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Product Design > Finishes > Flashcards

Finishes Flashcards

paper and board polymers metals

1
Q

name 5 finishing processes for paper/board

A
  • embossing
  • laminating
  • debossing
  • varnishing
  • foil blocking
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2
Q

what is the difference between embossing and debossing?

A
  • embossing makes a 3D pattern on the surface

- debossing puts the pattern underneath the surface

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3
Q

what is embossing and debossing used for?

A
  • braille on medicine
  • add texture to board
  • add status to paper
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4
Q

how does embossing work?

A
  • substrate stamped between 2 shaped steel plates using heat and pressure
  • plates shape fibres without cutting or ripping the substrate
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5
Q

what is blind embossing?

A

no ink is applied

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6
Q

what is foil blocking?

A

a dry decorative process where coloured metallic foils are applied to paper and board

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7
Q

what is the foil blocking process steps?

A
  • metal dye is heated [100-200 degrees]
  • foil stamped onto substrate
  • heat and pressure bonds the foil to substrate
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8
Q

what process can foil blocking be used with?

A

embossing

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9
Q

what properties does lamination give to paper and boards?

A
  • durability
  • tear proof
  • wipe clean
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10
Q

what is lamination? [paper]

A

when a polymer film is bonded to the front and back of a substrate

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11
Q

what finishes are the films available in? [6]

A
  • matte
  • gloss
  • silk
  • metallic
  • holographic
  • soft touch
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12
Q

what is encapsulation and how is the process carried out?

A
  • use a desktop laminator
  • paper placed in plastic pouch and fed into machine
  • machine puts it under heat and pressure
  • plastic fuses to paper leaving a transparent margin
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13
Q

properties of encapsulation lamination

A
  • not versatile
  • quick
  • convenient
  • durable
  • protects edges from moisture
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14
Q

what do varnishes do?

A

add a protective barrier and different finishes/textures

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15
Q

how is varnish applied? [form]

A
  • liquid form

- printed on

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16
Q

what is the name when varnish is applied in certain areas?

A

spot varnishing

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17
Q

what is the difference between water based and solvent varnishes?

A

water based - dry quickly , eco friendly

solvent- toxic, cheaper

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18
Q

how does UV varnish cure?

A

under UV light

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19
Q

why are acrylic spray paints used?

A

to protect and colour moulded plastic parts/products

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20
Q

properties of acrylic spray paint

A
  • water based
  • fast drying
  • UV protection
  • weather resistance
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21
Q

where are acrylic spay paints used?

A
  • mass produced ABS parts

- car parts [bumpers]

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22
Q

how do you prepare ABS for spray paint?

A
  • washed and dried
  • surface scraped
  • cleaned again to remove dust
  • primer applied and left to dry
  • several even coats of paint applied
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23
Q

what are thermoplastic elastomers called and used for?

A

overmouldings - additional grip and texture and indicate where to hold

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24
Q

uses of overmouldings

A
  • tool handles
  • sport equipment
  • toothbrushes
  • torches
  • power cables
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25
Q

how are overmoulds made?

A

-injection moulding

either two separate moulds or a duel cavity mould [continuous production]

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26
Q

when are gel coatings used?

A
  • part of layup process
  • creates rigid GRP shell
  • creates coloured finish
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27
Q

what is the process of gel coating?

A
  • pigment added to polymer resin
  • applied to inside of mould and cured before layup process
  • creates a pre-coloured high shine surface finish
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28
Q

what are the two finish categories?

A
  • protection

- aesthetic

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29
Q

why are solvent based spray paints not environmentally friendly?

A

contain VOC [volatile organic compounds]

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30
Q

what are volatile organic compounds?

A

gases emitted into the air that are toxic or pollutants

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31
Q

what are thermochromic pigments?

A

added to polymers to create a colourful reaction to thermal changes

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32
Q

uses of thermochromic pigment

A
  • baby cups
  • plastic cutlery
  • thermometers
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33
Q

what are phosphorescent pigments?

A

pigments charged by exposure to light

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34
Q

how do phosphorescent pigments work?

A

release light energy stored in the dark [glow in the dark]

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35
Q

uses for phosphorescent pigments

A
  • watch faces
  • toys
  • ceiling stars
  • frisbees
  • balls
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36
Q

what are the 2 reasons for metal finishes?

