Digital design and manufacture Flashcards
CAD advantages
- streamlined design, development and testing
- can be integrated
- digital files easily transferred between parties
- better quality
- decreases errors
CAD disadvantages
- replace manual labour systems
- loss of handmade skills
- increased unemployment
- expensive
- retraining of staff [higher wages]
- difficult to protect files
what are 4 details needed for manufacture?
- dimensions
- elevations
- sectional views
- manufacturing details
what is CAD used for?
to show technical details in artwork to be transferred for CAM
properties of 2D CAD
- created and modified easily
- built in software tools [scales/dimensions]
- layers to show integrated features
properties of 3D CAD
- 360 degree views and walk throughs
- realistic idea of the product
- 3D rendering compared different materials and colours quickly
- different view options [wire frame /solid]
what are the 5 CAM processes?
- laser cutting
- milling
- routing
- turning
- plotter cutting
how do laser cutters work?
convert 2D CAD designs into CNC code that moves the head along X and Y axes
what does a laser cutter do?
-laser beam cuts and engraves materials
what affects the depth of a laser cutter?
speed and power of machine head
properties of laser cutting
- doesn’t require clamping
- high precision
- self finishing
- requires extraction [toxic fumes]
what do CNC routers do?
- operate on an X, Y, Z axes for complex shapes
- waste thick materials using a variety of cutting tools
properties of CNC routing
- versatile in movement and materials
- requires extraction
- requires clamps
what company uses CNC
Unto this last
what do ‘unto this last’ do?
- use veneered plywood to make components
- customer designs reproduced
- CNC routing used to develop and manufacturer in-house
what does CNC milling do?
used to cut complex 3D forms
How does CNC milling work?
-variety of cutting tools used
-cooling lubricants used to cool when cutting metal
[prolongs the tools and gives good finish]
uses of CNC milling
- engine parts
- moulds for mass production
what is CNC turning?
workpiece is spun while the stationary cutting tool cuts
what is CNC turning used for?
used to make shapes that have rotational symmetry along the central axis
what processes does CNC turning carry out?
- cutting
- boring
- knurling
- threat cutting
what is made when milling and cutting?
swarf
what does plotter cutting do?
reads 2D CAD files and cuts vinyl, paper and lightweight card
how does a plotter cutter work?
- machines head goes left and right with a blade or pen
- rollers move material back and forth
- graphics can be printed, cut and scored at the same time
uses for plotter cutters
self- adhesive vinyl makes signage and vehicles details
positives of CAM/CAD in industry
- increase precision and accuracy
- greater control
- increased output
- waste reduction
- increased efficiency
Positives of computer simulations
- destruction tests can be done cheap and repeatedly
- allows error to be identified
- precise data gathered
- work to tight tolerances
what is FEA and what does it do?
Finite Element analysis simulates stresses and loads on parts and components
properties of finite element analysis
- measures how products perform under real-world forces
- vibrations, heat, torsion and compression analysed
- weaknesses can be identified and resolved
what is CFD and what does it do?
Computational Fluid Dynamics simulates flow of gases and liquids
properties of computational fluid dynamics
- tests mimic extreme weather conditions [wind tunnels and wave tanks]
- products designed to optimise flow of gases and liquid
what vehicle uses digital modelling and why?
submarines
- endure earths strongest forces
- test scenarios
- accurately record data
what is Rapid Prototyping?
uses CAM methods to produces physical prototypes from CAD files
properties of rapid prototyping
- lengthy process
- fully automated
- 3D shapes built from 2D layers
what 2 processes are used in rapid prototyping and what do they do?
sintering
-laser fuses layers in a powder bath
stereolithography
-laser cures layers in a resin bath
what is FDM?
