on x-ray (osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, pyogenic osteomyelitis)

196
Q

Labs: Podocyte fusion or “effacement” on electron microscopy. Disease/Dx?

A

Minimal change disease (child with nephrotic syndrome)

197
Q

Labs: Polished, “ivory-like” appearance of bone at cartilage erosion. Disease/Dx?

A

Eburnation (osteoarthritis resulting in bony sclerosis)

198
Q

Labs: Protein aggregates in neurons from hyperphosphorylation of tau protein. Disease/Dx?

A

Neurofibrillary tangles (Alzheimer disease) and Pick bodies (Pick disease)

199
Q

Labs: Psammoma bodies. Disease/Dx?

A

Meningiomas, papillary thyroid carcinoma, mesothelioma, papillary serous carcinoma of the endometrium and ovary

200
Q

Labs: Pseudopalisading tumor cells on brain biopsy. Disease/Dx?

A

Glioblastoma multiforme

201
Q

Labs: RBC casts in urine. Disease/Dx?

A

Acute glomerulonephritis

202
Q

Labs: Rectangular, crystal-like, cytoplasmic inclusions in Leydig cells. Disease/Dx?

A

Reinke crystals (Leydig cell tumor)

203
Q

Labs: Renal epithelial casts in urine. Disease/Dx?

A

Acute toxic/viral renal injury

204
Q

Labs: Rhomboid crystals, positively birefringent. Disease/Dx?

A

Pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals)

205
Q

Labs: Rib notching. Disease/Dx?

A

Coarctation of the aorta

206
Q

Labs: Ring-enhancing brain lesion in AIDS. Disease/Dx?

A

Toxoplasma gondii, CNS lymphoma

207
Q

Labs: Sheets of medium-sized lymphoid cells with scattered pale, tingible body-laden macrophages (“starry sky” histology). Disease/Dx?

A

Burkitt lymphoma (t[8:14] c-myc activation, associated with EBV; “black sky” made up of malignant cells)

208
Q

Labs: Silver-staining spherical aggregation of tau proteins in neurons. Disease/Dx?

A

Pick bodies (Pick disease: progressive dementia, changes in personality)

209
Q

Labs: “Soap bubble” in femur or tibia on x-ray. Disease/Dx?

A

Giant cell tumor of bone (generally benign)

210
Q

Labs: “Spikes” on basement membrane, “dome-like” subepithelial deposits. Disease/Dx?

A

Membranous glomerulonephritis (may progress to nephrotic syndrome)

211
Q

Labs: Stacks of RBCs. Disease/Dx?

A

Rouleaux formation (high ESR, multiple myeloma)

212
Q

Labs: Stippled vaginal epithelial cells. Disease/Dx?

A

Clue cells (Gardnerella vaginalis)

213
Q

Labs: “Tennis racket”-shaped cytoplasmic organelles (EM) in Langerhans cells. Disease/Dx?

A

Birbeck granules (Langerhans cell histiocytosis or histiocytosis X: eosinophilic granuloma)

214
Q

Labs: Thrombi made of white/red layers. Disease/Dx?

A

Lines of Zahn (arterial thrombus, layers of platelets/RBCs)

215
Q

Labs: “Thumb sign” on lateral x-ray. Disease/Dx?

A

Epiglottitis (Haemophilus influenzae)

216
Q

Labs: Thyroid-like appearance of kidney. Disease/Dx?

A

Chronic bacterial pyelonephritis

217
Q

Labs: “Tram-track” appearance of capillary loops of glomerular basement membranes on light microscopy. Disease/Dx?

A

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

218
Q

Labs: Triglyceride accumulation in liver cell vacuoles. Disease/Dx?

A

Fatty liver disease (alcoholic or metabolic syndrome)

219
Q

Labs: “Waxy” casts with very low urine flow. Disease/Dx?

A

Chronic end-stage renal disease

220
Q

Labs: WBC casts in urine. Disease/Dx?

A

Acute pyelonephritis

221
Q

Labs: WBCs that look “smudged”. Disease/Dx?

A

CLL (almost always B cell)

222
Q

Labs: “Wire loop” glomerular capillary appearance on light microscopy. Disease/Dx?

