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finals Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is the Indus Valley different from all the other ancient civilizations

A

the lack of evidence for an organized state

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2
Q

Where did Hammurabi spread his law?

A

in Mesopotamia

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3
Q

What were the first civilizations

A

Sumer, Egypt, Nubia, Olmecs, Shang Dyn. (China), Norte Chico, Oxus, and Indus Valley

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4
Q

Where and what was the oldest known civilization

A

Sumer, in Mesopotamia (aka Fertile Crescent/Modern Iraq)

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5
Q

Where was the Indus Valley civilization

A

Modern Pakistan

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6
Q

What provided the primary economic foundation for civilization

A

Agriculture

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7
Q

What was Uruk

A

Mesopotamia’s largest city

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8
Q

What laid at the heart of the First Civilizations

A

cities

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9
Q

What served as political/administrative capitals, centers of cultural productions, places of local and long-distance trade, and centers of manufacturing activities

A

cities

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10
Q

What was the Code of Hammurabi

A

a law which dictated Babylonian punishments and was dependent on class

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11
Q

What was the vast majority’s class in the first civilizations

A

free commoners

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12
Q

What class was always at the bottom of class heirarchies

A

slaves

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13
Q

Where were slaves drawn from in the first civilizations

A

Prisoners of War, criminals, and debtors

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14
Q

What helped cause the emergence of patriarchy the most in the first civilizations

A

agriculture

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15
Q

Did social class affect gender roles (specifically in the first civilizations)

A

Yes

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16
Q

Where was patriarchy lighter on women in the first civilizations

A

Egypt

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17
Q

What was central to the organization and stability of the first civilizations

A

states

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18
Q

In the first civilizations was patriarchy a legal and/or idea

A

it was legal (there were written laws on it) and ideal

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19
Q

What did rule by divine right do (first civilizations)

A

limited needed force to coerce people

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20
Q

What was the largest and most impressive empire in 500 B.C.E.?

A

The Persian Empire

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21
Q

Who expanded the Persian Empire from Egypt to India

A

Cyrus and Darius

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22
Q

What was the religion of the Persian Empire

A

Zoroastrianism

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23
Q

Where was advanced irrigation within the first civilizations

A

Mesopotamia

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24
Q

Who had more population, the Persian Empire or the Greeks

A

Persians

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25
Q

How did Classical Greece expand

A

colonization

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26
Q

Where (which city) was the first democracy developed

A

Athens

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27
Q

Where was the point of collision between Persia and Greece

A

Ionia

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28
Q

Why was there collision in Ionia

A

because ionian greeks revolted (supported by athens) against the Persians

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29
Q

When was the 50 year golden age of Greek culture

A

after the Persian wars

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30
Q

Who was the feature of the Hellenistic era and created a massive greek empire stretching form Egypt to Afghanistan/India

A

Alexander the Great

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31
Q

What did the Egyptians regard/anoint Alexander the Great as

A

the pharaoh and “son of the gods”

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32
Q

What happened to Alexander’s Greek empire after he died

A

it was divided into 3

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33
Q

How did Rome start

A

as a small and unimportant city-state

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34
Q

What did Rome form after it overthrew monarchy

A

a republic

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35
Q

What was special about the Roman army

A

their skill and brutality

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36
Q

What were upper-class men defined as in the Roman Empire

A

soldiers and land owners

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37
Q

What did pax romana bring to the Roman Empire

A

security and relative prosperity

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38
Q

What is Legalism

A

clear rules and harsh punishments

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39
Q

What dynasty unified China after the age of warring states

A

the Qin

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40
Q

What followed the Qin dynasty

A

the Han dynasty

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41
Q

How did Roman and Chinese emperors claim supernatural sanctions?

A

dead Roman emperors were regarded as gods and Chinese emperor was considered the Son of Heaven

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42
Q

What foreign religion did the Roman Empire absorb

A

Christianity

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43
Q

What foreign religion did the Chinese absorb from traders

A

Buddhism

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44
Q

Which of the two was more culturally fragmented? China or the Roman Empire

A

the Roman Empire

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45
Q

Where was bureaucracy more elaborate? China or the Roman Empire

A

China

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46
Q

Why did the Han Dynasty and Roman Empire fall

A

the empire was too big, expensive, tax evasion, instability, and disease (5)

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47
Q

What is the most important difference between Chinese and Roman empires fall

A

what happened after their downfall

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48
Q

What happened after the Han fell

A

300 years of disorder but later reunification on a similar scale

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49
Q

What happened after the Roman Empire fell

A

fragmentation and no successful large-scale imperial system again

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50
Q

Why was China more successful in restoration than the Roman Empire

A

Romans were a minority, had weaker bureaucratic tradition, and less productive agriculture (3)

