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World History I Honors > Chapter 10: The Worlds of Christendom > Flashcards

Chapter 10: The Worlds of Christendom Flashcards

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1
Q

What was a driving force in the contraction of Christianity in Africa and Asia

A

Islam’s spread

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2
Q

About how long after Muhammads death did Christianity almost disappear from Arabia

A

a century

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3
Q

Who captured Jerusalem and its holy sites after the death of Muhammad

A

Islamic Forces

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4
Q

Where did many Christians voluntarily convert to Islam (in Asia)

A

Syria and Persia (aka Iran)

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5
Q

What did Christians under Islamic occupation have to do to practice their religion

A

they had to pay a special tax

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6
Q

What church survived in Egypt under Islamic occupation

A

The Coptic Church

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7
Q

How did Muslim rulers react to the Coptic Church in Egypt

A

they tolerated it until the Crusades and Mongol threats

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8
Q

What happened to Christianity in Nubia

A

thrived but largely disappeared by 1500

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9
Q

What was the continuation of the Roman Empire

A

The Byzantine Empire

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10
Q

What happened to the western half of the Roman Empire

A

it collapsed in the 5th century

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11
Q

What advantages did the Byzantine Empire have over the western empire

A

wealthier and more urbanized, more defensible capital, shorter frontier, access to the Black Sea (and command of the Eastern Mediterranean), stronger military and merchant marine, continuation of late Roman infrastructure, and an effort to preserve Roman ways (8/10)

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12
Q

What reduced the size of the Byzantine state

A

Islamic expansion (and western European attacks in 1085)

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13
Q

What were Byzantine politics centralized around

A

the emperor in Constantinople

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14
Q

What is caesaropapism in the Byzantine Empire

A

the Church was closely tied to the state (emperor was head of church and state)

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15
Q

What did the Byzantine Emperor serve as the head of

A

The Byzantine Church and State

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16
Q

What deeply influenced all of Byzantine life

A

Orthodox Christianity

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17
Q

What were important East/West cultural differences

A

language, philosophy, theology, and church practice (4)

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18
Q

When was the schism (w/ mutual excommunication)

A

1054

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19
Q

What did the Fourth Crusade cause in Byzantium

A

Westerners sacked Constantinople and ruled Byzantium for the next 50 years

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20
Q

What two continents did Byzantium have intense interactions in

A

Asia and Europe

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21
Q

What Roman fight did the Byzantine Empire continue

A

the fight with Persia

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22
Q

What was the effect of the continuation of Byzantine-Perso fighting

A

weakened both states and left them open to Islamic conquests

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23
Q

What happened to Persia after being weakened from the fight with the Byzantines

A

they were conquered by Islam

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24
Q

Who was a central player in long distance Eurasian trade

A

The Byzantine Empire

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25
Q

What was in high demand in Byzantine trade

A

Byzantine crafts

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26
Q

Who transmitted ancient Greek learning to the Islamic world and West

A

the Byzantines

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27
Q

Who transmitted Orthodox Christianity to the Balkans and Russia

A

The Byzantines

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28
Q

What transformed the state of Rus and became central to Russian identity

A

Orthodox Christianity

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29
Q

Who declared itself the 3rd Rome and assumed the role of protector of Christianity after the fall of Constantinople

A

Moscow

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30
Q

Where was western Europe in terms of world history for most of the 3rd wave millenium

A

it was on the margins of world history for most of the third wave millenium

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31
Q

What made political unity in Western Europe difficult

A

the geography

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32
Q

Why did Europe’s population fall by ~25% after the fall of the Roman Empire

A

war and disease

33
Q

Who became the dominant peoples in the West

A

The Germanic peoples

34
Q

did classical and Roman heritage survive

A

much of it did

35
Q

What was society like in these new western kingdoms

A

highly fragmented and decentralized, local variation, and landowning warrior elite exercising power

36
Q

What happened to social hierarchies in the west

A

lesser lords and knights became vassals (a holder of land based on conditions of allegiance) of kings or great lords and serfdom (futile laborers) displacing slavery

37
Q

What was a major element of stability in the west

A

the Catholic Church

38
Q

What was Catholic hierarchy based on

A

on that of the Roman Empire

39
Q

What was the dominant religion in Europe by 1100

A

Christianity

40
Q

What was the relationship between the Church and the ruling class

A

They usually reinforced each other but also had some competition as rival centers of power