A

Lupus nephropathy

223
Q

Labs: Yellowish CSF. Disease/Dx?

A

Xanthochromia (e.g., due to subarachnoid hemorrhage)

224
Q

Condition: Absence seizures. Tx?

A

Ethosuximide

225
Q

Condition: Acute gout attack. Tx?

A

NSAIDs, colchicine

226
Q

Condition: Acute promyelocytic leukemia (M3). Tx?

A

All-trans retinoic acid

227
Q

Condition: ADHD. Tx?

A

Methylphenidate, amphetamines

228
Q

Condition: Alcohol use disorder. Tx?

A

AA + disulfiram, naltrexone, or acamprosate for patient. Al-Anon for patient’s family

229
Q

Condition: Alcohol withdrawal. Tx?

A

Benzodiazepines

230
Q

Condition: Anorexia. Tx?

A

Nutrition, psychotherapy

231
Q

Condition: Anticoagulation during pregnancy. Tx?

A

Heparin

232
Q

Condition: Arrhythmia in damaged cardiac tissue. Tx?

A

Class IB antiarrhythmic (lidocaine, mexiletine, tocainide)

233
Q

Condition: B12 deficiency. Tx?

A

Vitamin B12 supplementation (work up cause with Schilling test)

234
Q

Condition: Benign prostatic hyperplasia. Tx?

A

Tamsulosin, finasteride

235
Q

Condition: Bipolar disorder. Tx?

A

Lithium, valproate, carbamazepine, lamotrigine (mood stabilizers)

236
Q

Condition: Breast cancer in postmenopausal woman. Tx?

A

Aromatase inhibitor (anastrozole)

237
Q

Condition: Buerger disease. Tx?

A

Smoking cessation

238
Q

Condition: Bulimia nervosa. Tx?

A

SSRIs

239
Q

Condition: Candida albicans. Tx?

A

Amphotericin B (systemic), nystatin (oral thrush), azoles (vaginitis)

240
Q

Condition: Carcinoid syndrome. Tx?

A

Octreotide

241
Q

Condition: Chlamydia trachomatis. Tx?

A

Doxycycline (+ ceftriaxone for gonorrhea coinfection), erythromycin eye drops (prophylaxis in infants)

242
Q

Condition: Chronic gout. Tx?

A

Probenecid (underexcretor), allopurinol (overproducer), febuxostat

243
Q

Condition: Chronic hepatitis. Tx?

A

IFN-α

244
Q

Condition: Chronic myelogenous leukemia. Tx?

A

Imatinib

245
Q

Condition: Clostridium botulinum. Tx?

A

Antitoxin

246
Q

Condition: Clostridium difficile. Tx?

A

Oral metronidazole; if refractory, oral vancomycin

247
Q

Condition: Clostridium tetani. Tx?

A

Antitoxin + vaccine booster + diazepam

248
Q

Condition: CMV. Tx?

A

Ganciclovir

249
Q

Condition: Crohn disease. Tx?

A

Corticosteroids, infliximab, methotrexate, azathioprine

250
Q

Condition: Cryptococcus neoformans. Tx?

A

Fluconazole (prophylaxis in AIDS patients)

251
Q

Condition: Cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis. Tx?

A

Mesna

252
Q

Condition: Depression. Tx?

A

SSRIs (first-line)

253
Q

Condition: Diabetes insipidus. Tx?

A

DDAVP (central); hydrochlorothiazide, indomethacin, amiloride (nephrogenic)

254
Q

Condition: Diabetes mellitus type 1. Tx?

A

Dietary intervention (low sugar) + insulin replacement

255
Q

Condition: Diabetes mellitus type 2. Tx?

A

Dietary intervention, oral hypoglycemics, and insulin (if refractory)

256
Q

Condition: Diabetic ketoacidosis. Tx?

A

Fluids, insulin, K+

257
Q

Condition: Enterococci. Tx?

A

Vancomycin/ampicillin + aminoglycoside

258
Q

Condition: Erectile dysfunction. Tx?

A

Sildenafil, vardenafil

259
Q

Condition: ER+ breast cancer. Tx?

