Finals Flash Cards
Biology is:
The science of life including organs, growth, reproduction, structure and behavior
What is not a characteristic of all living things?
Move in response to environment
A cells relativity constant internal and physical and chemical condition is called?
Homeostasis
A cell theory states all of the following except:
All living things must be made up of many cells
In chemical reactions atoms are…?
Rearranged
Why are carbon atoms so special to living things?
Carbon atoms can bond to one another and form a lot of different substances
All matter living and nonliving is composed of the elements on the periodic table. Elements of importance to biology including carbon, hydrogen nitrogen phosphorus and..?
Oxygen
Which of the following organic molecules does NOT demonstrate “single repeating units bonding together to make larger molecules?
Fats and lipids
Complete the analogy: Nucleotides are to DNA, as amino acids are to…?
Proteins
If an enzymes shape is changed due to high temperature:
The enzyme will not be able to function because it can not fit with the substrate
Proteins differ from fats and carbohydrates by the presence of what?
Nitrogen
You dump out a glass of water. Instead of just dumping from the middle it runs down the side of the glass and out this is due to..?
Adhesion of the water glass
The special properties of water that make it so vital to life on earth such as cohesion adhesion high boiling points and ice floating on liquid water are due to
Hydrogen bonds forming between water molecules
What of these foods has the greatest concentration of H+ ions (acid ions)
The one with the number farthest away from 7 but closest to 0
You are doing an experiment where you add acid to water. You have two beakers of water. You observe that in beaker A the pH goes down every drop added and in beaker B the pH does not change as you add acid. Beaker B must contain what…?
A buffer
Whether a cell is a prokaryote or a eukaryote all cells willhave
A cell membrane
Plant cells differ from animal cells in that
Plant cells have cell walls
The students were required to read an article on cells. The cells contain a large central vacuole and chloroplast. What type of cell was the article talking about
Plant cells
You find that the chemical you used to “preserve” a cell has the the lysosomes to disappear from the cell. What effect will this loss have on the cell
Increased waste build up in the cell
A cell is exposed to a chemical that triggers the formation of many more ribososomes than ordinarily present in this type of cell. What efefct will these extra ribosomes have on the cell?
Increased proteins
What best describes the “fluid mosaic model” of the structure of the cell membrane
A double layer of lipid molecules with protein molecules embedded (stuck) in the layer
The cell membrane is described as semi permeable Why?
Allows some substances to move in and out but not others.
The reactants or photosynthesis are
Carbon dioxide and water
The products of photosynthesis are
Glucose and oxygen
Cellular respiration is called an aerobic process because it requires what?
Oxygen
Which of the following groups of organisms preform cellular respiration in mitochondria to produce ATP for their energy needs
Only all eukaryotes
ATP is a compound that is synthesized when
Energy stored in chemical bonds of glucose is released during cellular respiration
What is the relationship between the process of Photosynthesis and Cellular respiration
Glucose which enters cellular respiration is the product of photosynthesis
Which of the following represents the final products of the chemical reactions that take place inside the mitochondria?
Carbon dioxide, water, ATP
What type of solution is the cell in?
Hypotonic
Which way will osmosis occur?
Water will move into the cell
The change in the cell structure is the result of adding which kind of solution (the cell in image one is full and image two is more depleted)
Hypertonic Solution
Some materials can move across the cell membrane AGAINST the concentration gradient by
Active transport
The cell cycle is divided with to major parts what are they
Interphase and mitosis
Which of the following is a key event during the S phase of the cell cycle
The genetic material is duplicated
A diploid cell with 18 chromosomes undergoes mitosis producing
2 daughter cells with 18 chromosomes each
A human gamete producing cell undergoes cell division. This results in
Four genetically different cells
What phase of mitosis is the cell in? (The cells chromosomes are all next to each other full X)
Metaphase
What do the structures labeled A represent (structures look like X’s)
Chromosomes
The number of autosomes and type of sex chromosomes normally present in a humans egg cell is
22+X
Crossing over occurs regularly during mitosis. Why is crossing over advantageous to a species
Increases genetic variation
The hair color and eye color of the person sitting nearest you are examples of
Phenotype
The cells genetic information (DNA) is found as which structure?
Chromosomes
The correct description of genes and alleles is
Genes are sequences of DNA which code for proteins, alleles are different forms of a gene
What can show that environment can affect genetic traits
Hydrangea flower color varies with soil pH
What is the probability that a heterozygous tall pee plant will produce a gamete with the allele for tallness
50%
The allele for black fur is B and the allele for white fur is b and demonstrates incomplete dominance, the heterozygous genotype will result in which phenotype
A blend of two colors (grey)
The allele for red petals is R and the allele for white pedals is r. The petals demonstrate simple dominance. What is the genotype of a flower with white petals
rr
Flower color in carnation displays codominance. If R=red and and flowers and r=white flowers a plant with herterozygous genotype will have
Red and white flowers
Two pea plants are heterozygous for tallness (dominant) and yellow peas (dominant) will produce (on average) how many short plants with green peas)
1
In Mendel’s plants, one allele produces purple flowers, while the other produces white flowers because
The DNA subunits at those alleles code for different proteins
If 2 red snapdragons are crossed, what is the probability a red offspring will be produced
25%
The offspring of a mating between two heterozygous black guinea pigs in which black coat color is dominant B over white coat color b would probably have a genotype ratio of
1BB:2Bb:1bb
If a person produces 7 offspring’s with a carrier mate, what are the chances that any sons will be bald
50%
The sex chromosome of any daughter produced by person 8 and 9 will be
XBXB or XBXb
Colorblindness is an Xlinked recessive trait. Look at the pedigree below.What does the youngest child of generation 2 tell us about her mothers genotype
Mothers genotype is heterozygous, she is a carrier
Jillians mother has AB blood and Jillians father has O blood. What is the possible types of blood types?
