Finals Flashcards
What is Microbiology?
The study of microorganisms too small to see with the naked eye.
What are microorganisms?
*Bacteria
*Viruses
*Fungi
*Protozoa
*Helminths
*Algae
Microscopic, unicellular organisms that lack nuclei and are membrane-bound organelles are ________
Prokaryotes
Unicellular (microscopic) and multicellular, nucleus and membrane-bound organelles are
Eukaryotes
Acellular, parasitic particles composed of a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA, never both) and protein, and are considered non-living are ______
Viruses
Single celled prokaryotes with a peptidoglycan cell wall that divide by binary fission and derive nutrition from organic or inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis are _______
Bacteria
Prokaryotes that lack a peptidoglycan cell wall but have pseudomurein, that often live in extreme environments are _______
Archaea
Acellular that consist of a DNA or RNA (never both) core that is surrounded by a protein coat, a coat that may be enclosed in a lipid envelope, and can only replicate when they are in a living host cell and are otherwise inert are ________
Viruses
Eukaryotes that have a distinct nucleus and chitin cell walls, and absorb organic chemicals for energy with unicellular yeasts and multicellular molds and mushrooms are ______
Fungi
Eukaryotes that absorb or ingest organic chemicals and may be motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella that are either free living or parasitic are _______
Protozoa
Eukaryotes with cellulose cell walls that are found in freshwater, saltwater, and soil that use photosynthesis for energy and produce oxygen and carbohydrates are ________
Algae
Eukaryotes that are multicellular animals that are not strictly microorganisms are ______
Helminths
Light fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material
Photosynthesis
Breakdown of dead matter and wastes into simple compounds
Decomposition
Production of foods, drugs, and vaccines using living organisms
Biotechnology
Manipulating the genes of organisms to make new products
Genetic engineering
Using living organisms to remedy an environmental problem
Bioremediation
What lives on or in the body of an organism that damages the host?
Parasites
Microbes that do harm are called?
Pathogens
An early belief that some forms of life could arise from vital forces present in nonliving or decomposing matters is ______ and was disproved by ______
Spontaneous generation
Louis Pasteur
What is the idea that living things can only arise form other living things?
Theory of biogenesis
Who was the Dutch linen merchant who was the first to observe living microbes by creating a single-lens magnified up to 300x
Antoine van Leeuwenhoek
Who demonstrated the presence of heat resistant forms of microbes
John Tyndall and Ferdinard Cohn
What requires the elimination of all life forms including endospores and viruses?
Sterility
Who observed that mothers of home births had fewer infections that those who gave birth in hospitals?
Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes
Who correlated infections with physicians coming directly from the autopsy room to the maternity ward?
Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis
Who introduced aseptic techniques to reduce microbes in medical settings and prevent wound infections
Joseph Lister
Who were the two major contributors of the Germ theory of disease?
Louis pasteur and Robert Koch
The theory that many diseases are caused by the growth of microbes in the body and not by sins, bad character, or poverty, etc. is called __________
The Germ Theory of Disease
Who was the scientist that showed microbes caused fermentation and spoilage, disproved spontaneous generation, developed pasteurization, and demonstrated what is now known as Germ Theory of Disease?
Louis Pasteur
A sequence of experimentation steps that verified the germ theory?
Koch’s postulates
Who identified cause of anthrax, TB, and cholera and developed pure culture methods?
Robert Koch
The organizing, classifying, and naming of living things?
Taxonomy
What is the levels of classification?
*Domain - Archaea, Bacteria, and UEukarya
Kingdom
Phylum (or division)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Strain
The ____ is capitalized, and _____ is lowercase (both are italicized or underlined)
Genus, species
The three domains of life are _______
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
What are the odd bacteria that live in extreme environments, high salt, heat, etc.
Archaea
What domain has a nucleus and organelle?
Eukarya
A population of cells or multicellular organisms growing in the absence of other species or types are ______
Pure Culture
The ability to enlarge objects?
Magnification
Smallest separation at which two separate objects can be distinguished (or rsesolved); ability to show detail (0.2µm)
Resolving power
_________ of the final image is a product of the separate magnifying powers of the two lenses (and what is the formula)
Total magnification
Objective power x ocular power = total magnification
What is the most widely used microscope that is used for live and preserved stained specimens?