A

Tamoxifen

260
Q

Condition: Ethylene glycol/methanol intoxication. Tx?

A

Fomepizole (alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor)

261
Q

Condition: Haemophilus influenzae (B). Tx?

A

Rifampin (prophylaxis)

262
Q

Condition: Generalized anxiety disorder. Tx?

A

Buspirone

263
Q

Condition: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener). Tx?

A

Cyclophosphamide, corticosteroids

264
Q

Condition: Heparin toxicity (acute). Tx?

A

Protamine sulfate

265
Q

Condition: HER2/neu+ breast cancer. Tx?

A

Trastuzumab

266
Q

Condition: Hyperaldosteronism. Tx?

A

Spironolactone

267
Q

Condition: Hypercholesterolemia. Tx?

A

Statin (first-line)

268
Q

Condition: Hypertriglyceridemia. Tx?

A

Fibrate

269
Q

Condition: Immediate anticoagulation. Tx?

A

Heparin

270
Q

Condition: Infertility. Tx?

A

Leuprolide, GnRH (pulsatile), clomiphene

271
Q

Condition: Influenza. Tx?

A

Rimantadine, oseltamivir

272
Q

Condition: Legionella pneumophila. Tx?

A

Erythromycin

273
Q

Condition: Long-term anticoagulation. Tx?

A

Warfarin

274
Q

Condition: Malaria. Tx?

A

Chloroquine/mefloquine (for blood schizont), primaquine (for liver hypnozoite)

275
Q

Condition: Malignant hyperthermia. Tx?

A

Dantrolene

276
Q

Condition: Medical abortion. Tx?

A

Mifepristone

277
Q

Condition: Migraine. Tx?

A

Sumatriptan

278
Q

Condition: MRSA. Tx?

A

Vancomycin

279
Q

Condition: Multiple sclerosis. Tx?

A

β-interferon, immunosuppression, natalizumab

280
Q

Condition: Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tx?

A

RIPE (rifampin, INH, pyrazinamide, ethambutol)

281
Q

Condition: Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Tx?

A

Ceftriaxone (add doxycycline to cover likely concurrent Chlamydia)

282
Q

Condition: Neisseria meningitidis. Tx?

A

Penicillin/ceftriaxone, rifampin (prophylaxis)

283
Q

Condition: Neural tube defect prevention. Tx?

A

Prenatal folic acid

284
Q

Condition: Osteomalacia/rickets. Tx?

A

Vitamin D supplementation

285
Q

Condition: Osteoporosis. Tx?

A

Bisphosphonates; calcium and vitamin D supplementation

286
Q

Condition: Patent ductus arteriosus. Tx?

A

Indomethacin

287
Q

Condition: Pheochromocytoma. Tx?

A

α-antagonists (e.g., phenoxybenzamine)

288
Q

Condition: Pneumocystis jirovecii. Tx?

A

TMP-SMX (prophylaxis in AIDS patient)

289
Q

Condition: Prolactinoma. Tx?

A

Bromocriptine (dopamine agonists)

290
Q

Condition: Prostate cancer/uterine fibroids. Tx?

A

Leuprolide, GnRH (continuous)

291
Q

Condition: Prostate carcinoma. Tx?

A

Flutamide

292
Q

Condition: Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Tx?

A

Antipseudomonal penicillin + aminoglycoside

293
Q

Condition: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (idiopathic). Tx?

A

Sildenafil, bosentan, epoprostenol

294
Q

Condition: Rickettsia rickettsii. Tx?

A

Doxycycline, chloramphenicol (associated with aplastic anemia)

295
Q

Condition: Ringworm infections. Tx?

A

Terbinafine, griseofulvin, imidazole

296
Q

Condition: Schizophrenia (negative symptoms). Tx?

A

5-HT2A antagonists (e.g., 2nd-generation antipsychotics)

297
Q

Condition: Schizophrenia (positive symptoms). Tx?

A

D2 receptor antagonists (e.g., 1st- and 2nd-generation antipsychotics)

298
Q

Condition: SIADH. Tx?

A

Demeclocycline, lithium, vasopressin receptor antagonists

299
Q

Condition: Sickle cell anemia. Tx?

