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Medicine > First Aid Cardiology > Flashcards

First Aid Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the value of benign essential hypertension?

A

Systolic between 120-130

Diastolic between 80-90

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2
Q

What are nine risk factors for hypertension?

A
  1. old age
  2. obesity
  3. diabetes
  4. excessive salt intake
  5. excessive alcohol intake
  6. smoking
  7. family history
  8. Being african american
  9. physical inactivity
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3
Q

What is 90% of hypertension caused by?

A

Increased cardiac output and total peripheral resistance

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4
Q

What is 10% of hypertension caused by?

A

renal/renovascular disease such as fibromuscular dysplasia

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5
Q

What is hypertensive urgency?

A

≥180/≥120 without end organ damage

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6
Q

What is hypertension emergency?

A

≥180/≥120 WITH evidence of acute end-organ damage (encephalopathy, stroke, retinal hemorrhage, papilledema, MI, HF, aortic dissection, kidney injury, MAHA, eclampsia)

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7
Q

What are three signs of hyperlipidemia?

A

Xanthomas
Tendinous xanthomas
Corneal Arcus

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8
Q

What is arteriosclerosis?

A

hardening of the arteries with wall thickening and loss of elasticity

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9
Q

What are the two types of arteriolosclerosis?

A

Hyaline and hyperplastic

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10
Q

What causes hyaline arteriolosclerosis?

A

Essential hypertension

DM

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11
Q

What causes hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis?

A

severe hypertension due to proliferation of smooth muscle cells

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12
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Hardening of elastic and large/medium muscular arteries; build-up of cholesterol plaques

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13
Q

What are the four most common arteries with atherosclerosis?

A

Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery
(after i workout my abs, i grab a corona and pop my collar up to my carotid)

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14
Q

What are the modifiable risk factors of atherosclerosis?

A

smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes

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15
Q

What are the non modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis?

A

age, sex, family history

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16
Q

what are the risk factors for an abdominal aortic aneurysm?

A 
atherosclerosis 
smoking 
old age 
male sex 
family history
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17
Q

What are the risk factors for a thoracic aortic aneurysm?

A

hypertension
bicuspid aortic valve
marfan syndrome
tertiary syphillis

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18
Q

Aortic root dilation in thoracic aortic aneurysms can lead to what heart abnormality?

A

aortic valve regurgitation

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19
Q

What will you see on x-ray for a traumatic aortic rupture?

A

widened mediastinum

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20
Q

What are risk factors for aortic dissection?

A

hypertension
bicuspid aortic valve
marfan syndrome

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21
Q

What are a few triggers of prinzmetal angina?

A

cocaine
alcohol
triptans

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22
Q

Treatment for prinzmetal angina?

A

calcium channel blockers, nitrates, smoking cessation

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23
Q

What complications arise within 1-3 of a MI?

A

fibrinous pericarditis

acute inflammation with neutrophils due to coagulative necrosis

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24
Q

What complication arises 3-14 days after MI?

A

free wall rupture - tamponade
papillary muscle rupture - mitral regurgitation
inter-ventricular septal rupture - VSD

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25
Q

What complication arises two weeks or several months after MI?

A

Dressler syndrome

Ventricular aneurysm

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26
Q

When does cardiac troponin I peak? How long is it elevated?

A

24 hours and is elevated for 7-10 days

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27
Q

When does CK-MB rise after infarction? How long is it elevated?

A

6-12 hours; for 48 hours

28
Q

ST elevations in v7-v9?

A

posterior descending arter

29
Q

ST elevation in II, III and aVF?

A

inferior (right coronary artery)

30
Q

ST elevations in v5-v6?

A

Anterolateral (LAD, LCX)

31
Q

ST elevations in I and aVL?

A

lateral circumflex artery

32
Q

ST elevations in v1-v2?

A

anteroseptal

32
Q

ST elevations in v1-v2?

A

anteroseptal

33
Q

What are 10 causes of dilated cardiomyopathy?