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51
Q

Who were the two important figures in China

A

Confucius and Laozi

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52
Q

What is the principle of Confucianism

A

the moral example of superiors is the solution to disorder

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53
Q

Who collected Confucius’ teachings and where were they put

A

his student collected them and put them in the Analects

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54
Q

What became the ideology of China after the discrediting of Legalism

A

Confucianism

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55
Q

What did Confucius believe the key to human improvement is

A

education

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56
Q

What are the Confucian virtues for ideal men called

A

wen and wu (physical abilities)

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57
Q

How was Daoism the opposite of Confucianism

A

education as mostly useless and encouragement of withdrawal to nature

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58
Q

What is dao

A

the way of nature

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59
Q

How did elite Chinese often regard Daoism compared to Confucianism

A

They regarded it as a complement to Confucianism

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60
Q

How did Hinduism develop

A

it developed along with Indian civilization

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61
Q

To what religion did the Vedas belong

A

Hinduism

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62
Q

By who were the Vedas compiled

A

the Hindu Brahmins (priests)

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63
Q

What was developed in response to dissatisfaction with the brahmins

A

the Upanshids

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64
Q

What is the ultimate goal according to the Upanishads

A

moksha- unity of atman (human soul) and brahman (the world soul/ultimate reality)

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65
Q

what is samsara

A

Hindu reincarnation

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66
Q

What legitimated and expressed
India’s gender system

A

Hinduism

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67
Q

What is was a legitimate goal for men and women according to the kamasutra

A

sex

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68
Q

Who was the Buddha

A

Siddhartha Gautama

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69
Q

What is the central Buddhist teaching

A

life is suffering

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70
Q

What other religion did Buddhism have elements from

A

Hinduism

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71
Q

Did Buddhism challenge Hinduism

A

yes

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72
Q

What was the rigid hierarchy in India called

A

the caste system

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73
Q

To who did Buddhism appeal

A

lower castes

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74
Q

Which Buddhism thinks of Buddha as god

A

Mahayanna

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75
Q

Who is the god of Zoroastrianism

A

Ahura Mazda

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76
Q

What was the foundation for both Christianity and Islam

A

Judaism

77
Q

What was the key element of the Greek way of knowing

A

the way questions were asked (argument, logic, questioning of
received wisdom)

78
Q

What were some Greek thinkers

A

Plato, Aristotle, and Socrates

79
Q

Did Greek rationalism spread

A

it spread widely

80
Q

What was Siddhartha Gautama’s life like (his class)

A

he was royalty

81
Q

What was Jesus’ class

A

he was from a lower-class family

82
Q

Who were wisdom teachers that challenged conventional ideas?

A

Buddha and Jesus

83
Q

Were both Jesus and Buddha spiritual seekers?

A

yes

84
Q

What was different about Jesus’ teachings and Buddha’s

A

Jesus’ teaching was more social than political and he was active for much shorter than Buddha

85
Q

What was different about Jesus’ death and Buddha’s

A

Jesus was executed and Buddha died of old age

86
Q

Who spread Chrisitanity

A

Paul

87
Q

How did the Roman Empire use Christianity

A

like a “social glue”

88
Q

What did Buddhists clash over

A

interpretation of the Buddha’s teachings

89
Q

What do the Jews believe is a covenant

A

a relationship with Yahweh (God)

90
Q

What did Buddhists who clashed over interpretation have a weaker sense of than Christians

A

“right” and “wrong”

91
Q

Did the Agricultural Revolution happen all together

A

no it happened independently in several distinct areas

92
Q

What did the Americas lack

A

nearly all animals
suitable for domestication

93
Q

Where was metallurgy less developed

A

the Americas

94
Q

Where was the most highly developed writing system in the first civilizations

A

the Mayans (in Mesoamerica)

95
Q

who was cut from the rest of the world and had no outside interaction

A

Americas

96
Q

Which was the most tropical of the worlds supercontinents

A

Africa

97
Q

Who ruled Meroë

A

an all-powerful sacred monarch

98
Q

What was the source
of much of wealth and military power in Meroë

A

major long-distance trade

99
Q

When did Meroë decline

A

after 100 C.E.

