First Aid Cardiology Flashcards by Mashaal Zahid

What is the value of benign essential hypertension?

Systolic between 120-130

Diastolic between 80-90

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What are nine risk factors for hypertension?

old age
obesity
diabetes
excessive salt intake
excessive alcohol intake
smoking
family history
Being african american
physical inactivity

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What is 90% of hypertension caused by?

Increased cardiac output and total peripheral resistance

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What is 10% of hypertension caused by?

renal/renovascular disease such as fibromuscular dysplasia

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What is hypertensive urgency?

≥180/≥120 without end organ damage

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What is hypertension emergency?

≥180/≥120 WITH evidence of acute end-organ damage (encephalopathy, stroke, retinal hemorrhage, papilledema, MI, HF, aortic dissection, kidney injury, MAHA, eclampsia)

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What are three signs of hyperlipidemia?

Xanthomas
Tendinous xanthomas
Corneal Arcus

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What is arteriosclerosis?

hardening of the arteries with wall thickening and loss of elasticity

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What are the two types of arteriolosclerosis?

Hyaline and hyperplastic

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What causes hyaline arteriolosclerosis?

Essential hypertension

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What causes hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis?

severe hypertension due to proliferation of smooth muscle cells

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What is atherosclerosis?

Hardening of elastic and large/medium muscular arteries; build-up of cholesterol plaques

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What are the four most common arteries with atherosclerosis?

Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery
(after i workout my abs, i grab a corona and pop my collar up to my carotid)

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What are the modifiable risk factors of atherosclerosis?

smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes

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What are the non modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis?

age, sex, family history

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what are the risk factors for an abdominal aortic aneurysm?

atherosclerosis 
smoking 
old age 
male sex 
family history

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What are the risk factors for a thoracic aortic aneurysm?

hypertension
bicuspid aortic valve
marfan syndrome
tertiary syphillis

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Aortic root dilation in thoracic aortic aneurysms can lead to what heart abnormality?

aortic valve regurgitation

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What will you see on x-ray for a traumatic aortic rupture?

widened mediastinum

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What are risk factors for aortic dissection?

hypertension
bicuspid aortic valve
marfan syndrome

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What are a few triggers of prinzmetal angina?

cocaine
alcohol
triptans

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Treatment for prinzmetal angina?

calcium channel blockers, nitrates, smoking cessation

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What complications arise within 1-3 of a MI?

fibrinous pericarditis

acute inflammation with neutrophils due to coagulative necrosis

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What complication arises 3-14 days after MI?

free wall rupture - tamponade
papillary muscle rupture - mitral regurgitation
inter-ventricular septal rupture - VSD

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What complication arises two weeks or several months after MI?

Dressler syndrome | Ventricular aneurysm

When does cardiac troponin I peak? How long is it elevated?

24 hours and is elevated for 7-10 days

When does CK-MB rise after infarction? How long is it elevated?

6-12 hours; for 48 hours

ST elevations in v7-v9?

posterior descending arter

ST elevation in II, III and aVF?

inferior (right coronary artery)

ST elevations in v5-v6?

Anterolateral (LAD, LCX)

ST elevations in I and aVL?

lateral circumflex artery

ST elevations in v1-v2?

anteroseptal

ST elevations in v1-v2?

anteroseptal

What are 10 causes of dilated cardiomyopathy?

1. alcohol abuse 2. wet beri beri 3. coxsackie b viral myocarditis 4. cocaine use 5. chagas disease 6. doxorubicin toxicity 7. hemochromatosis 8. sarcoidosis 9. thyrotoxicosis 10. peripartum cardiomyopathy

Findings of dilated cardiomyopathy?

``` heart failure S3 sound systolic regurgitant murmur dilated heart on echo balloon heart appearance on CXR ```

Treatment for dilated cardiomyopathy?

``` salt restriction ace inhibitors beta blockers diuretics digoxin ICD heart transplant ```

Which heart failure drugs reduce mortality?

ACE/ARB beta blockers spironolactone

What are causes of hypovolemic shock?

hemorrhage dehydration burns

What are causes of cardiogenic shock?

HI HF valve dysfunction arrhythmia

What are causes of obstructive shock?

cardiac tamponade pulmonary embolism tension PTX

What are causes of distributive shock?

sepsis anaphylaxis CNS injury

What is an early complication of rheumatic heart disease?

mitral regurg

What is a late complication of rheumatic heart disease?

mitral stenosis

What antibody titers are ordered to diagnose rheumatic heart disease?

Anti streptolysin O (ASO) | Anti-DNAse B

what is the pathogenesis of rheumatic heart disease?

Antibodies to M protein cross react with self antigens (molecular mimicry) type II hypersensitivity

Tx for rheumatic heart disease?

penicillin

What is the JONES criteria?

``` major criteria for rheumatic heart disease Joints <3 carditis nodules in the skin erythema marginatum syndeham chorea ```

What is an aggravating and alleviating factor for acute pericarditis?

aggravating is deep breath | sitting up and leaning forward is alleviating

What is a common complication of pericarditis?

pericardial effusion

How does acute pericarditis present?

Friction rub | ECG changes including widespread ST elevations and/or PR depression

Which autoimmune disorders can cause pericarditis?

SLE | RA

What are 5 viral causes of myocarditis?

1. adenovirus 2. coxsackie B 3. Parvovirus 4. HIV 5. HHV-6

What 2 parasites can cause myocarditis?

T. Cruzii | T. Gondii

Which two bacteria can cause myocarditis?

Borrelia burgdorferi | Mycoplasma pneumoniae

What two drugs can cause myocarditis?

Doxorubicin | Cocaine

What five autoimmune disorders can cause myocarditis?

1. kawasaki 2. sarcoidosis 3. SLE 4. polymyositis 5. dermatomyositis

What is beck's triad and what is it used for?

1. JVD 2. muffled heart sounds 3. hypotension used to diagnose cardiac tamponade

What is an urgent complication of Giant Cell temporal arteritis?

irreversible blindness

how does giant cell arteritis present?

unilateral headache jaw claudication tenderness over the temple

What disease is giant cell temporal arteritis associated with?

polymalgia rheumatic

Treatment for giant cell arteritis?

high dose steroids PRIOR to temporal artery

How does Behcet syndrome present?

Recurrent aphthous ulcers, genital ulcerations, uveitis, erythema nodosum

What three body systems does Wecners disease affect?

``` Upper respiratory (nasal, sinuses, otitis media, mastoiditis) Lower respiratory (hemoptysis, cough, dysnpea) ```

How do you treat wecners?

cyclophosphamide and corticosteroids

What childhood systemic vasculitis usually follows a URI and presents with palpable purpura over the butt and legs?

Henoch Schonlein