Chapter 7: Culture and Commerce Flashcards
What was one of the world’s most extensive and sustained networks of exchange
Silk Road
What did the Silk Road provide to Eurasia
unity and cohearance
What was the ecology of outer Eurasia
relatively warm and well watered (ex. China, Middle East, India, Mediterranean)
What was the ecology of inner Eurasia
harsher and drier climate, much of which is pastoral (eastern Russia, Central Asia)
What did states in the last 5 centuries B.C.E. and second wave civilizations attempt to control
pastoral peoples
What benefits did large states provide for trade networks
security for trade
What helped secure trade networks
large states
Why were luxury goods the main transport on the Silk Road
Because of high transport costs
What symbolized the Eurasian exchange system
silk
Who was first to have a monopoly on silk
China
What was used as currency in Central Asia
silk
What was known as a symbol of high status
silk
While silk road trade volume was ____, it was of economic and social importance
small
Who made market goods in China instead of crops
peasants in the Yangzi River delta of southern China
What was more important than the exchange of goods on the silk road
the exchange of cultures
How did Buddhism spread
through silk roads through Central and East Asia
Where was voluntary Buddhist conversion heavy
the oasis cities of Central Asia
Where did cities become centers of learning and commerce
In Central Asia
Where were characteristic disease patterns and ways to deal with them developed
In the major population centers of Afro-Eurasia
How did unfamiliar diseases spread
through long distance trade
How did the Black Death spread
the Mongol’s unification of much of Eurasia spreading diseases from far
Where did the Black Death kill many
Europe, China, the Islamic world, and the Central Asia steppes
What helped Europeans when they reached the Western Hemisphere after 1500
disease exchange
What was the most important sea road network until 1500
The Indian Ocean network
What was an avenue for commerce for and since the Phoenicians
The Mediterranean Ocean
What did the Mediterranean connect Europe to
the much greater trade in the Indian Ocean
Where was transportation cheaper
by sea
What made transportation of bulk goods possible
sea roads
What was discovered about wind which helped commerce by sea
monsoons
Was commerce between states or towns
towns
When did Indian Ocean trade start
in the age of the First Civilizations
What increased the tempo of sea commerce in the early centuries C.E.
knowledge of monsoons
Where was the main point of trade
India
What two things encouraged Indian Ocean trade
the economic and political revival of China and the rise of Islam in the 7th century
How did ocean commerce effect/transform Southeast Asia and East Africa
stimulation of political change and introduction of foreign religious ideas
What did Southeast Asia do to benefit from their strategic trade location
opening an all sea trade route in the Straits of Malacca (Malaysia) and made ports
What Malay kingdom emerged form competition and dominated trade from 670 to 1025 C.E.
Srivijaya
What provided Srivijaya with resources to create state
gold, access to spices, and taxes on ships
Where did elements of Indian culture (such as alphabets, art forms, political and religious ideas, and especially Buddhism) spread
Southeast Asia and the Sailendras Kingdom (in Central Java)
Where did elements of Chinese culture spread
Vietnam
Other than Buddhism what other Dharmic religion spread to Southeast Asia (especially in Champas and Angkor)
Hinduism
What Abrahamic religion later penetrated Southeast Asia
Islam
What civilization developed from a blend of Bantu and commercial life in the Indian Ocean (also developing Islamic beliefs)
the Swahili civilization (of East Africa)
What were East African products
gold, ivory, quartz, leopard skins, slaves, iron, and wood products
How did the Swahili civilization do on the East African coast
they flourished
How was the Swahili civilization governed
the urban cities were politically independent and were individually ruled by a king
Where did Swahili craft travel
along coastal waterways
How much did Swahili civilization participate in Indian Ocean trade
they had deep participation
What did Swahili language take many elements from
Arabic
Who visited the Swahili civilizations mostly
Arab, Persian, and Indian merchants
Where did much of the gold of East Africa come from
Great Zimbabwe
What was the biggest Sea Road trade route
The Indian Ocean trade network
Where did Sand Roads start
West Africa
What was trans-African trade based on
environmental variation
Where in Africa was there copper, salt deposits, and dates which were sold in the trans-African trade
in the Sahara
During the trans-African trade what did agricultural people farther south make and sell
crops, textiles, and mined gold
Where did the Swahili civilization trade other than the Indian Ocean to get goods such as gold
they traded with the interior parts of Africa
Where was the earliest trade in the Sahara region
agricultural peoples in Sudan
What happened to towns along the Sand Roads
They urbanized
What was the most famous Sudanese urban cluster
Jenne-jeno
What was a turning point in Sand Road trade for West Africa
camels
What did camels allow people to do
it made it possible to cross the Sahara
What did Saharan merchants especially want from West Africa
gold
Other than gold what did West Africa also have that was popular among merchants
Ivory, kola nuts, and slaves
What did trade encourage near the Saharan trade routes
new and larger political structures
What did the new and larger political structures at the Sahara trade roads all have a reputation for
a reputation for great riches and a monarchal rule
Where did most slaves in West Africa come from
societies which were raided farther south
What was the main religion which spread along the Sand Roads, their civilizations, as well as the Swahili civilizations
Islam
Was there interaction between the Western and Eastern Hemispheres
Not until the voyages of Columbus
What were the important limitations in the Americas which didn’t allow them to have such dense trade routes as Afro-Eurasia
lack of domesticated animals, large oceangoing ships, wheeled vehicles, and environmental obstacles (such as the Americas being in a north/south orientation)
What type of commerce flourished in the Americas
local and regional commerce
Since the Americas didn’t have long distance trade, what did this mean for the spread of culture
it wasn’t spread as widely
Where did a “loosely interactive web” exist in the Americas between civilizations
from the Great Lakes to the Andes
How fast did culture spread between the Great Lakes and Andes
gradually
Where were the two major trade routes of the Americas located
Mesoamerica and the Andes
How was the Andes trade network run
it was largely state run
Who traded in the Mesoamerican trade network
The Mayans, Teotihuacán, Aztecs, and Chaco canyon culture
What are the differences between the interconnections of the modern era and the premodern networks
most people still produced for their own consumption, smaller range of goods exchanged, fewer wageworkers, trade was in luxury goods, circuits of commerce were more limited, and had no single center
What is different between the world of third wave civilizations and the modern era
the world of third wave civilizations was more balanced and multi centered
What was traded in the Sea Roads
bulk goods such as textiles, spices, wheat, sugar, etc.