100
Q

Who conquered Meroë

A

Axum

101
Q

Where was Axum located

A

in present-day Eritrea
and northern Ethiopia

102
Q

What was Axum’s economic foundation

A

highly productive agriculture due to plows (most of Africa didn’t use plows)

103
Q

What was the religion in Axum after the 4th century

A

Coptic Christianity

104
Q

What capital city of Axum was a center of monumental building

A

Axum (in the interior)

105
Q

Was there evidence of a state structure at the cities along the Niger River

A

No

106
Q

Where there important civilizations before the Aztec and Inca empires in Mesoamerica

A

yes

107
Q

Were Mesoamerican civilizations diverse

A

yes, they were very diverse

108
Q

Did the Mesoamerican civilizations have interaction

A

Yes, they had frequent interactions

109
Q

What cultural achievements did the Mayans have

A

development of advanced math system, elaborate calendars, creation of the most elaborate writing system in the Americas, and monumental architecture (4)

110
Q

What was special about Mayan agriculture

A

it had large scale human engineering

111
Q

How united was the Mayans

A

the city-states and regional
kingdoms were highly fragmented

112
Q

Why did the Mayan civilization collapse

A

lack of resources, political disunity, and frequent war (3)

113
Q

What was the America’s greatest city

A

Teotihuacán

114
Q

Did Teotihuacán have an influence on Mesoamerica

A

they had a deep influence

115
Q

Do we know much about Teotihuacán

A

much is unknown

116
Q

“The historical processes of Africa and the Americas during the second-wave era (ca. 600 B.C.E. — 600 C.E.) largely resembled those of Eurasia in the same era.” To what extent is this statement accurate?

A

Similarities: trade networks, emergence of more complex societies, and cultural exchange (religion [Eurasia and Africa] and tech innovations [all])
Differences: writing systems and scale of empires

117
Q

What form one of world’s most
extensive and sustained networks of exchange

A

The Silk Roads

118
Q

What did the Silk Road provide to Eurasia

A

unity and cohearance

119
Q

What did states in the last 5 centuries B.C.E. and second wave civilizations attempt to control

A

pastoral peoples

120
Q

What benefits did large states provide for trade networks

A

security for trade

121
Q

Why were luxury goods the main transport on the Silk Road

A

Because of high transport costs

122
Q

Who was first to have a monopoly on silk

A

China

123
Q

What symbolized the Eurasian exchange system, was used as currency in Central Asia, and was known as a symbol of high status

A

silk

124
Q

What was more important than the exchange of goods on the silk road

A

the exchange of cultures

125
Q

How did unfamiliar diseases spread

A

long-distance trade

126
Q

How did almost half of the population of Europe die after the unification of much of Eurasia by the Mongols

A

the Black Death/Bubonic Plague

127
Q

What helped Europeans when they reached the Western Hemisphere after 1500

A

disease exchange

128
Q

What was the most important sea road network from the age of the first civilizations until 1500

A

The Indian Ocean network

129
Q

What was an avenue for commerce for/since the Phoenicians

A

The Mediterranean Ocean

130
Q

Where was transportation cheaper, sea or silk roads?

A

by sea

131
Q

What made transportation of bulk goods possible

A

sea roads

132
Q

What was discovered about wind which helped increase the tempo of commerce by sea

A

monsoons

133
Q

What two things encouraged Indian Ocean trade

A

the economic and political revival of China and the rise of Islam in the 7th century

134
Q

How did ocean commerce effect/transform Southeast Asia and East Africa

A

stimulation of political change and introduction of foreign religious ideas

135
Q

What did Southeast Asia do to benefit from their strategic trade location

A

opening an all sea trade route in the Straits of Malacca (Malaysia) and made ports

136
Q

What Malay kingdom emerged form competition and dominated trade from 670 to 1025 C.E.

A

Srivijaya

137
Q

Where did elements of Chinese culture mostly spread to

A

Vietnam

138
Q

Other than Buddhism what other religions spread to Southeast Asia

A

Hinduism (especially in Champas and Angkor) and Islam (came later)

139
Q

What civilization developed from a blend of Bantu and flourishing in the commercial life in the Indian Ocean and inner Africa (also developing Islamic beliefs)

A

the Swahili civilization (of East Africa)

140
Q

What were East African products

A

gold, ivory, quartz, leopard skins, slaves, iron, and wood products (7)

141
Q

Where did much of the gold of East Africa come from

A

Zimbabwe

142
Q

Where did Sand Roads start

A

West Africa

143
Q

Where in Africa was there copper, salt deposits, and dates which were sold in the trans-African trade

A

in the Sahara

144
Q

What was the most well known civilization in the Andes

A

the Incas

145
Q

What was a turning point in Sand Road trade for West Africa which allowed people to cross the sahrara

A

camels

146
Q

What did Saharan merchants especially want from West Africa

A

gold

147
Q

What did trade encourage near the Saharan trade routes

A

new and larger political structures

148
Q

What was the main religion which spread along the Sand Roads, their civilizations, as well as the Swahili civilizations

