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Anatomy and Physiology > FINALS: SKELETAL SYSTEM > Flashcards

FINALS: SKELETAL SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

The skeleton is constructed of what supportive tissues found in the human body?

A

Cartilage

Bone

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2
Q

The skeleton consists of what?

A

Bones connected at joints or articulation

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3
Q

What subdivisions is the skeleton divided into?

A

Axial skeleton

Appendicular skeleton

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4
Q

Subdivision of the skeleton that includes the bones that lie around the body’s center of gravity.

A

Axial Skeleton

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5
Q

Subdivision of the skeleton that includes the bones of the limbs and girdles,

A

Appendicular Skeleton

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6
Q

What are the several tissues that make up the bone?

A 
Bone
Cartilage
Dense connective tissue
Epithelium
Various blood forming tissues
Adipose tissue
Nervous Tissue
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7
Q

Functions of the Skeletal System

A 
Support
Protection
Movement
Storage
Blood cell production
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8
Q

A function of the skeletal system wherein the bones act as a structural framework for the body by providing attachment sites for the muscles

A

Support

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9
Q

A function of the skeletal system wherein many of the body’s internal organs are covered by bony structures.

A

Protection

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10
Q

A function of the skeletal system wherein bones assist skeletal muscles to produce movement.

A

Movement

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11
Q

A function of the skeletal system wherein bones store and release salts of calcium and phosphorus.

A

Storage (Maintaining mineral homeostasis)

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12
Q

A function of the skeletal system wherein there is a production of blood cells that occurs in the red marrows of the bones

A

Blood cell production

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13
Q

Occurs in the yellow marrow of adults

A

Triglyceride storage

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14
Q

Composed of collagen, organic molecules, water, and minerals.

A

Extracellular matrix

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15
Q

What are the categories of bones based on shape

A

Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones

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16
Q

The central shaft or body of the long bone that is made up of compact bone.

A

Diaphysis

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17
Q

Part of the long bone that form the ends (proximal and distal) that articulate with adjacent bones.

A

Epiphysis

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18
Q

What are the epiphysis mostly composed of?

A

Spongy bone that is enclosed by a thin layer of compact bone.

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19
Q

Thin layer in the long bone that is located at the ends of the bone covers the external surface of the epiphysis that is made up of hyaline cartilage

A

Articular cartilage

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20
Q

Part of the long bone that are between the diaphysis and epiphysis.

A

Metaphysis

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21
Q

Part of the metaphysis in long bones where bone elongation takes place and can only be found in adolescence.

A

Epiphyseal plate

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22
Q

In adulthood, the epiphyseal plate becomes what?

A

Epiphyseal line

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23
Q

Why does the epiphyseal plate become the epiphyseal line in adulthood?

A

Because the hyaline cartilage becomes calcified bones

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24
Q

Part of the long bone that is a large cavity inside the shaft and is filled with soft tissue.