A

Hydroxyurea (inc fetal hemoglobin)

300
Q

Condition: Sporothrix schenckii. Tx?

A

Oral potassium iodide

301
Q

Condition: Stable angina. Tx?

A

Sublingual nitroglycerin

302
Q

Condition: Staphylococcus aureus. Tx?

A

MSSA: nafcillin, oxacillin, dicloxacillin (antistaphylococcal penicillins); MRSA: vancomycin

303
Q

Condition: Streptococcus bovis. Tx?

A

Penicillin prophylaxis; evaluation for colon cancer if linked to endocarditis

304
Q

Condition: Streptococcus pneumoniae. Tx?

A

Penicillin/cephalosporin (systemic infection, pneumonia), vancomycin (meningitis)

305
Q

Condition: Streptococcus pyogenes. Tx?

A

Penicillin prophylaxis

306
Q

Condition: Temporal arteritis. Tx?

A

High-dose steroids

307
Q

Condition: Tonic-clonic seizures. Tx?

A

Phenytoin, valproate, carbamazepine

308
Q

Condition: Toxoplasma gondii. Tx?

A

Sulfadiazine + pyrimethamine

309
Q

Condition: Treponema pallidum. Tx?

A

Penicillin

310
Q

Condition: Trichomonas vaginalis. Tx?

A

Metronidazole (patient and partner)

311
Q

Condition: Trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux). Tx?

A

Carbamazepine

312
Q

Condition: Ulcerative colitis. Tx?

A

5-ASA, infliximab, colectomy

313
Q

Condition: UTI prophylaxis. Tx?

A

TMP-SMX

314
Q

Condition: Warfarin toxicity. Tx?

A

Fresh frozen plasma (acute), vitamin K (chronic)

315
Q

Actinic (solar) keratosis. Association?

A

Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma

316
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury. Association?

A

Cushing ulcer (inc intracranial pressure stimulates vagal gastric secretion)

317
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns. Association?

A

Curling ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)

318
Q

Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon. Association?

A

Skip lesions (Crohn disease)

319
Q

Aneurysm, dissecting. Association?

A

Hypertension

320
Q

Aortic aneurysm, abdominal and descending aorta. Association?

A

Atherosclerosis

321
Q

Aortic aneurysm, arch. Association?

A

3° syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction

322
Q

Aortic aneurysm, ascending. Association?

A

Marfan syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)

323
Q

Atrophy of the mammillary bodies. Association?

A

Wernicke encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)

324
Q

Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage). Association?

A

Sickle cell anemia (hemoglobin S)

325
Q

Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer. Association?

A

H. pylori

326
Q

Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly). Association?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

327
Q

Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids). Association?

A

Group B streptococcus/E.coli (newborns), S. pneumoniae/ Neisseria meningitidis (kids)

328
Q

Benign melanocytic nevus. Association?

A

Spitz nevus (most common in 1st two decades)

329
Q

Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency. Association?

A

Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor)

330
Q

Brain tumor (adults). Association?

A

Supratentorial: metastasis > astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme) > meningioma > schwannoma

331
Q

Brain tumor (kids). Association?

A

Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or supratentorial: craniopharyngioma

332
Q

Breast cancer. Association?

A

Infiltrating ductal carcinoma

333
Q

Breast mass. Association?

A

Fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)

334
Q

Breast tumor (benign). Association?

A

Fibroadenoma

335
Q

Cardiac 1° tumor (kids). Association?

A

Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis

336
Q

Cardiac manifestation of lupus. Association?

A

Libman-Sacks endocarditis (nonbacterial, affecting both sides of mitral valve)

337
Q

Cardiac tumor (adults). Association?

A

Metastasis, 1° myxoma (4:1 left to right atrium; “ball and valve”)

338
Q

Cerebellar tonsillar herniation. Association?

A

Chiari II malformation

339
Q

Chronic arrhythmia. Association?

A

Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)

340
Q

Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune). Association?

A

Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)

341
Q

Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina. Association?

A

DES exposure in utero

342
Q

Compression fracture. Association?

A

Osteoporosis (type I: postmenopausal woman; type II: elderly man or woman)

343
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension. Association?