A

enhance appearance and prevent corrosion

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37
Q

what are the 11 metal finishes?

A
  • cellulose and acrylic paint
  • electroplating and galvanising
  • sealants and preservatives
  • anodising
  • plating
  • dip and powder coating
  • cathodic protection
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38
Q

what do cellulose and acrylic painting do to metal?

A

provide colour and protect against corrosion

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39
Q

how do you prepare metal for painting?

A
  • work piece prepared and degreased
  • key applied so paint will stick
  • paint applied
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40
Q

properties of cellulose paint [cars]

A
  • fast drying [contains solvent]
  • contains VOCs
  • needs multiple coats for high quality finish
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41
Q

properties of acrylic paint

A
  • water based
  • durable
  • hard wearing
  • requires heat
  • needs professional equipment
  • 24 hrs to cure
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42
Q

uses for acrylic paint

A
  • bikes
  • roofing sheets
  • window frames
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43
Q

what is electroplating?

A

coating a cheap base metal with desired metal

44
Q

how does electroplating work?

A
  • negative electrode is the object that’s being plated
  • positive electrode is the coating metal
  • electrolyte is solution of coating metal
45
Q

what is galvanization?

A

when steel or iron is coated with zinc for protection

46
Q

what does the zinc do in galvanization?

A
  • forms zinc carbonate when exposed to air or water

- resistant to corrosion and tough

47
Q

what are the two methods of galvanizing?

A

electroplating and hot dipping

48
Q

what is the hot dipping process?

A
  • workpiece cleaned during 4 stage process
  • dipped into 830-850 degree zinc bath
  • cooled, cleaned and inspected
49
Q

what is good about hot dipping?

A
  • good for large objects

- thicker overall coverage

50
Q

what are sealants?

A

block the passage of air or fluids through metal joints

51
Q

what do sealants prevent?

A
  • prevent decay, weathering and corrosion

- polymer based

52
Q

what are preservatives?

A

provide a temporary or long term protection for metal surfaces

53
Q

where are preservatives and what do they do?

A

-used in moulds and dies to prevent atmospheric corrosion or condensation

54
Q

uses of preservatives

A

machine beds [smooth frictionless]

stabilize rust

55
Q

how are preservatives applied? [5]

A
  • bonding
  • electrostatic
  • spraying
  • immersion
  • cloth
56
Q

what is anodising?

A

a process used to make a hard wearing and corrosion resistant surface on aluminum

57
Q

how does anodising work?

A
  • aluminum workpiece immersed in electrolyte
  • current passed through
  • cathode placed in a tank
  • workpiece is anode
58
Q

what metals can be anodised?

A

magnesium, titanium and aluminum

59
Q

what is the anodising process?

A
  • electrochemical
  • oxygen ions are released from electrolyte
  • o2 ions combine with aluminum ions
  • results in an aluminum oxide layer that thickens and protects the surface
60
Q

properties of anodising? [4]

A
  • colouration
  • wear resistant
  • improved lubrication
  • increased electrical insulation
61
Q

properties of plating?

A
  • increases the wear resistance and lubricity

- thermal barrier improved conductivity

62
Q

what is the plating process?

A
  • heated coating metal evaporates upwards
  • it cools and fuses to the component [called deposit]
  • physical water vapor deposition [PVD]
63
Q

uses of plating

A
  • solar panels
  • surgical implants
  • jewellery
  • coated cutting tools
64
Q

what does dip coating do?

A

provides a thick, wear resistant, water resistant and air tight finish

65
Q

what is the dip coating process?

A
  • metal heated to 230 degrees
  • dipped into tank of fluidised polymer powder
  • warm air blows around the tank
  • heat from metal melts polymer so it bonds to surface
  • cools and solidifies
66
Q

what does powder coating do?

A

provides an even coating that’s more hard wearing than paint

67
Q

what is the powder coating process?

A
  • workpiece statically charged
  • powder paint sprayed through air gun
  • charge creates strong attraction between powder and workpiece
  • workpiece baked to melt the coating to the metal
68
Q

what is cathodic protection?

A

when sacrificial anodes are used to control the corrosion of the metal surface

69
Q

what is the cathodic protection process?

