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Anatomy and Physiology > FINALS: SKELETAL SYSTEM > Flashcards

FINALS: SKELETAL SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

The skeleton is constructed of what supportive tissues found in the human body?

A

Cartilage

Bone

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2
Q

The skeleton consists of what?

A

Bones connected at joints or articulation

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3
Q

What subdivisions is the skeleton divided into?

A

Axial skeleton

Appendicular skeleton

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4
Q

Subdivision of the skeleton that includes the bones that lie around the body’s center of gravity.

A

Axial Skeleton

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5
Q

Subdivision of the skeleton that includes the bones of the limbs and girdles,

A

Appendicular Skeleton

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6
Q

What are the several tissues that make up the bone?

A 
Bone
Cartilage
Dense connective tissue
Epithelium
Various blood forming tissues
Adipose tissue
Nervous Tissue
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7
Q

Functions of the Skeletal System

A 
Support
Protection
Movement
Storage
Blood cell production
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8
Q

A function of the skeletal system wherein the bones act as a structural framework for the body by providing attachment sites for the muscles

A

Support

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9
Q

A function of the skeletal system wherein many of the body’s internal organs are covered by bony structures.

A

Protection

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10
Q

A function of the skeletal system wherein bones assist skeletal muscles to produce movement.

A

Movement

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11
Q

A function of the skeletal system wherein bones store and release salts of calcium and phosphorus.

A

Storage (Maintaining mineral homeostasis)

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12
Q

A function of the skeletal system wherein there is a production of blood cells that occurs in the red marrows of the bones

A

Blood cell production

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13
Q

Occurs in the yellow marrow of adults

A

Triglyceride storage

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14
Q

Composed of collagen, organic molecules, water, and minerals.

A

Extracellular matrix

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15
Q

What are the categories of bones based on shape

A

Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones

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16
Q

The central shaft or body of the long bone that is made up of compact bone.

A

Diaphysis

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17
Q

Part of the long bone that form the ends (proximal and distal) that articulate with adjacent bones.

A

Epiphysis

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18
Q

What are the epiphysis mostly composed of?

A

Spongy bone that is enclosed by a thin layer of compact bone.

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19
Q

Thin layer in the long bone that is located at the ends of the bone covers the external surface of the epiphysis that is made up of hyaline cartilage

A

Articular cartilage

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20
Q

Part of the long bone that are between the diaphysis and epiphysis.

A

Metaphysis

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21
Q

Part of the metaphysis in long bones where bone elongation takes place and can only be found in adolescence.

A

Epiphyseal plate

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22
Q

In adulthood, the epiphyseal plate becomes what?

A

Epiphyseal line

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23
Q

Why does the epiphyseal plate become the epiphyseal line in adulthood?

A

Because the hyaline cartilage becomes calcified bones

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24
Q

Part of the long bone that is a large cavity inside the shaft and is filled with soft tissue.

A

Marrow cavity/Medullary Cavity

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25
Q

What does the marrow cavity contain in adults?

A

Yellow marrow (adipose tissue)

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26
Q

What does the marrow cavity contain in infants until the age of 6-7?

A

Red marrow (blood forming cells)

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27
Q

Part of the long bone that covers the surface of the bone. It is a fibrous connective tissue membrane.

A

Periosteum

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28
Q

What does the periosteum fibrous connective tissue contain?

A

Osteogenic cells

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29
Q

What does the osteogenic cells in the periosteum do?

A

Promotes bone growth
Assists in fracture repair
Helps nourish bone tissue
Serves as attachment for ligaments and tissue

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30
Q

Part of the long bone that is the surface of the medullary cavity. It is thinner than the periosteum.

A

Endosteum

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31
Q

What are the two major tissues that make up the skeletal system?

A

Bone (osseous) tissue

Cartilage

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32
Q

Major tissue of the skeletal system that is made up of widely separated cells surrounded by large amounts of matrix

A

Bone (Osseous) tissue

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33
Q

What are the four types of bone cells?

A

Osteogenic cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

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34
Q

The bone cells that undergo cell division to become osteoblasts

A

Osteogenic cells

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35
Q

The bone cells that are bone building cells promoting bone deposition

A

Osteoblasts

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36
Q

The bone cells that are mature bone cells from osteoblasts that maintain bone tissue

A

Osteocytes

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37
Q

the bone cells that break down or reabsorb bone tissue and are from monocytes

A

Osteoclasts

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38
Q

What does the matrix of the bone contain?

A

Inorganic salts
Some calcium carbonate
Collagen fibers

39
Q

Component of bone matrix that is mostly hydroxyapatite. These are deposited in a framework of collagen fibers called calcification or mineralization

A

Inorganic salts

40
Q

Component of bone matrix that, along with other mineral salts, give bone its hardness

A

Some Calcium carbonate

41
Q

What are the categories if bone based on the size and distribution of the spaces between the hard components of bone?

A

Compact Bone

Spongy bone

42
Q

Category of bone that is good at providing protection and support
Found in the outside of the bone

A

Compact Bone

43
Q

How is the compact bone arranged?

A

In units called osteons or Haversian systems

44
Q

Are aligned in the same direction along stress lines. These lines changes as the stresses on bone changes
Contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessel, nerves, and osteocytes along with calcified matrix.