A or B
If a plants alleal for height is tt what is the true phenotype of the parents
Both parents contribute a recessive trait
Variation in human skin color is an example of
Polygenic traits
A couple wants to have a baby. The father had a bad car accident when he was little and lost a finger. The couple fears that there baby will be born also missing a finger. What is the probability of this?
0%
Which nitrogenous bases make up DNA nucleotides
Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
Which statement comparing DNA and RNA structure is correct?
RNA contains sugar ribose and DNA contains sugar deoxyribose
The karyotype to the right shows an individual with
Trisomy 21
The condition where a sperm or egg cell has one more or less chromosome than normal (+1 or -1) is caused by what?
Nondisjunction
The following DNA sequence is replicated: ATTTGGGCC. The complimentary code is:
TAAACCCGG
The following DNA sequence is transcribed: ATATATCCCG. The complimentary code is:
UAUAUAGGGC
The picture to the right represents which process? (depicts one DNA cell splitting into two cells)
DNA Replication
Which path correctly describes how genes are expressed?
DNA RNA protein
The diagram above represents which process? (depicts dna and something going through the DNA)
Transcription
Sample G C A T 1 35 35 15 15 2 40 10 40 10 3 25 25 25 25 A scientist analyzes several DNA samples to determine the proportions of the difference bases present. Which sample(s) support base pairing rules?
Samples 1 and 3
Where does the process of transcription occur and why?
In the nucleus because that is where the DNA is
What is the correct order of amino acids coded for by the mRNA strand
UUU AAA CCC GGG? (Will be given elements chart)
Phenylalanine, lysine, proline, glycine
During translation, the type of amino acid that is added to the growing polypeptide depends on the:
Codon on the mRNA and the anticodon on the tRNA
Which of the following does not directly participate in translation?
DNA
A sequence of DNA that has 3000 bases would produce a protein made up of
how many amino acids? (*Think: how many bases = 1 amino acid?)
1000
Which of the following would be considered a transgenic organism?
A sheep that produces a cow protein
During early development, all cells in the embryo of a multicellular organism are identical. Later in development, the cells will become specialized through a process called:
Differentiation
Bone marrow is the location in the body where all several different types of blood cells (red, white, etc) originate from (multipotent). Leukemia is a blood cancer where abnormal blood cells are being produced by the bone marrow. Which of the following best explains the goal of bone marrow transplants to leukemia patients:
Replaced bone marrow stem cells will differentiate into normal blood cells
Darwin observed that many organisms seemed well suited to:
Surviving in the specific environment in which they lived
Variations within a species are most likely the result of:
Mutation and sexual reproduction
The success of an organism in surviving and reproducing is a measure of its:
Fitness
After many generations, an insect species evolved resistance to a particular
pesticide. This occurred because spraying pesticides:
Naturally selected for insects that were able to survive the pesticide
The principle of common descent helps explain why:
Birds and reptiles share a number of inherited characteristics
Which of the following phrases best describe Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection?
Organisms with beneficial variations survive more, consequently reproduce more, and pass those traits to their offspring
Peppered moths occur in pale and dark colored varieties. As the moths’ habitat became darkened by industrial soot, the dark colored variety became more common, while the pale variety became less common. This is because:
The darker moths survived in larger numbers and were therefore more able to leave
similar offspring behind
In humans, the pelvis and femur, or thigh bone, are involved in walking. In whales, the pelvis and femur are:
Vestigial structures
Two DNA sequences (parts of the entire DNA molecule) found in two different species are almost exactly the same. This suggests that these species:
May have similar evolutionary histories/share common ancestor
Which sequence shows increasing complexity in levels of ecological organization?
Organisms, populations, community, ecosystem, biosphere
The lowest level of environmental complexity that includes both living and nonliving factors is the:
Ecosystem
An example of an abiotic factor in an organism’s environment is:
Water
Some birds are known as honey guides because they may be followed by humans to wild beehives. When the humans take honey from the hives, the birds are able to eat the honey and bees. This relationship is BEST described as:
Mutulism
Which level of the energy pyramid below right depicts the organisms that are responsible for creating the carbohydrates that will be consumed by the other organisms in this ecosystem?
Level D
Which of the following is an example of niche that reduces competition?
Owls and snakes hunting for the same food source at different times
Which of the following does not describe a population?
All of the small mammals in a forest
In the food web to the right, what would the mouse be classified as?
Omnivore
The food web to the right, what would the cougar be classified as?
Secondary Consumer
Which of the following best describes the relationship between heterotrophs and autotrophs?
Heterotrophs depend on autotrophs for energy
Why does actual growth level off
Because carrying capacity is reached
Suppose 10,000 units of energy are available at the level of the grasses. Why does the wolf only receives 10 units of energy?
Energy is made unavailable at each level because of cell processes and loss as heat
The movements of energy and nutrients thought ecosystems are different because:
Energy flows in one direction, and nutrients are recycled
The number of individuals of one kind that an environment can support with its available resources is called the:
Carrying Capasity
Global warming is the result of:
Greenhouse gases (such as CO2 released from factories) getting trapped in the atmosphere
