1. Solid Fuels 2. Liquid Fuels 3. Gas Fuels

FIRE PROTECTION Flashcards by Ashley Salvador

FUELS

Solid Fuels
2. Liquid Fuels
3. Gas Fuels

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CAUSES AND BEHAVIOR OF FIRE

Natural Causes Of Fires
Accidental Causes Of Fire
Intentional Causes (Incendiary)

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is the material or substance being oxidized or burned in the combustion process

Fuel

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is energy required to change solids and liquids to gas.

Heat

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have definite shape and size

Solid fuels

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This property significantly affects whether they are easy or difficult to ignite. The primary consideration is the surface area of the fuel in proportion to mass called the surface-to-mass ratio.

solid fuels

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– it is the name given to such replaceable organic matters like wood, garbage and animal manure that can be used to produce energy.

Biomass

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are included as ordinary fuels under class A except those materials of or containing cellulose nitrate.

plastics

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is a chemical powder used in bombs, they are also called pyroxylin.

Cellulose Nitrate

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– a black, combustible, mineral solid resulting from the partial decomposition of matter under varying degrees of temperature.

Coal

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is anapparatus designed to convert a liquid to vapour. In a conventional steam power plant, a boiler consists of a furnace in which fuel is burned, surfaces to transmit heat from the combustion products to the water, and a space where steam can form and collect.

Boiler-

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– It is partially decayed plant matter found in swamps called bags and used as a fuel chiefly in areas where coal and oil are scarce.

Peat

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have mass and volume but have no definite shape except for a flat surface.

Liquids

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General Group of Liquid Fuels

flammable liquid
combustible liquid

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they are liquids having a flash point of 37.8° (100°F)

Flammable liquids

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they are liquids having a flash point at or above 37.8° (100°F)

Combustible Liquids-

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has mass but no definite shape. They assumed the shaped of their container.

Gas

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is the most common energy found on earth. It is a kinetic energy associated in the movement of atoms and molecules that comprise matter.

Heat

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is an indicator of heat and is the measure of warmth or coldness of an object based some a standard. In most cases, the standard is based on freezing and boiling points.

Temperature

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Heat can be transferred by three mechanisms:

conduction, convection and radiation

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is the transfer of heat within a body or to another body by the direct contact. In other words, conduction is the heat flow through and between solids.

Conduction

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is the transfer of heat energy by the movement of heated gases or fluid.

Convection

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In the fire environment, this usually involves transfer of heat through the movement of hot smoke and fire gases.

convection

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is the transmission of energy as an electromagnetic such as light, waves, radio waves, or X-rays without an intervening medium.

Radiation

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- involves combustible materials such as wood, cloth, paper, rubber, grass and many plastics.

CLASS A

- fires involves flammable and combustible liquids and gases such as gasoline, oil, paint and alcohol.

CLASS B

- involves energized electrical equipment.

CLASS C

fires involves combustible metals such as aluminum, magnesium, potassium, sodium, titanium and zirconium.

CLASS D-

- involves oil and greases normally found in commercial kitchen and food preparation facilities using deep fryers.

CLASS K

Factors affecting the combustibility of wood and wood-based products

Physical form Moisture content (water content) Heat conductivity Rate and period of heating Rate of combustion Ignition temperature Fabrics and Textiles

Factors affecting the combustibility of fibers

Chemical composition Fiber finish or coating Fabric weight Tightness of weave Flame retardant treatment

Classification of Gases According to Physical Properties

Compressed Gas Liquefied Gas Cryogenic Gas

Classification of Gases According to Usage

Fuel Gases Industrial Gases Medical Gases

source of heat

Chemical Heat Energy Mechanical heat Nuclear heat Electrical heat Arcing Sparking

natural caused of fire

1. Spontaneous heating 2. Lightning 3. Radiation of Sunlight

accidental caused of fire

1. Short Circuit 2. Arcing 3. Sparking 4. Induced Current 5. Overheating of electrical appliances

intentional causes

Accelerant Plant Trailer

- The exact moment when humans first harnessed fire is unknown, but evidence suggests it happened over a million years ago. Early humans likely discovered fire through natural causes like lightning strikes or volcanic activity.

Discovery of Fire (Prehistoric Era):

, an early human species, is often credited with the controlled use of fire for cooking and warmth. This ability would have provided significant advantages in terms of food preparation and protection from predators.

Homo erectus

- Over time, humans learned to control fire, carrying it from one location to another and using it for various purposes. - Fire played a crucial role in the survival and development of early human societies. It provided warmth during cold periods, enabled the cooking of food, and served as a tool for hunting and defense.

Controlled Use of Fire (Paleolithic Era):

- As human societies became more settled, fire took on cultural and ritual significance. Many ancient civilizations incorporated fire into their religious practices and ceremonies. - The discovery of fire also influenced storytelling, mythology, and the development of early religious beliefs.

Cultural and Ritual Significance (Neolithic Era):

- During the Bronze and Iron Ages, advancements in metallurgy and technology allowed for better methods of starting and maintaining fires. Metal tools, such as flint and steel, were used for ignition.

