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Pharmacology > Finals > Flashcards

Finals Flashcards

1
Q

Induction of developmental defects in the somatic tissues of the fetus

A

Teratogens is

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2
Q

During what time of pregnancy does teratogens is is being tested

A

Organogenesis

Fetuses and neonate a

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3
Q

Induction of changes in the genetic material of animals of any age and therefore induction of heritable abnormalities

A

Mutagenesis

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4
Q

Standard in vitro test for mutagenesis that uses special strain of Salmonella

A

Ames test

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5
Q

Exposure of the fetus to a radiation, infection or chemical. Teratogens is or mutagenesis?

A

Teratogens is

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6
Q

In Vigo mutagenecity test carried out in mice

A

Dominant lethal test

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7
Q

The maximum dose at which a specified toxic effect is not seen

A

No-effect dose

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8
Q

Smallest dose that is observed to kill any experimental animal

A

Minimum lethal dose

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9
Q

The dose that kills approximately 50%of the animal

A

Median lethal dose (LD 50)

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10
Q

Either studies in animals have revealed adverse effect son the fetus and there are no controlled studies in women, or studies in women and animals are not available. Drugs should be given only when potential benefits justifies the potential risk

A

Category C

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11
Q

There is positive evidence of human fetal risk, but the benefit from use in pregnant women may be acceptable despite risk

A

Category D

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12
Q

Alternating periods of administration of test drug, placebo preparation and the standard treatment

A

Crossover design

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13
Q

What phase of clinical trial uses small number of healthy volunteers to find the maximum tolerated dose

A

Phase 1

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14
Q

Phase that is performed in research centers by specially trained clinical pharmacologist

A

Phase 1

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15
Q

Patients are 100-200 and determine efficacy of drug which is done in special clinical centers

A

Phase 2

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16
Q

Utilizes single blind design and has the highest rate of drug failures

A

Phase 2

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17
Q

Therapeutic confirmatory trials, designed to minimize errors by randomness controlled trials, usually expensive

A

Phase 3

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18
Q

Immunologic processes may become apparent at this stage

A

Phase 3

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19
Q

Drug for rare disease

A

Orphan drugs

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20
Q

Leading candidate for a successful new drug and can proceed to patent application

A

Lead compound

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21
Q

Measurement of the percentage of receptors bound by a drug in relation to dose

A

Graded dose binding relationship and binding affinity

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22
Q

Concentration of drug required to bing 50% of the receptor sites

A

I’d

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23
Q

Maximum amount of drug or radioligand which can bind specifically to the receptors in a membrane preparation

A

Bmax

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24
Q

True or false: smaller the Kd, greater the affinity of drug to its receptor

A

True

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25
Q

True or false: smaller the EC50, the greater the potency of the drug

A

True

26
Q

Ability of the drug to bind to its receptor

A

Affinity

27
Q

Greatest effect an agonist can produce if the dose is taken to the highest tolerated level

A

eMac

28
Q

Amount of drug needed to produce a given effect

A

Potency

29
Q

Provide information about the variation in sensitivity to the drug in a given population

A

Quintal dose response relationship

30
Q

A drug sufficiently high concentration result in all the receptors achieving the activated state

A

Full agonist

31
Q

Ra-Dpa + Ri- Dpa

A

Partial agonist

32
Q

True or false: In the presence of a full agonist, a partial agonist acts as an inhibitor

A

True

33
Q

Cause a parallel shift to the right

A

Competitive antagonist

34
Q

Irreversible antagonist appear to cause a ___________ shift to the maximum

A

Downward

35
Q

Histamine and epinephrine- what kind of antagonist?

A

Physiologic antagonist

36
Q

Propranolol and glucagon- what kind?

A

Physiologic antagonist

37
Q

Protamine binds to heparin to reverse its action

A

Chemical antagonist

38
Q

Dosage range between the minimum effective therapeutic concentration or dose, and the minimum toxic concentration or dose

A

Therapeutic window

39
Q

Represents safety of a drug

A

Therapeutic index

40
Q

Steroid hormones have what kind of receptor?

A

Intracellular

41
Q

Mimic or antagonize the action of endogenous ligands, regulate flow of ions through excitable membranes

A

Membrane receptor directly coupled to ion channels

42
Q

Nicotine receptor for Ach

A

Membrane receptor

43
Q

Serpentine, coupled via GTP to adenylyl Cyclades

A

Receptor linked via coupling protein to intracellular effectors

44
Q

Increases cAMP production

A

Gs protein

45
Q

Decreases cAMP production

A

Gi protein

46
Q

Activates phospholipase C

A

Gq protein

47
Q

Frequent or continuous exposure to agonist often results in short term diminution of the receptor response

A

Tachyphylaxis

48
Q

The following increases rate of diffusion according to Fick’s law except:
A. Increase concentration gradient
B. increase surface area
C. Increase membrane thickness

A

C

49
Q

Expression of the ability of a drug to diffuse across membrane

A

Lipid water partition coefficient

50
Q

Fractions of the drug which is available in the systemic circulation and obtained by comparing the AUC of drug with that of an IV

A

Bioavailability

51
Q

Rate and availability of two products after administration are similar in the same doses

A

Bio equivalence

52
Q

True or false: bioequivalent should always be pharmaceutical lay equivalent

A

True

53
Q

True or false: pharmaceuticals equivalent should always be bioequivalent

A

False

54
Q

Criteria for both bioequivalent and pharmaceuticals equivalent is bothe met

A

Therapeutic equivalence

55
Q

True or false: more lipid soluble the drug is, the more it is able to traverse compartments, the faster the distribution

A

True

56
Q

More ionized the drug, the more it is able to traverse lipid barriers, true or false?

A

False- less ionized

57
Q

Small drug molecules, can pass through membrane barriers, true or false?

A

True

58
Q

True or false: greater the binding, the greater the volume of distribution

A

False

Greater binding- lesser volume- lesser availability To receptors

59
Q

Volume necessary to contain the drug homogenously and concentration found on blood and plasma

A

Vid

60
Q

True or false: Drug with Vd of greater than 1 has the ability to cross the BBB

A

True

Pharmacology (7 decks)

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