Finals

Question 1

Induction of developmental defects in the somatic tissues of the fetus

Answer 1

Teratogens is

Question 2

During what time of pregnancy does teratogens is is being tested

Answer 2

Organogenesis

Fetuses and neonate a

Question 3

Induction of changes in the genetic material of animals of any age and therefore induction of heritable abnormalities

Answer 3

Mutagenesis

Question 4

Standard in vitro test for mutagenesis that uses special strain of Salmonella

Answer 4

Ames test

Question 5

Exposure of the fetus to a radiation, infection or chemical. Teratogens is or mutagenesis?

Answer 5

Teratogens is

Question 6

In Vigo mutagenecity test carried out in mice

Answer 6

Dominant lethal test

Question 7

The maximum dose at which a specified toxic effect is not seen

Answer 7

No-effect dose

Question 8

Smallest dose that is observed to kill any experimental animal

Answer 8

Minimum lethal dose

Question 9

The dose that kills approximately 50%of the animal

Answer 9

Median lethal dose (LD 50)

Question 10

Either studies in animals have revealed adverse effect son the fetus and there are no controlled studies in women, or studies in women and animals are not available. Drugs should be given only when potential benefits justifies the potential risk

Answer 10

Category C

Question 11

There is positive evidence of human fetal risk, but the benefit from use in pregnant women may be acceptable despite risk

Answer 11

Category D

Question 12

Alternating periods of administration of test drug, placebo preparation and the standard treatment

Answer 12

Crossover design

Question 13

What phase of clinical trial uses small number of healthy volunteers to find the maximum tolerated dose

Answer 13

Phase 1

Question 14

Phase that is performed in research centers by specially trained clinical pharmacologist

Answer 14

Phase 1

Question 15

Patients are 100-200 and determine efficacy of drug which is done in special clinical centers

Answer 15

Phase 2

Question 16

Utilizes single blind design and has the highest rate of drug failures

Answer 16

Phase 2

Question 17

Therapeutic confirmatory trials, designed to minimize errors by randomness controlled trials, usually expensive

Answer 17

Phase 3

Question 18

Immunologic processes may become apparent at this stage

Answer 18

Phase 3

Question 19

Drug for rare disease

Answer 19

Orphan drugs

Question 20

Leading candidate for a successful new drug and can proceed to patent application

Answer 20

Lead compound

Question 21

Measurement of the percentage of receptors bound by a drug in relation to dose

Answer 21

Graded dose binding relationship and binding affinity

Question 22

Concentration of drug required to bing 50% of the receptor sites

Answer 22

I’d

Question 23

Maximum amount of drug or radioligand which can bind specifically to the receptors in a membrane preparation

Answer 23

Bmax

Question 24

True or false: smaller the Kd, greater the affinity of drug to its receptor

Answer 24

True

Question 25

True or false: smaller the EC50, the greater the potency of the drug

Answer 25

True

Question 26

Ability of the drug to bind to its receptor

Answer 26

Affinity

Question 27

Greatest effect an agonist can produce if the dose is taken to the highest tolerated level

Answer 27

eMac

Question 28

Amount of drug needed to produce a given effect

Answer 28

Potency

Question 29

Provide information about the variation in sensitivity to the drug in a given population

Answer 29

Quintal dose response relationship

Question 30

A drug sufficiently high concentration result in all the receptors achieving the activated state

Answer 30

Full agonist

Question 31

Ra-Dpa + Ri- Dpa

Answer 31

Partial agonist

Question 32

True or false: In the presence of a full agonist, a partial agonist acts as an inhibitor

Answer 32

True

Question 33

Cause a parallel shift to the right

Answer 33

Competitive antagonist

Question 34

Irreversible antagonist appear to cause a ___________ shift to the maximum

Answer 34

Downward

Question 35

Histamine and epinephrine- what kind of antagonist?

Answer 35

Physiologic antagonist

Question 36

Propranolol and glucagon- what kind?

Answer 36

Physiologic antagonist

Question 37

Protamine binds to heparin to reverse its action

Answer 37

Chemical antagonist

Question 38

Dosage range between the minimum effective therapeutic concentration or dose, and the minimum toxic concentration or dose

Answer 38

Therapeutic window

Question 39

Represents safety of a drug

Answer 39

Therapeutic index

Question 40

Steroid hormones have what kind of receptor?

Answer 40

Intracellular

Question 41

Mimic or antagonize the action of endogenous ligands, regulate flow of ions through excitable membranes

Answer 41

Membrane receptor directly coupled to ion channels

Question 42

Nicotine receptor for Ach

Answer 42

Membrane receptor

Question 43

Serpentine, coupled via GTP to adenylyl Cyclades

Answer 43

Receptor linked via coupling protein to intracellular effectors

Question 44

Increases cAMP production

Answer 44

Gs protein

Question 45

Decreases cAMP production

Answer 45

Gi protein

Question 46

Activates phospholipase C

Answer 46

Gq protein

Question 47

Frequent or continuous exposure to agonist often results in short term diminution of the receptor response

Answer 47

Tachyphylaxis

Question 48

The following increases rate of diffusion according to Fick's law except: A. Increase concentration gradient B. increase surface area C. Increase membrane thickness

Answer 48

C

Question 49

Expression of the ability of a drug to diffuse across membrane

Answer 49

Lipid water partition coefficient

Question 50

Fractions of the drug which is available in the systemic circulation and obtained by comparing the AUC of drug with that of an IV

Answer 50

Bioavailability

Question 51

Rate and availability of two products after administration are similar in the same doses

Answer 51

Bio equivalence

Question 52

True or false: bioequivalent should always be pharmaceutical lay equivalent

Answer 52

True

Question 53

True or false: pharmaceuticals equivalent should always be bioequivalent

Answer 53

False

Question 54

Criteria for both bioequivalent and pharmaceuticals equivalent is bothe met

Answer 54

Therapeutic equivalence

Question 55

True or false: more lipid soluble the drug is, the more it is able to traverse compartments, the faster the distribution

Answer 55

True

Question 56

More ionized the drug, the more it is able to traverse lipid barriers, true or false?

Answer 56

False- less ionized

Question 57

Small drug molecules, can pass through membrane barriers, true or false?

Answer 57

True

Question 58

True or false: greater the binding, the greater the volume of distribution

Answer 58

False | Greater binding- lesser volume- lesser availability To receptors

Question 59

Volume necessary to contain the drug homogenously and concentration found on blood and plasma

Answer 59

Vid

Question 60

True or false: Drug with Vd of greater than 1 has the ability to cross the BBB

Answer 60

True