fusion deposition modelling
-3D printing devices extrude melted filament through a nozzle
properties of fusion deposition modelling
- 3D objects built in layers
- variety of materials can be used [thermoplastics]
advantages of rapid prototyping
- reduce product development costs
- eliminates product failure
- ergonomically evaluation
- identify product hazards
advantages of fusion deposition modelling
- 3D print a full part in minutes or hours
- shortens lead times
- speeds up prototyping process
- material flexibility
advantages of sintering
- saves material
- high precision
- stable
- products assembly ready
- good mechanical characteristics
advantages of stereolithography
- fast
- accurate
- high resolution
- fast lead times
- cost effective
disadvantages of sintering
- high cost raw materials
- powder 100% clean
- special atmosphere required
disadvantages of stereolithography
- fragile
- expensive machines
name traditional and digital market research methods
- paper surveys
- focus groups/interviews
- online surveys
- video conferencing
- consumer data bases
what is EDI and an example?
Electronic data interchange [barcodes] exchange digital data within a company
positives of electronic data interchange
- increases efficiency and flexibility
- reduces cost
- enables cloud-based sharing
what is EPOS?
electronic points of sale
-holistic system used to monitor sales, stock and understand customer behaviour
process of electronic point of sales
- sale data anylysed for future business plans
- employee activity can be monitored
- sales trigger reordering [maintain stock levels]
types of customer profiling by EPOS
- loyalty schemes
- newsletters and promo offers via email or post
- targeted internet and social media advertising
what is PPC?
production, planning and control coordinates manufacturing activities to meet market demand
how does PPC work?
-data from logistics, labour, materials and machines streamlines manufacturing
2 properties of PPC
efficient and economic
what is MPS and what does it do?
master production schedule
-allocates labour, materials and time to a job
how does MPS work?
- planning software prioritizes tasks to avoid downtime and bottle necks
- companies can monitor and deploy workers and materials strategically
- time and resources used wisely
how does PPC control orders and deliveries?
- coordinate to reduce transit costs
- stops revenue being tied up in inventory
- logistics improve customer experience
what are the 4 elements to corporate identity?
- logos/branding
- packaging/ uniforms
- corporate social responsibility
- business practices
what is branding?
use of logos, colours, forms to make recognisable products
how is branding successful?
- works to any scale [full colour/ black and white]
- works in different mediums
- recognised when partly visible
- associates products with feelings
what makes corporate identity successful?
- recognisable brand for repurchases
- build loyalty
- new product ranges released
what factors need research to achieve global success?
- language
- colour
- symbols
- slogans
- differences in values and customs
what is customer identity?
key characteristic used to describe a target market
how are products marketed?
- word of mouth
- print media
- TV and Film
what is good marketing?
promotes and maintains a relationship between the retailer and customer
why is viral marketing useful?
- companies can reach people faster
- cheap and easy to access
- online sharing gains traction by reaching millions in hours
what is the use of packaging? [2]
protect and promote the product
what 2 features does packaging carry?
-explicit info on the product
[product logo/contry of origin]
-Implicit messages
[plastic free/biodegradable]
what information does packaging carry?
- product specification
- safety and quality
- promotions
- use by/ sell by
- disposal/ recycling
what information is legally required on packaging?
- ingredients
- chocking hazards
- disposal instructions
- environmental issues
- health and safety
who are entrepreneurs?
- passionate about economic potential of a business
- invest own capital to start a business
- work alone but collaborate
state a business size and their work force
small
-1 person to design, make and do admin
medium
-crafts people, sales, admin, management
Large
-staff, outside agencies, different departments
features of collaborative working
- long distance
- employees working on same project from around the world
benefits of collaborative working
- increased productivity and efficiency
- easy via internet [emails/ video conferencing]
- focus on bigger picture
what makes an enterprise sustainable?
profit
how can price negatively impact a company?
- incorrect pricing causes running at a loss
- too high for market
- production scale can effect unit price
what is total production cost?
direct material cost \+ direct labour cost \+ direct manufacture cost
what is ‘cost price of 1 unit’ ?
total production cost ÷ number of products made
