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FSC300 > Fingerprint History and Pioneers > Flashcards

Fingerprint History and Pioneers Flashcards

1
Q

What does the term “fingerprint” refer to in Canada?

A

Both the friction skin pattern formation found on human skin, and the impression or mark left on a surface after having had contact with this type of skin.

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2
Q

What are the four premises of friction ridge identification?

A
  1. Friction ridges develop on the fetus in their definitive form prior to birth
  2. Friction ridges are persistent throughout left except for scarring, disease or decomposition
  3. Friction ridge paths and the details in small areas of friction ridges are unique and never repeated
  4. Overall, friction ridge patterns vary within limits, which allow for classification
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3
Q

When was the first fingerprint database constructed?

A

Around 1911

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4
Q

How long does the use of fingerprints for personal identification in Canada date back?

A

Over 100 years

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5
Q

What text and by whom defines the science of friction ridge identification?

A

Quantitative-Qualitative Friction Ridge Analysis - An Introduction to Basic and Advanced Ridgeology by David R. Ashbaugh

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6
Q

Define ridgeology.

A

The study of the uniqueness of friction ridge structures and their use for personal identification.

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7
Q

Why is it important to know the history of a forensic science discipline?

2

A
  • Enhances interest and understanding
  • Some degree of knowledge expected in court
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8
Q

What is the significance of the Carving of Hand in Slate Rock by aboriginal peoples in Kejimkujik Lake?

A

The first documented anthropological illustration depicting friction ridges.

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9
Q

How much understanding of friction ridges did the peoples of Kejimkujik Lake seem to have?

A

Carving show knowledge of presence but not of individuality

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10
Q

Describe the clay fingerprint trademarks in Babylon (1855-1913 BC).

A

Finger seals were used to sign/seal legal documents and contracts

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11
Q

Describe the clay fingerprint trademarks in Hammurabi (1792-1750 BC).

A

Officers of law secured FPs of persons arrested

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12
Q

What are the oldest fingerprints found to date and how old are they?

A

Identifiable FPs on earthernware from Northern Chine
6000 years old

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13
Q

Describe the L’ille de Gavrinis Stone Carvings.

A
  • Neolithic Burial chambers
  • Carvings on stone slabs might be fingerprints but could be meant to be other things like waves or windy grass
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14
Q

Describe the Middle East Clay Pottery.

A
  • Fingerprints on clay pots - archaeologists learned to ID potters
  • Thus can immediately date items
  • Some prints appear to be left intentionally to ID potters’ works or prevent forgeries
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15
Q

Describe Chinese hand prints (220-420 AD & 300 BC).

A
  • 220- 420 AD: introduction of silk and paper, handprints used to authenticate contracts but no friction ridge impressions used (i.e., only anthropological values)
  • 300 BC: Handprints entered as evidence at theft trial along with knee marks from scene
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16
Q

Describe the use of Chinese clay finger seals (246-210 BC).

A

Emporer Ts-In-She used with personal symbols to seal documents, prove authenticity

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17
Q

What was the 715 AD “Deed of Hand Mark”?

A

Flexion joint creases noted of phalangeal joints of right hand

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18
Q

Describe the early identification methods used by Egyptians.

A

Used detailed descriptions of a person’s physical features written in longhand

19
Q

Describe the early identification methods used by the Chinese.

2

A
  • Used notches carved out in writing tablest, duplicates were made to show authenticity
  • In 650 AD fingerprints being used to ID people
20
Q

Describe the early identification methods used by the Japanese.

2

A
  • Blood stamping: Print of ring finger in blood drawn from that digit
  • Shau-Mu-Ying (hand pattern stamp): applying thumb and fingers of one hand onto divorce papers
21
Q

Describe the significance of Thomas Bewick.

2

A
  • Made wood carvings of a fingerprint and published the image in the books he wrote
  • Developed an above average knowledge of friction ridge skin
22
Q

Describe Sir William Herschel’s contributions to the field of friction ridge identification.

2

A

Credited with being the first European to recognize the value of friction ridge prints and to actually use them for identification purposes.
Persistency tests showed that fingerprints do not change over time.

23
Q

Describe the significance of Dr. JCA Mayer.

A

Published Anatomical Atlas prior to Sir William Herschel, where he stated that the arrangement of skin ridges is never duplicated in two persons.

24
Q

Describe the contributions of Dr. Henry Faulds to the discipline of friction ridge identification.

2

A
  • Appears to be the first person to publish his findings and comment on the use of fingerprints to solve crimes
  • First to use fingerprints in criminal cases
25
Q

When did the Identification of Criminals Act come into effect?

A

Late 1800s

26
Q

According to sec. 2(1) of the Identification of Criminals Act, what persons may be fingerprinted or photographed or subjected to other measurements, processes and operations for identification purposes?

2

A

Any person in lawful custody charged with or convicted of:
1. An indictable offence
2. An offence under the Security of Information Act

27
Q

Outline sec. 2(2) of the IoCA.

A

Such force may be used as is necessary to the effectual carrying out and application of the measurements, processes and operations described under subsection 1.

28
Q

Outline sec. 2(3) of the IoCA.

A

The results of the measurement, processes and operations to which a person has been subjected pursuant to subsection (1) may be published for the purpose of affording information to officers and others engaged in the execution or administration of the law.

29
Q

Describe Alphonse Bertillon’s contributions to the field of friction ridge identification.

3

A
  • Developed system to improve identification in 1883
  • Took eleven measurements of head an body
  • Combined with recent invention of photography, it neatly bore frontal and side profile image of the suspect
30
Q

What was the name(s) of the system developed by Alphonse Bertillon?

A

Bertillonage/Anthropometry

31
Q

What were some of the measurements taken for anthropometry?

7

A

Shape of ear, mouth, eye, limbs, scars, tattoos, personal characteristics

32
Q

When was anthropometry accepted and implemented?

A

1883

33
Q

What was another one of Bertillon’s contributions in the late 1800s?

A

Use of photography to document the contents of a crime scene.

34
Q

What was Sir Francis Galton’s contribution to the field of friction ridge identification?

A

Responsible for acceptance of the use of fingerprints for personal identification.

35
Q

What areas were looked at by the Troup Committee (1893)?

4

A
  • Current method of registering and identifying habitual criminals in England
  • The anthropometric system
  • The suggested system of identification by means of a record of fingerprint marks
  • Report on which system should be used and how it would be implemented
36
Q

What were the conclusions of the Troup Committee?

2

A
  • Add fingerprints to files of Scotland Yard
  • Recommended anthropometry to remain primary means of ID
37
Q

Describe the contribution of Juan Vucetich to the field of friction ridge identification.

A

Worked out his own system of classifying fingerprints but was not permitted to use it officially

38
Q

What was the first documented instance of a homicide solved with fingerprints?

A

1892 Rojas Murder in Argentina

39
Q

What was the first country to abandon anthropometry and rely on fingerprinting and when?

A

Argentina in 1896

40
Q

Describe the purpose and conclusion of the Belper committee (1901)

A

Same issues as Troup
Showed fingerprints more practical and anthropometry abandoned in England

41
Q

Describe the contribution of Edward Foster to friction ridge identification.

A

Saw a lecture on fingerprinting and brought the ideas to Canada

42
Q

Who instituted the first crime lab in North American and when?

A

Wilfred Durome in 1914

43
Q

What was the first capital case where fingerprint evidence was admitted?

A

Thomas Jennings (Hiller murder)

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