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Microbio > Finals > Flashcards

Finals Flashcards

1
Q

What is Microbiology?

A

The study of microorganisms too small to see with the naked eye.

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2
Q

What are microorganisms?

A

*Bacteria
*Viruses
*Fungi
*Protozoa
*Helminths
*Algae

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3
Q

Microscopic, unicellular organisms that lack nuclei and are membrane-bound organelles are ________

A

Prokaryotes

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4
Q

Unicellular (microscopic) and multicellular, nucleus and membrane-bound organelles are

A

Eukaryotes

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5
Q

Acellular, parasitic particles composed of a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA, never both) and protein, and are considered non-living are ______

A

Viruses

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6
Q

Single celled prokaryotes with a peptidoglycan cell wall that divide by binary fission and derive nutrition from organic or inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis are _______

A

Bacteria

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7
Q

Prokaryotes that lack a peptidoglycan cell wall but have pseudomurein, that often live in extreme environments are _______

A

Archaea

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8
Q

Acellular that consist of a DNA or RNA (never both) core that is surrounded by a protein coat, a coat that may be enclosed in a lipid envelope, and can only replicate when they are in a living host cell and are otherwise inert are ________

A

Viruses

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9
Q

Eukaryotes that have a distinct nucleus and chitin cell walls, and absorb organic chemicals for energy with unicellular yeasts and multicellular molds and mushrooms are ______

A

Fungi

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10
Q

Eukaryotes that absorb or ingest organic chemicals and may be motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella that are either free living or parasitic are _______

A

Protozoa

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11
Q

Eukaryotes with cellulose cell walls that are found in freshwater, saltwater, and soil that use photosynthesis for energy and produce oxygen and carbohydrates are ________

A

Algae

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12
Q

Eukaryotes that are multicellular animals that are not strictly microorganisms are ______

A

Helminths

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13
Q

Light fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material

A

Photosynthesis

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14
Q

Breakdown of dead matter and wastes into simple compounds

A

Decomposition

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15
Q

Production of foods, drugs, and vaccines using living organisms

A

Biotechnology

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16
Q

Manipulating the genes of organisms to make new products

A

Genetic engineering

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17
Q

Using living organisms to remedy an environmental problem

A

Bioremediation

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18
Q

What lives on or in the body of an organism that damages the host?

A

Parasites

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19
Q

Microbes that do harm are called?

A

Pathogens

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20
Q

An early belief that some forms of life could arise from vital forces present in nonliving or decomposing matters is ______ and was disproved by ______

A

Spontaneous generation

Louis Pasteur

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21
Q

What is the idea that living things can only arise form other living things?

A

Theory of biogenesis

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22
Q

Who was the Dutch linen merchant who was the first to observe living microbes by creating a single-lens magnified up to 300x

A

Antoine van Leeuwenhoek

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23
Q

Who demonstrated the presence of heat resistant forms of microbes

A

John Tyndall and Ferdinard Cohn

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24
Q

What requires the elimination of all life forms including endospores and viruses?

A

Sterility

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25
Q

Who observed that mothers of home births had fewer infections that those who gave birth in hospitals?

A

Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes

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26
Q

Who correlated infections with physicians coming directly from the autopsy room to the maternity ward?

A

Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis

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27
Q

Who introduced aseptic techniques to reduce microbes in medical settings and prevent wound infections

A

Joseph Lister

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28
Q

Who were the two major contributors of the Germ theory of disease?

A

Louis pasteur and Robert Koch

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29
Q

The theory that many diseases are caused by the growth of microbes in the body and not by sins, bad character, or poverty, etc. is called __________

A

The Germ Theory of Disease

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30
Q

Who was the scientist that showed microbes caused fermentation and spoilage, disproved spontaneous generation, developed pasteurization, and demonstrated what is now known as Germ Theory of Disease?

A

Louis Pasteur

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31
Q

A sequence of experimentation steps that verified the germ theory?

A

Koch’s postulates

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32
Q

Who identified cause of anthrax, TB, and cholera and developed pure culture methods?

A

Robert Koch

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33
Q

The organizing, classifying, and naming of living things?

A

Taxonomy

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34
Q

What is the levels of classification?

A

*Domain - Archaea, Bacteria, and UEukarya
Kingdom
Phylum (or division)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Strain

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35
Q

The ____ is capitalized, and _____ is lowercase (both are italicized or underlined)

A

Genus, species

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36
Q

The three domains of life are _______

A

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

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37
Q

What are the odd bacteria that live in extreme environments, high salt, heat, etc.