A
  • metal turns into the cathode of electrochemical cell
  • sacrificial metal turns into anode
  • bonds to the surface so it corrodes instead of metal
70
Q

uses of cathodic protection

A

boat hulls
fuel pipes
oil rig foundations

71
Q

why are finishes applied to wood?

A

improve aesthetics and performance

72
Q

what do finishes do? [6]

A
  • change the colour
  • enhance natural grain
  • add texture
  • moisture resistance
  • seals to make easier to clean and protect from airborne pollutants
73
Q

how is wood prepared for finishing?

A
  • sanded along the grain
  • remove surface dust by methylated spirits
  • finish applied
74
Q

How can finishes be applied to wood?

A

cloth, brush, roller, pad, spray

pressure treatment by professionals

75
Q

what are the 8 finishes?

A
  • colour wash
  • wax finishes
  • danish oil
  • teak oil
  • stains
  • water based paints
  • acrylic varnish
  • polyurethane varnish
76
Q

what are the 2 finish categories?

A

water based

solvent based

77
Q

what is Polyurethane varnish and its properties?

A

liquid plastic suspended in a carrier

  • satin, matte or gloss
  • tough
  • hard wearing
  • heat, water and chemical resistant
  • clear or tinted
78
Q

positives and negatives of water based Polyurethane varnish

A
  • good quality finish
  • water based is good for environment
  • safer
  • wood looks fake
  • not UV resistant
79
Q

positives and negatives of solvent based Polyurethane varnish

A
  • durable
  • long drying times
  • health risks
  • Not UV resistant
80
Q

what is the appearance of acrylic varnish?

A

milky-white but dries clear

81
Q

properties of acrylic varnish

A
  • fast drying time
  • doesn’t yellow
  • durable
  • hard wearing
  • less resistant to heat and solvents
  • non toxic
  • odour free
82
Q

uses of Polyurethane varnish

A

boats and wooden floors

83
Q

what are water based paints used for?

A
  • applying opaque colour to wood

- interior wood work and furniture

84
Q

properties of water based paints

A
  • available in any colour
  • can be watered down
  • low odour
  • low level of VOCs
  • hard wearing
  • quick drying
  • easy to use and clean up
85
Q

what are many water based paints certified as?

A

toy safe

86
Q

what is recommended when using water based paints?

A

primer and undercoat

87
Q

what do stains do?

A

apply colour to paint whilst keeping natural wood grain

88
Q

positive and negative for stains

A

provide an aesthetic finish

no protection against decay or degradation

89
Q

what stains are available?

A
  • bright colours
  • natural wood tones
  • soft woods
  • hard woods
90
Q

what do colour washes do?

A

give an artistic, destressed look to accentuate details

91
Q

how are colour washes applied?

A
  • applied to painted surface
  • wiped away with a rag while wet
  • most of wash is removed but leaves some finish and texture
92
Q

are colour washes protective or aesthetic?

A

purely aesthetic

93
Q

wax finish properties

A
  • limited protection against moisture, heat and scratches
  • food safe
  • non toxic
94
Q

how is wax applied?

A
  • lint free cloth and left to sink in
  • residual wax buffed up to shine
  • several coats applied
95
Q

what do oils do?

A

replace natural oils lost over time

96
Q

properties of oil

A
  • little heat, scratch or liquid protection

- non toxic and wood safe [raw]

97
Q

what is Danish oil made from?

A

oil and varnish

98
Q

properties of Danish oil? [+ 1 use]

A

-enhances woods beauty
-water resistant
-durable, satin finish
-used as a primer
-food safe when fully cured
toys

99
Q

where is teak oil commonly used?

A

hard woods

100
Q

properties of teak oil

A
  • UV protection
  • indoor and outdoor uses
  • not good for high sheen
  • not for high traffic areas
  • cannot be glued
101
Q

uses of teak oil

A
  • boats

- garden furniture

102
Q

what preservative is added to treated timber?

A

antimicrobial copper based preservative

103
Q

where is pressure treated wood used?

A

when exposed to constant weathering and fungal/insect attacks

104
Q

uses of pressure treated wood

A

landscaping
fencing
playgrounds

105
Q

what is the process name for pressure treatment?

A

Tanalising

106
Q

what is tanalising?

A
  • uses pressurized treatment vessel

- forces preservative chemicals deep into the wood

Product Design (15 decks)

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