A

Marrow cavity/Medullary Cavity

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25
What does the marrow cavity contain in adults?
Yellow marrow (adipose tissue)
26
What does the marrow cavity contain in infants until the age of 6-7?
Red marrow (blood forming cells)
27
Part of the long bone that covers the surface of the bone. It is a fibrous connective tissue membrane.
Periosteum
28
What does the periosteum fibrous connective tissue contain?
Osteogenic cells
29
What does the osteogenic cells in the periosteum do?
Promotes bone growth Assists in fracture repair Helps nourish bone tissue Serves as attachment for ligaments and tissue
30
Part of the long bone that is the surface of the medullary cavity. It is thinner than the periosteum.
Endosteum
31
What are the two major tissues that make up the skeletal system?
Bone (osseous) tissue | Cartilage
32
Major tissue of the skeletal system that is made up of widely separated cells surrounded by large amounts of matrix
Bone (Osseous) tissue
33
What are the four types of bone cells?
Osteogenic cells Osteoblasts Osteocytes Osteoclasts
34
The bone cells that undergo cell division to become osteoblasts
Osteogenic cells
35
The bone cells that are bone building cells promoting bone deposition
Osteoblasts
36
The bone cells that are mature bone cells from osteoblasts that maintain bone tissue
Osteocytes
37
the bone cells that break down or reabsorb bone tissue and are from monocytes
Osteoclasts
38
What does the matrix of the bone contain?
Inorganic salts Some calcium carbonate Collagen fibers
39
Component of bone matrix that is mostly hydroxyapatite. These are deposited in a framework of collagen fibers called calcification or mineralization
Inorganic salts
40
Component of bone matrix that, along with other mineral salts, give bone its hardness
Some Calcium carbonate
41
What are the categories if bone based on the size and distribution of the spaces between the hard components of bone?
Compact Bone | Spongy bone
42
Category of bone that is good at providing protection and support Found in the outside of the bone
Compact Bone
43
How is the compact bone arranged?
In units called osteons or Haversian systems
44
Are aligned in the same direction along stress lines. These lines changes as the stresses on bone changes Contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessel, nerves, and osteocytes along with calcified matrix.
Osteons
45
The rings of calcified matrix that osteons are formed from
Concentric lamellae
46
The fragments that older osteons leave in between osteons
Interstitial lamellae
47
Encircles the bone beneath the periosteum
Outer circumferential lamellae
48
Encircles the medullary cavity
Inner circumferential lamellae
49
Small spaces between the lamellae that house osteocytes
Lacunae (Lacuna for singular)
50
Holds the blood and lymphatic vessels
Central canal
51
Transits blood and lymphatic vessels to the outer cortex of the bone
Perforating (Volkmann's) Canal
52
Category of bone that is lightweight and provides tissue support Forms interior structure of short, flat, and irregular bones, and epiphysis of long bones
Spongy Bone
53
What are spongy bone also known as?
Cancellous bone
54
Because spongy bone does not contain osteons, it consists of a lattice of thin columns that surrounds the red marrow filled spaces
Trabeculae
55
Open spaces for red marrow is the site for what?
hematopoiesis
56
Contains osteocytes that nourish the mature bone tissue from the blood through the trabeculae
Lacunae
57
Major tissue of the skeletal system that is poorly vascularized with a matrix
Cartilage
58
What is the matrix of cartilage composed of?
Chondroitin sulfate | Different fibers
59
What are the classifications of cartilage depending on the type of fiber?
Hyaline cartilage | Fibrocartilage / Elastic cartilage
60
Arteries that supply the outer compact bone through the Volkmann's canal to multitude of vessels
Periosteal arteries
61
The artery that provides nutrients for the osteocyte through the nutrient canal and branches into the central Haversian canals
Nutrient artery
62
Arteries that supply blood for the arrow and osteocells
Epiphyseal arteries
63
Vein/s that follow the nutrient artery into the diaphysis; may either be one or two
Nutrient veins
64
Vein that follow the epiphyseal and metaphyseal arteries
Epiphyseal and metaphyseal vein
65
Veins that follow the periosteal arteries
Periosteal veins
66
Senses damage and pain in the bones. They follow the blood vessels.
Nerves
67
Classification of bone according to shape where it is: - Longer rather than wider - With enlarged shafts - Contains mostly compact bones with spongy bones at the ends
Long bone
68
Classification of bone according to shape where it is: - Thin and flattened; usually curved - Composed of two thin layers of compact bones with a spongy bone in the middle
Flat bone
69
Classification of bone according to shape where it is: - Cube-shaped bones - Mostly spongy bone with a covering outer layer of compact bone
Short bone
70
Classification of bone according to shape where it is: | - Irregular-shaped bones that do not fit in any other bone classification
Irregular bone
71
Classification of bone according to shape where it is: - Varying in number - Protects the tendons from excessive wear (Ex: Patella)
Sesamoid bone
72
Classification of bone according to shape where it is: - Also known as Wormian bones - Extra bone plates found within the sutures of the skull
Sutural bone
73
When does the formation of bones begin and end?
Bone formation begins during fetal development and continues until adolescence
74
The process of formation of bone
Osteogenesis / Ossification
75
When is ossification intitiated?
During fetal development, when an embryo starts bone formation
76
What are the two types of ossification?
Intramembranous ossification | Endochondral ossification
77
The type of ossification that is the formation of bone from or within fibrous connective tissue membranes
Intramembranous ossification
78
What does intramembranous ossification produce?
Spongy bone which can be remodeled to form compact bones
79
What bones does intramembranous ossification form?
Flat bones of the skull The Mandible Clavicle
80
The type of ossification that is a process when a cartilage is replaced by bone Forms most of the body's bones
Endochondral ossification
81
What does endochondral ossification form?
Both spongy and compact bone
82
How many centers for growth are there in endochondral ossification?
A Primary center | Two secondary centers for growth
83
Type of bone growth that occurs in the epiphyseal plate
Bone growth in lenght
84
The Epiphyseal plate is also known as?
The growth plate
85
What are the four zones of the epiphyseal plate
Zone of resting cartilage Zone of proliferation Zone of hypertonic cartilage Zone of calcified cartilage
86
Occurs as a result of interstitial or appositional addition of new bone tissue by osteoblasts around the surface of the bone and in lesser occasions, is done by internal bone dissolution by osteoclasts in bone activity.
Appositional growth in the Periosteum
87
The type of growth that involves the thickening in diameter of the bone
Bone growth in thickness / Appositional growth
88
The replacement of old bone tissue into new bone tissue
Bone remodeling
89
In bone remodeling, what bone cells destroy old bone tissues?
Osteoclasts
90
In bone remodeling what bone cells construct new bone tissues?
Osteoblasts
91
A condition wherein bones become abnormally thick and heavy if too much new cells are formed
Acromegaly
92
Excessive loss of calcium that can weaken the bone
Osteoporosis
93
Condition when bones become too soft
Rickets and Osteomalacia

Anatomy and Physiology (7 decks)

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