41
Q

What was the investiture conflict in the Church and ruling class

A

controversy over the right to appoint bishops and the pope

42
Q

What hindered European development in 700-1000

A

a series of invasions by Germanic tribes, Central Asian Huns, Muslims, Magyars, and Vikings (5)

43
Q

What ecological changes were present in Europe 1000-1300

A

global warming, land reclaimed from seas, deforestation, and fresh water pollution (4)

44
Q

What did the High Middle Ages bring to Europe

A

clear growth and expansion (specifically of population and farmable land)

45
Q

What did the European population grow from and to during the High Middle Ages

A

≈35 million to ≈80 million

46
Q

What two major centers grew to become centers of long-distance trade in Europe

A

north Europe and northern Italian towns

47
Q

What areas didn’t develop territorial kingdoms when Europe had a growth of territorial states with better organized governments

A

Italian city-states and small German principalities

48
Q

What new idea replaced the original “warrior” idea of European masculinity

A

“provider”

49
Q

Where were the Scandinavian colonies

A

Newfoundland, Greenland, and Iceland

50
Q

What factors contributed to the emergence of Western Europe as a dynamic civilization after 1000 C.E.?

A

population growth, reclaiming land from the sea, growth of long distance trade, growth of territorial states with better organized governments (monarchies), new ideas about masculinity, and the crusades (6)

51
Q

What are some important political influences of the Byzantine Empire on other civilizations

A

the continuation of the long Roman fight with the Persian Empire which weakened both states and led to Persia being conquered by Islam

52
Q

What are some important economic influences of the Byzantine Empire on other civilizations

A

Byzantium being a central player in long-distance trade with their bezants (gold coins) being a major currency for over 500 years and the high demand of Byzantine crafts

53
Q

What are some important cultural influences of the Byzantine Empire on other civilizations

A

transmission of ancient Greek learning to the Islamic world and the West and transmission of Orthodoxy to the Balkans and Russia

54
Q

Did the pope authorize the crusades

A

yes

55
Q

What did the pope give to crusaders

A

indulgences (release from penalty for confessed sins)

56
Q

What is a crusade

A

war(s) at God’s command

57
Q

What did the most famous Crusades aim to regain

A

Jerusalem and holy places

58
Q

Did the Crusades have a lasting (political or religious) impact in the Middle East

A

Only a Little lasting impact

59
Q

Where did the Crusades have a significant impact

A

Europe

60
Q

What did the crusaders conquest in Europe

A

Spain, Sicily, and the Baltic region

61
Q

What effect did the Crusaders have on Byzantium

A

they weakened it by sacking Constantinople

62
Q

What cultural influences spread to Europe because of the Crusades

A

Muslim scholarship and Greek learning

63
Q

What happened to cultural barriers because of the crusades

A

they hardened between peoples

64
Q

What was more developed? Western Europe or Byzantium, China, India, or the Islamic World

A

Byzantium, China, India, or the Islamic World

65
Q

How did Europeans feel about exchange from more advanced eastern civilizations

A

they were happy to exchange

66
Q

What did the Muslims regard the Europeans as

A

barbarians

67
Q

did Europeans recognize their own “backwardness”

A

yes

68
Q

Where was the most significant European borrowing from

A

China

69
Q

When did Europe catch up with China and the Islamic world, even surpassing them in some areas

A

1500

70
Q

What did political pluralism do to Western European civilization

A

it led to frequent wars and militarization and stimulated technological development

71
Q

Where states still able to communicate economically and intellectually due to pluralism (in Europe)

A

yes

72
Q

Where in Europe were rulers generally weaker

A

in the west

73
Q

What did faith have intellectual tension with

A

reason

74
Q

What did scholars begin to emphasize about the ability of human reason

A

that it could understand divine mysteries

75
Q

Where were Greek texts found

A

Byzantium and the Islamic world

76
Q

Whose writings had a deep impact and were the basis of university education

A

Aristotle

77
Q

Who dominated Western European thought between 1200 and 1700

A

Aristotle

78
Q

Did Byzantium have a deep impact from Aristotle

A

no

79
Q

Whose thoughts did the Islamic world have deep interaction with

A

Greek

World History I Honors (6 decks)

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