Bronze and Iron Ages:

- The use of fire continued to evolve in classical civilizations such as Ancient Greece and Rome. Fire was crucial for various technological and industrial processes, including metalworking, pottery, and construction.

Classical Antiquity:

- The Middle Ages saw advancements in the development of fireplaces and chimneys in European homes, improving heating and cooking methods.

Medieval and Renaissance Periods:

in the Renaissance era explored the transformative properties of fire in their pursuit of turning base metals into gold.

Alchemists

- The Scientific Revolution led to a deeper understanding of the nature of fire. Scientists such as Robert Boyle and Antoine Lavoisier contributed to the understanding of combustion and the role of oxygen in the process.

Scientific Understanding (17th Century Onward):

in the 18th and 19th centuries relied heavily on the use of fire for steam engines, metallurgy, and manufacturing processes.

Industrial Revolution: - The Industrial Revolution

- In the 20th century, with the advent of electricity and other alternative sources of energy, the reliance on open flames for everyday tasks diminished. However, fire remains essential for various industrial processes, energy production, and household uses.

Modern Era:

raises the temperature of a combustible material to ignition temperature

Friction method

produces a spark to set a kindling fire.

Percussion method

basic concepts of fire technology

friction method percussion method

is an exothermic chemical reaction called combustion that releases energy in the form of heat and light.

Fire

is a rapid chemical reaction that gives off energy and product of combustion that are very different in composition.

Fire

Burning is also called

combustion

fire triangle Three things are required for combustion or fire:

FUEL (Combustible materials); OXYGEN (air contains 28% O, 78 N, 1% inert gas); and HEAT (to raise the temperature of the fuel).

When the temperature is very high, it releases highly combustible vapors known as

free radicals.

- the lowest temperature at which a substance gives off vapor that burns momentarily when a flame or spark is applied

FLASH POINT

- as temperature increases, it continuously releases combustible vapors resulting to sustain burning even if the ignition source is removed

FIRE POINT

- the lowest temperature at which a substance can be heated to release vapors that will ignite without the application of a flame or spark

AUTO-IGNITION OR SELF IGNITION POINT

3 basic concept/theory

Flash point Fire point auto ignition point

- oxidation involves fuel in the gas phase. This requires liquid or solid fuels to be converted to gas phase or vaporized.

Flaming Combustion

oxidation involves solid fuels particularly those that are porous and can char, can undergo oxidation at the surface of the fuel.

Non-flaming or Smoldering Combustion-

MODES OF COMBUSTION

flaming combustion non flaming or smoldering combustion

– the ratio of the weight of a solid or liquid substance to the weight of an equal volume of water.

Specific Gravity

– the weight of a volume of pure gas composed to the volume of dry air at the same temperature and pressure.

Vapor density

– the force exerted by the molecules on the surface of a liquid.

Vapor Pressure

– the measure of the degree of thermal agitation of molecules.

Temperature

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FIRE

Specific gravity Vapor density Vapor preassure Temperature Boiling point Ignition/kindling temperature fire point flash point

– the constant temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure.

Boiling Point

– the minimum temperature at which the substance must be heated in order to initiate combustion.

Ignition/Kindling temperature

– the lowest temperature of a liquid in an open container at which vapors are evolved fast enough to support combustion.

Fire point

– the temperature at which a flammable liquid forms a vapor-air mixture that ignites (mixture with in the explosive range).

Flash point

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF FIRE

Endothermic Reactions Exothermic Reactions Oxidation Flames

TYPES OF FLAME ACCORDING TO COLOR AND COMPLETENESS OF COMBUSTION

non luminous fire luminous fire

TYPES OF FLAME ACCORDING TO BURNING FUEL AND AIR MIXTURE

Diffusion Premixed

TYPES OF FLAME ACCORDING TO SMOOTHNESS

Laminar Transition Turbulent

*– changes whereby energy (heat) is absorbed or is added before the reaction takes place.

Endothermic Reactions

– those that release or give off energy (heat) thus they produce substances with less energy than the reactants.

Exothermic Reactions

– a chemical change that is exothermic, a change in which combustible material (fuel) and an oxidizing agent (air), react. Example of oxidation is combustion which is the same as actual burning (rapid oxidation)

Oxidation

– flames are incandescent (very bright/glowing with intense heat) gases. It is a combustion product and a manifestation of fire when it is in its gas-phased combustion.

Flames

– is orange-red, deposit soot at the bottom of a vessel being heated due to incomplete combustion and has a low temperature.

*Luminous Flame

– is blue, there is complete combustion of fuel and has relatively high temperature.

*Non-Luminous Flame

– is exemplified by a Bunsen-type laboratory burner where hydrocarbon (any substance containing primarily carbon and hydrogen) is thoroughly mixed with air before reaching the flame zone.

Premixed Flame

– is observed when gas (fuel) alone is forced through a nozzle into the atmosphere which diffuse in the surrounding atmosphere in order to form a flammable mixture.

*Diffusion Flame

– when a particle follows a smooth path through a gaseous flame.

*Laminar Flame

– are those having unsteady, irregular flows. As physical size, gas density or velocity is increased, all laminar gas flows tend to become turbulent.

*Turbulent Flame