A

Osteons

45
Q

The rings of calcified matrix that osteons are formed from

A

Concentric lamellae

46
Q

The fragments that older osteons leave in between osteons

A

Interstitial lamellae

47
Q

Encircles the bone beneath the periosteum

A

Outer circumferential lamellae

48
Q

Encircles the medullary cavity

A

Inner circumferential lamellae

49
Q

Small spaces between the lamellae that house osteocytes

A

Lacunae (Lacuna for singular)

50
Q

Holds the blood and lymphatic vessels

A

Central canal

51
Q

Transits blood and lymphatic vessels to the outer cortex of the bone

A

Perforating (Volkmann’s) Canal

52
Q

Category of bone that is lightweight and provides tissue support
Forms interior structure of short, flat, and irregular bones, and epiphysis of long bones

A

Spongy Bone

53
Q

What are spongy bone also known as?

A

Cancellous bone

54
Q

Because spongy bone does not contain osteons, it consists of a lattice of thin columns that surrounds the red marrow filled spaces

A

Trabeculae

55
Q

Open spaces for red marrow is the site for what?

A

hematopoiesis

56
Q

Contains osteocytes that nourish the mature bone tissue from the blood through the trabeculae

A

Lacunae

57
Q

Major tissue of the skeletal system that is poorly vascularized with a matrix

A

Cartilage

58
Q

What is the matrix of cartilage composed of?

A

Chondroitin sulfate

Different fibers

59
Q

What are the classifications of cartilage depending on the type of fiber?

A

Hyaline cartilage

Fibrocartilage / Elastic cartilage

60
Q

Arteries that supply the outer compact bone through the Volkmann’s canal to multitude of vessels

A

Periosteal arteries

61
Q

The artery that provides nutrients for the osteocyte through the nutrient canal and branches into the central Haversian canals

A

Nutrient artery

62
Q

Arteries that supply blood for the arrow and osteocells

A

Epiphyseal arteries

63
Q

Vein/s that follow the nutrient artery into the diaphysis; may either be one or two

A

Nutrient veins

64
Q

Vein that follow the epiphyseal and metaphyseal arteries

A

Epiphyseal and metaphyseal vein

65
Q

Veins that follow the periosteal arteries

A

Periosteal veins

66
Q

Senses damage and pain in the bones. They follow the blood vessels.

A

Nerves

67
Q

Classification of bone according to shape where it is:

  • Longer rather than wider
  • With enlarged shafts
  • Contains mostly compact bones with spongy bones at the ends
A

Long bone

68
Q

Classification of bone according to shape where it is:

  • Thin and flattened; usually curved
  • Composed of two thin layers of compact bones with a spongy bone in the middle
A

Flat bone

69
Q

Classification of bone according to shape where it is:

  • Cube-shaped bones
  • Mostly spongy bone with a covering outer layer of compact bone
A

Short bone

70
Q

Classification of bone according to shape where it is:

- Irregular-shaped bones that do not fit in any other bone classification

A

Irregular bone

71
Q

Classification of bone according to shape where it is:

  • Varying in number
  • Protects the tendons from excessive wear (Ex: Patella)
A

Sesamoid bone

72
Q

Classification of bone according to shape where it is:

  • Also known as Wormian bones
  • Extra bone plates found within the sutures of the skull
A

Sutural bone

73
Q

When does the formation of bones begin and end?

A

Bone formation begins during fetal development and continues until adolescence

74
Q

The process of formation of bone

A

Osteogenesis / Ossification

75
Q

When is ossification intitiated?

A

During fetal development, when an embryo starts bone formation

76
Q

What are the two types of ossification?

A

Intramembranous ossification

Endochondral ossification

77
Q

The type of ossification that is the formation of bone from or within fibrous connective tissue membranes

A

Intramembranous ossification

78
Q

What does intramembranous ossification produce?

A

Spongy bone which can be remodeled to form compact bones

79
Q

What bones does intramembranous ossification form?

A

Flat bones of the skull
The Mandible
Clavicle

80
Q

The type of ossification that is a process when a cartilage is replaced by bone

Forms most of the body’s bones

A

Endochondral ossification

81
Q

What does endochondral ossification form?

A

Both spongy and compact bone

82
Q

How many centers for growth are there in endochondral ossification?

A

A Primary center

Two secondary centers for growth

83
Q

Type of bone growth that occurs in the epiphyseal plate

A

Bone growth in lenght

84
Q

The Epiphyseal plate is also known as?

A

The growth plate

85
Q

What are the four zones of the epiphyseal plate

A

Zone of resting cartilage
Zone of proliferation
Zone of hypertonic cartilage
Zone of calcified cartilage

86
Q

Occurs as a result of interstitial or appositional addition of new bone tissue by osteoblasts around the surface of the bone and in lesser occasions, is done by internal bone dissolution by osteoclasts in bone activity.

A

Appositional growth in the Periosteum

87
Q

The type of growth that involves the thickening in diameter of the bone

A

Bone growth in thickness / Appositional growth

88
Q

The replacement of old bone tissue into new bone tissue

A

Bone remodeling

89
Q

In bone remodeling, what bone cells destroy old bone tissues?

A

Osteoclasts

90
Q

In bone remodeling what bone cells construct new bone tissues?

A

Osteoblasts

91
Q

A condition wherein bones become abnormally thick and heavy if too much new cells are formed

A

Acromegaly

92
Q

Excessive loss of calcium that can weaken the bone

A

Osteoporosis

93
Q

Condition when bones become too soft

A

Rickets and Osteomalacia

Anatomy and Physiology (7 decks)

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