A

21-hydroxylase deficiency

344
Q

Congenital cardiac anomaly. Association?

A

VSD

345
Q

Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver). Association?

A

Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)

346
Q

Constrictive pericarditis. Association?

A

TB (developing world); SLE (developed world)

347
Q

Coronary artery involved in thrombosis. Association?

A

LAD > RCA > LCA

348
Q

Cretinism. Association?

A

Iodine deficit/hypothyroidism

349
Q

Cushing syndrome. Association?

A

* Iatrogenic Cushing (from corticosteroid therapy)

350
Q

Cyanosis (early; less common). Association?

A

Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus

351
Q

Cyanosis (late; more common). Association?

A

VSD, ASD, PDA

352
Q

Death in CML. Association?

A

Blast crisis

353
Q

Death in SLE. Association?

A

Lupus nephropathy

354
Q

Dementia. Association?

A

Alzheimer disease, multiple infarcts

355
Q

Demyelinating disease in young women. Association?

A

Multiple sclerosis

356
Q

DIC. Association?

A

Severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery

357
Q

Dietary deficit. Association?

A

Iron

358
Q

Diverticulum in pharynx. Association?

A

Zenker diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)

359
Q

Ejection click. Association?

A

Aortic/pulmonic stenosis

360
Q

Esophageal cancer. Association?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (U.S.)

361
Q

Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated). Association?

A

S. aureus, B. cereus

362
Q

Glomerulonephritis (adults). Association?

A

Berger disease (IgA nephropathy)

363
Q

Gynecologic malignancy. Association?

A

Endometrial carcinoma (most common in U.S.); cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)

364
Q

Heart murmur, congenital. Association?

A

Mitral valve prolapse

365
Q

Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis. Association?

A

Mitral > aortic (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug abuse)

366
Q

Helminth infection (U.S.). Association?

A

Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides

367
Q

Hematoma—epidural. Association?

A

Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped)

368
Q

Hematoma—subdural. Association?

A

Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)

369
Q

Hemochromatosis. Association?

A

Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in CHF, “bronze diabetes,” and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)

370
Q

Hepatocellular carcinoma. Association?

A

Cirrhotic liver (associated with hepatitis B and C and with alcoholism)

371
Q

Hereditary bleeding disorder. Association?

A

von Willebrand disease

372
Q

Hereditary harmless jaundice. Association?

A

Gilbert syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)

373
Q

HLA-B27. Association?

A

Ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, ulcerative colitis, psoriatic arthritis

374
Q

HLA-DR3 or -DR4. Association?

A

Diabetes mellitus type 1, rheumatoid arthritis, SLE

375
Q

Holosystolic murmur. Association?

A

VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation

376
Q

Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis. Association?

A

Virchow triad (results in venous thrombosis)

377
Q

Hypertension, 2°. Association?

A

Renal disease

378
Q

Hypoparathyroidism. Association?

A

Accidental excision during thyroidectomy

379
Q

Hypopituitarism. Association?

A

Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)

380
Q

Infection 2° to blood transfusion. Association?

A

Hepatitis C

381
Q

Infections in chronic granulomatous disease. Association?

A

Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Aspergillus (catalase+)

382
Q

Intellectual disability. Association?

A

Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome

383
Q

Kidney stones. Association?

A

Calcium = radiopaque

384
Q

Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left). Association?

A

Eisenmenger syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)

385
Q

Liver disease. Association?

A

Alcoholic cirrhosis

386
Q

Lysosomal storage disease. Association?

A

Gaucher disease

387
Q

Male cancer. Association?

A

Prostatic carcinoma

388
Q

Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever. Association?

A

Hodgkin lymphoma

389
Q

Malignancy (kids). Association?

A

ALL, medulloblastoma (cerebellum)

390
Q

Metastases to bone. Association?

A

Prostate, breast > lung > thyroid

391
Q

Metastases to brain. Association?

A

Lung > breast > genitourinary > melanoma > GI

392
Q

Metastases to liver. Association?

A

Colon >> stomach, pancreas

393
Q

Mitochondrial inheritance. Association?

A

Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only

394
Q

Mitral valve stenosis. Association?