A
  1. alcohol abuse
  2. wet beri beri
  3. coxsackie b viral myocarditis
  4. cocaine use
  5. chagas disease
  6. doxorubicin toxicity
  7. hemochromatosis
  8. sarcoidosis
  9. thyrotoxicosis
  10. peripartum cardiomyopathy
34
Q

Findings of dilated cardiomyopathy?

A 
heart failure 
S3 sound 
systolic regurgitant murmur 
dilated heart on echo 
balloon heart appearance on CXR
35
Q

Treatment for dilated cardiomyopathy?

A 
salt restriction 
ace inhibitors 
beta blockers 
diuretics 
digoxin 
ICD 
heart transplant
36
Q

Which heart failure drugs reduce mortality?

A

ACE/ARB
beta blockers
spironolactone

37
Q

What are causes of hypovolemic shock?

A

hemorrhage
dehydration
burns

38
Q

What are causes of cardiogenic shock?

A

HI
HF
valve dysfunction
arrhythmia

39
Q

What are causes of obstructive shock?

A

cardiac tamponade
pulmonary embolism
tension PTX

40
Q

What are causes of distributive shock?

A

sepsis
anaphylaxis
CNS injury

41
Q

What is an early complication of rheumatic heart disease?

A

mitral regurg

42
Q

What is a late complication of rheumatic heart disease?

A

mitral stenosis

43
Q

What antibody titers are ordered to diagnose rheumatic heart disease?

A

Anti streptolysin O (ASO)

Anti-DNAse B

44
Q

what is the pathogenesis of rheumatic heart disease?

A

Antibodies to M protein cross react with self antigens (molecular mimicry) type II hypersensitivity

45
Q

Tx for rheumatic heart disease?

A

penicillin

46
Q

What is the JONES criteria?

A 
major criteria for rheumatic heart disease 
Joints 
<3 carditis 
nodules in the skin 
erythema marginatum 
syndeham chorea
47
Q

What is an aggravating and alleviating factor for acute pericarditis?

A

aggravating is deep breath

sitting up and leaning forward is alleviating

48
Q

What is a common complication of pericarditis?

A

pericardial effusion

49
Q

How does acute pericarditis present?

A

Friction rub

ECG changes including widespread ST elevations and/or PR depression

50
Q

Which autoimmune disorders can cause pericarditis?

A

SLE

RA

51
Q

What are 5 viral causes of myocarditis?

A
  1. adenovirus
  2. coxsackie B
  3. Parvovirus
  4. HIV
  5. HHV-6
52
Q

What 2 parasites can cause myocarditis?

A

T. Cruzii

T. Gondii

53
Q

Which two bacteria can cause myocarditis?

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

54
Q

What two drugs can cause myocarditis?

A

Doxorubicin

Cocaine

55
Q

What five autoimmune disorders can cause myocarditis?

A
  1. kawasaki
  2. sarcoidosis
  3. SLE
  4. polymyositis
  5. dermatomyositis
56
Q

What is beck’s triad and what is it used for?

A
  1. JVD
  2. muffled heart sounds
  3. hypotension

used to diagnose cardiac tamponade

57
Q

What is an urgent complication of Giant Cell temporal arteritis?

A

irreversible blindness

58
Q

how does giant cell arteritis present?

A

unilateral headache
jaw claudication
tenderness over the temple

59
Q

What disease is giant cell temporal arteritis associated with?

A

polymalgia rheumatic

60
Q

Treatment for giant cell arteritis?

A

high dose steroids PRIOR to temporal artery

61
Q

How does Behcet syndrome present?

A

Recurrent aphthous ulcers, genital ulcerations, uveitis, erythema nodosum

62
Q

What three body systems does Wecners disease affect?

A 
Upper respiratory (nasal, sinuses, otitis media, mastoiditis) 
Lower respiratory (hemoptysis, cough, dysnpea)
63
Q

How do you treat wecners?

A

cyclophosphamide and corticosteroids

64
Q

What childhood systemic vasculitis usually follows a URI and presents with palpable purpura over the butt and legs?

A

Henoch Schonlein

Medicine (8 decks)

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