Bright-Field
What is the microscope that brightly illuminates specimens?
Dark-Field
A modified microscope with an ultraviolet radiation source and filter that uses dyes that emit visible light when bombarded with shorter UV rays?
Fluorescence microscope
What microscope provides detailed three-dimensional view
Scanning electron microscopes
What allows examination of characteristics of live cells?
Wet Mounts and hanging drop mounts?
______ are made by drying and heating a film of specimen. This smear is stained using dyes to permit visualization of cells or cell parts.
Fixed mounts
A thin film of a solution of microbes on a slide is _____
A smear
______ is the coloring the microbe with a dye that emphasizes certain structures
Staining
_____ are cationic, positively charged chromophores
Basic Dyes
Surfaces of microbes that are negatively charged and attract basic dyes are called ______
Positive Staining
______ are anionic, negatively charged chromophore
Acidic dyes
______ are microbes that repels dye, then the dyes stain the background
Negative Staining
Use of a single basic dye is
Simple Stains
Classifies bacteria into gram-positive or gram-negative
Gram-Stain
Stained waxy cell walls is not decolorized by acid-alcohol
Acid-fast stain
What consists of one species?
Colony
What is chemical composition that is chemically defined?
Synthetic
What does not solidify?
Liquid Broth
What is the most commonly used solidifying agent?
Agar (Nutrient agar is what we use in lab)
Liquid medium containing beef extract and peptone
Nutrient broth
Solid media containing beef extract, peptone, and agar
Nutrient Agar
Whaat media contains at least one ingredient that is not chemically definalbe?
Complex
What media contains complex organic substances such as blood, serum, hemoglobin, or special growth factors required by fastidious microbes
Enriched media
What allows growth of several types of microbes and displays visible differences among those microbes
Differential media
What are the two basic cell types?
Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic
What are the Eukaryotic cells?
Algae, Fungi, helminth, protozoa
What are the prokaryotic cells?
Bacteria and archaea
What appendage is used for motility?
Flagella and axial filaments
What appendage is used for attachment?
Fimbriae
What appendage is used for conjugation/exchanging of nucleic acid?
Pili
What is the surface coating of a cell?
Glycocalyx
What is the small bunches emerging from the same site?
Lophotrichous
What is the single flagellum at one end?
Monotrichous
What flagella is at both ends of the cell?
Amphitrichous
What flagella is dispersed over surface of cell?
Peritrichous
What is the function to join bacterial cells for partial DNA transfer?
Conjugation
A ______ is a loosely organized and attached type of cell wall?
Slime layer
A ________ is a highly organized and tightly attached type of cell wall?
Capsule
A thick cell wall composed primarily of peptidoglycan and cell membrane is called?
Gram-positive bacteria
An outer cell membrane with a thin peptidoglycan layer and cell membrane
Gram-negative bacteria
Unique macromolecule composed of a repeating framework of long glycan chains cross-linked by short peptide fragments is called?
Peptidoglycan
N-acetylglucosamine is abbreviated as
NAG
N-acetylmuramic acid is abbreviated as
NAM
Gram positive cell walls include _______ acid and _______ acid
Teichoic and lipoteichoic
what does the outer membrane of a gram-negative cell wall contain
lipopolysaccharides (lps)
What retains cystal violet and stains purple?
Gram-Positive
What loses the crystal violet and stain pink from safranin counterstain?
Gram negative
A single, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that contains all the genetic information required by a cell?
Chromosome
Free small circular, double-stranded DNA that are not essential to bacterial growth and metabolism?
Plasmids
What are found in all cells and are the site of protein synthesis?
Ribosomes
What is the formation of endospores?
Sporulation
What is the return to vegetative growth?
Germination
What is the general size of viruses?
Ultramicroscopic - most <0.2 μm; require electron microscope
_______ are the most abundant microbes on earth
viruses
What are obligate intracellular parasites?