A

Rheumatic heart disease

395
Q

Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease. Association?

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

396
Q

Myocarditis. Association?

A

Coxsackie B

397
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (adults). Association?

A

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

398
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (kids). Association?

A

Minimal change disease

399
Q

Neuron migration failure. Association?

A

Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia)

400
Q

Nosocomial pneumonia. Association?

A

Klebsiella, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa

401
Q

Obstruction of male urinary tract. Association?

A

BPH

402
Q

Opening snap. Association?

A

Mitral stenosis

403
Q

Opportunistic infection in AIDS. Association?

A

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia

404
Q

Osteomyelitis. Association?

A

S. aureus

405
Q

Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease. Association?

A

Salmonella

406
Q

Osteomyelitis with IV drug use. Association?

A

Pseudomonas, S. aureus

407
Q

Ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer. Association?

A

Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet-ring cells)

408
Q

Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral). Association?

A

Serous cystadenoma

409
Q

Ovarian tumor (malignant). Association?

A

Serous cystadenocarcinoma

410
Q

Pancreatitis (acute). Association?

A

Gallstones, alcohol

411
Q

Pancreatitis (chronic). Association?

A

Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)

412
Q

Patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML (ages). Association?

A

ALL: child, CLL: adult > 60, AML: adult ~65, CML: adult 30-60

413
Q

Pelvic inflammatory disease. Association?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae

414
Q

Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) (bcr-abl). Association?

A

CML (may sometimes be associated with ALL/AML)

415
Q

Pituitary tumor. Association?

A

Prolactinoma, somatotropic “acidophilic” adenoma

416
Q

1° amenorrhea. Association?

A

Turner syndrome (45,XO)

417
Q

1° bone tumor (adults). Association?

A

Multiple myeloma

418
Q

1° hyperaldosteronism. Association?

A

Adenoma of adrenal cortex

419
Q

1° hyperparathyroidism. Association?

A

Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma

420
Q

1° liver cancer. Association?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, α1-antitrypsin deficiency)

421
Q

Pulmonary hypertension. Association?

A

COPD

422
Q

Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels. Association?

A

Buerger disease (strongly associated with tobacco) in extremities

423
Q

Renal tumor. Association?

A

Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTH, ACTH)

424
Q

Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause. Association?

A

Cor pulmonale

425
Q

S3 (protodiastolic gallop). Association?

A

inc ventricular filling (left-to-right shunt, mitral regurgitation, LV failure [CHF])

426
Q

S4 (presystolic gallop). Association?

A

Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)

427
Q

2° hyperparathyroidism. Association?

A

Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease

428
Q

Sexually transmitted disease. Association?

A

Chlamydia (usually coinfected with gonorrhea)

429
Q

SIADH. Association?

A

Small cell carcinoma of the lung

430
Q

Site of diverticula. Association?

A

Sigmoid colon

431
Q

Sites of atherosclerosis. Association?

A

Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery

432
Q

Stomach cancer. Association?

A

Adenocarcinoma

433
Q

Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels. Association?

A

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)

434
Q

t(14;18). Association?

A

Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)

435
Q

t(8;14). Association?

A

Burkitt lymphoma (c-myc activation)

436
Q

t(9;22). Association?

A

Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl fusion)

437
Q

Temporal arteritis. Association?

A

Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica

438
Q

Testicular tumor. Association?

A

Seminoma (malignant, radiosensitive)

439
Q

Thyroid cancer. Association?

A

Papillary carcinoma

440
Q

Tumor in women. Association?

A

Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)

441
Q

Tumor of infancy. Association?

A

Hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)

442
Q

Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults). Association?

A

Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)

443
Q

Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids). Association?

A

Neuroblastoma (malignant)

444
Q

Type of Hodgkin. Association?

A

Nodular sclerosis (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)

445
Q

Type of non-Hodgkin. Association?

A

Diffuse large cell

446
Q

UTI. Association?

A

E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women)

447
Q

Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe. Association?

A

HSV-1

448
Q

Vitamin deficiency (U.S.). Association?

A

Folate (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3- to 4-month supply; prevents neural tube defects)

USMLE High Yield Flashcards (17 decks)

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