A

Islam

149
Q

Who extended the Chinese canal systems vastly and started the golden age

A

the Sui dynasty

150
Q

What exhausted the Sui’s state resources and caused the dynasty to be overthrown (state not disintegrated though)

A

their ruthlessness and failure to conquer Korea

151
Q

What two dynasties were built on Sui foundations

A

the Tang and Song

152
Q

What did the Tang and Song create in their governments

A

six major ministries and a Censorate (which dealt with surveillance of the government to ensure order)

153
Q

What happened in the Song dynasty that contributed to it’s prosperity and to the golden age

A

an economic revolution

154
Q

What was most production in China for

A

the market rather than local consumption

155
Q

Although it was the golden age what inequality was worse than before in the Song and Tang

A

gender hierarchy (ex. foot binding)

156
Q

With who was China’s more enduring interaction which included intrusion and pressure

A

the northern nomads

157
Q

Why did the Chinese need the nomads even though they thought of themselves as the center of the world

A

steppes provided horses and other goods and they controlled much of the silk road

158
Q

What was established in China to manage relations with non-Chinese peoples

A

the tribute system

159
Q

What did the tribute system require

A

non-Chinese authorities must acknowledge Chinese superiority (through a series of bows named kowtow) and present a tribute to the emperor

160
Q

What did a non-Chinese person gain from the Chinese tribute system

A

he would receive trading privileges and
“bestowals” in return (often worth
more than the tribute)

161
Q

What problems were presented with the tribute system

A

stronger nomadic states would simply extort China

162
Q

Which nomads adopted Chinese ways

A

nomads who ruled parts of China

163
Q

What was a fad among elites in the Tang dynasty that came from outside influence

A

anything connected
to “western barbarians”

164
Q

What did the Korean states resist even though they rivaled one another

A

Chinese political control

165
Q

What did Korea try to replicate from the Chinese

A

court life and administration

166
Q

What happened to Korea’s attempt to replicate the Chinese examination system

A

it didn’t gain prominence

167
Q

Where was Vietnam’s cultural heartland which was controlled by China from 111 BCE to 939 CE

A

the Red River valley

168
Q

What did Vietnam try to replicate from the Chinese

A

The Chinese approach to government

169
Q

What Tang and Song policy led to the proliferation of schools and colleges

A

the revision of the exam system

170
Q

Where did people voluntarily borrow Chinese culture without being invaded or conquered

A

Japan

171
Q

What was Japans writing system mixed with

A

Chinese characters with phonetic symbols

172
Q

Which region’s prosperity stimulated commercial life all over Eurasia

A

China

173
Q

What are the fundamental differences between births of Islam and Christianity

A

Islam did not grow up as persecuted minority religion and Islam didn’t separate “church” and state

174
Q

What did tolerated non-Islamic people living under Islamic occupation have to pay

A

a tax for not being Muslim (جِزْيَة: jizya)

175
Q

What were the first 4 islamic caliphs (the Rightly Guided
Caliphs, 632–661) relation with Muhammad

A

they were companions of
Muhammad

176
Q

How did Shia Muslims believe the next caliph should be chosen

A

they believed leaders should be blood relatives of Muhammad, descended from Ali and his son Husayn

177
Q

How did Sunni Muslims believe the next caliph should be chosen

A

they believed caliphs were rightful
political and military leaders, chosen by the Islamic community

178
Q

What was a driving force in the contraction of Christianity in Africa and Asia

A

Islam’s spread

179
Q

What is caesaropapism in the Byzantine Empire

A

the Church was closely tied to the state (emperor was head of church and state)

180
Q

What did the Crusades target other than the Middle East

A

Byzantium

181
Q

What happened to Persia after being weakened from the fight with the Byzantines

A

they were conquered by Islam

182
Q

Who declared itself the 3rd Rome and assumed the role of protector of Christianity after the fall of Constantinople

A

Moscow

183
Q

What was a major element of stability in western europe

A

the Catholic Church

184
Q

What was the relationship between the Church and the ruling class

A

They usually reinforced each other but also had some competition as rival centers of power

185
Q

What new idea replaced the original “warrior” idea of European masculinity

A

provider

186
Q

What did political pluralism do to Western European civilization

A

it led to frequent wars and militarization and stimulated technological development

187
Q

To what extent were developments in the world of Christendom from 600 to 1300 similar to those experienced in the worlds of Islam from 600 to 1450

A

Religious expansion and conversion, Ties between Church and State (Caliphs, Byzantine Emperor, etc.), and divison (shia/sunni and catholic/orthodox) (3)

188
Q
A

World History I Honors (6 decks)

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