Viruses
All viruses have _____, a protein coat that encloses and protect their nucleic acid
Capsids
The Capsid together with the nucleic acid is the ________
nucleocapsid
Some viruses have an external covering called an ______, but those that don’t have one are _______
Envelope, naked
Each capsid is made of identical protein subunits called ______
Capsomers
A continuous helix of capsomers forming a cylindrical nucleocapsid is called
Helical
A three-dimensional, symmetrical polygon with 20 sides and 12 evenly spaced corners is called
Icosahedral
An atypical virus that lacksd a typical capsid and are covered by a dense layer of lipoproteins
Poxviruses
this aytpical virus have a polyhedral nucleocapsid along with a helical tail and attachment fibers
Bacteriophages
The viral genome is
Either DNA OR RNA, never BOTH
DNA viruses are usually _____ stranded, and can be _____ or _____
Double stranded, circular or linear
RNA viruses are usually ________
Single stranded
What synthesizes DNA or RNA
Polymerases
What copies DNA?
Replicases
What synthesizes of DNA from RNA, typically found in HIV virus?
Reverse transcriptase
When a nucleocapsid binds to membrane which pinches off and sheds the enveloped viruses gradually, not immediately destroying the cell, is called _____
Exocytosis
happens in nonenveloped and complex, viruses released when cell dies or ruptures, is called
Lysis
Cultured cell support viral replication and permit observation of cytopahtic effects
Cell Tissue cultures
Misfolded proteins that contain no nucleic acid are called
Prions
Basic requirements for life (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen, sulfur, calcium, iron, sodium, chlorine, magnesium)
Bio elements
Substance (element or compound) an organism must get from a source outside it cells
Essential nutrients
Required in large quantities, play principal roles in cell structure and metabolism (Proteins, carbohydrates)
Macronutrients
Contains carbon and hydrogen atoms and are usually the product of living things
Organic nutrients
Atom of molecule that contains a combination of atoms other than carbon and hydrogen
Inorganic nutrients
What are the 6 elements that composes 96% of a cell?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur, nitrogen
A ______ Must obtain carbon in an organic forum such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids made by other living organisms?
Heterotroph
An organism that uses CO2, an inorganic gas, as its carbon source
Autotroph
Gains energy from chemical compounds?
Chemotroph
Gain energy through photosynthesis
Phototrophs
Free living microorganisms that feed an organic detritus from dead organisms
Saprobes
Derive nutrients from Host
Parasites
Does not require energy; substances exist in a gradient and move from areas of higher concentration toward areas of lower concentration
Passive Transport
Requires energy and carrier proteins; gradient independent
Active transport
Net diffusion of water is into the cell; this swells the protoplast and pushes it tightly against the wall. Wall usually prevents cell from bursting. What is this called?
Hypotonic solution
Water diffuses out of the cell and shrinks the cell membrane away from the cell wall in a process known as plasmolysis. What is this called?
Hypertonic solution
Bringing substances into the cell through a vesicle or phagosome
Endocytosis
Ingests substances or cells
Phagocytosiss
Ingests fluids or/or dissolved substances
Pinocytosis
A totality of adaptations organisms makes to their habitat is called _____
Niche
Optimum temperature below 15C, capable of growth at 0C
Psychrophiles
Optimum temperature 20-40C, most human pathogens
Mesophiles
Optimum temperature greater than 45C
Thermophiles
Does not utilize oxygen
Anaerobe
Lacks the enzymes to detoxify oxygen so cannot survive in an oxygen environment
Obligate anaerobe
Do not utilize oxygen but can survive and grow in its presence
Aerotolerant anaerobes
Utilizes oxygen and can detoxify it
Aerobe
Cannot grow without oxygen
Obligate aerobe
Utilizes oxygen but can also grow in its absence
Facultative anerobe
Requires only a small amount of oxygen
Microaerophile
Majority of microorganisms that grow at a pH between 6 and 8 is called?
Neutrophiles
Grow at extreme acid pH
Acidophiles
Grow at extreme alkaline pH
Alkalnoiphiles
Requires a high concentration of salt (halophile)
Osmophilic
Do not require high concentration of solute
Osmotolerant
Obligatory, dependent; both members benefits
Mutualism
The commensal benefits; other member not harmed
Commensalism
Parasite is dependent and benefits; host harmed
Parasitism
Members cooperate and share nutrients (a dung beetle pushing a ball of poop)
Syntrophy
Some members are inhibited or destroyed by others
Amensalism