A

Archaea

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38
Q

What domain has a nucleus and organelle?

A

Eukarya

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39
Q

A population of cells or multicellular organisms growing in the absence of other species or types are ______

A

Pure Culture

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40
Q

The ability to enlarge objects?

A

Magnification

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41
Q

Smallest separation at which two separate objects can be distinguished (or rsesolved); ability to show detail (0.2µm)

A

Resolving power

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42
Q

_________ of the final image is a product of the separate magnifying powers of the two lenses (and what is the formula)

A

Total magnification

Objective power x ocular power = total magnification

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43
Q

What is the most widely used microscope that is used for live and preserved stained specimens?

A

Bright-Field

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44
Q

What is the microscope that brightly illuminates specimens?

A

Dark-Field

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45
Q

A modified microscope with an ultraviolet radiation source and filter that uses dyes that emit visible light when bombarded with shorter UV rays?

A

Fluorescence microscope

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46
Q

What microscope provides detailed three-dimensional view

A

Scanning electron microscopes

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47
Q

What allows examination of characteristics of live cells?

A

Wet Mounts and hanging drop mounts?

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48
Q

______ are made by drying and heating a film of specimen. This smear is stained using dyes to permit visualization of cells or cell parts.

A

Fixed mounts

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49
Q

A thin film of a solution of microbes on a slide is _____

A

A smear

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50
Q

______ is the coloring the microbe with a dye that emphasizes certain structures

A

Staining

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51
Q

_____ are cationic, positively charged chromophores

A

Basic Dyes

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52
Q

Surfaces of microbes that are negatively charged and attract basic dyes are called ______

A

Positive Staining

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53
Q

______ are anionic, negatively charged chromophore

A

Acidic dyes

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54
Q

______ are microbes that repels dye, then the dyes stain the background

A

Negative Staining

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55
Q

Use of a single basic dye is

A

Simple Stains

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56
Q

Classifies bacteria into gram-positive or gram-negative

A

Gram-Stain

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57
Q

Stained waxy cell walls is not decolorized by acid-alcohol

A

Acid-fast stain

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58
Q

What consists of one species?

A

Colony

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59
Q

What is chemical composition that is chemically defined?

A

Synthetic

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60
Q

What does not solidify?

A

Liquid Broth

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61
Q

What is the most commonly used solidifying agent?

A

Agar (Nutrient agar is what we use in lab)

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62
Q

Liquid medium containing beef extract and peptone

A

Nutrient broth

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63
Q

Solid media containing beef extract, peptone, and agar

A

Nutrient Agar

64
Q

Whaat media contains at least one ingredient that is not chemically definalbe?

A

Complex

65
Q

What media contains complex organic substances such as blood, serum, hemoglobin, or special growth factors required by fastidious microbes

A

Enriched media

66
Q

What allows growth of several types of microbes and displays visible differences among those microbes

A

Differential media

67
Q

What are the two basic cell types?

A

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic

68
Q

What are the Eukaryotic cells?

A

Algae, Fungi, helminth, protozoa

69
Q

What are the prokaryotic cells?

A

Bacteria and archaea

70
Q

What appendage is used for motility?

A

Flagella and axial filaments

71
Q

What appendage is used for attachment?

A

Fimbriae

72
Q

What appendage is used for conjugation/exchanging of nucleic acid?

A

Pili

73
Q

What is the surface coating of a cell?

A

Glycocalyx

74
Q

What is the small bunches emerging from the same site?

A

Lophotrichous

75
Q

What is the single flagellum at one end?

A

Monotrichous

76
Q

What flagella is at both ends of the cell?

A

Amphitrichous

77
Q

What flagella is dispersed over surface of cell?

A

Peritrichous

78
Q

What is the function to join bacterial cells for partial DNA transfer?

A

Conjugation

79
Q

A ______ is a loosely organized and attached type of cell wall?

A

Slime layer

80
Q

A ________ is a highly organized and tightly attached type of cell wall?

A

Capsule

81
Q

A thick cell wall composed primarily of peptidoglycan and cell membrane is called?

A

Gram-positive bacteria

82
Q

An outer cell membrane with a thin peptidoglycan layer and cell membrane

A

Gram-negative bacteria

83
Q

Unique macromolecule composed of a repeating framework of long glycan chains cross-linked by short peptide fragments is called?

A

Peptidoglycan

84
Q

N-acetylglucosamine is abbreviated as

A

NAG

85
Q

N-acetylmuramic acid is abbreviated as

A

NAM

86
Q

Gram positive cell walls include _______ acid and _______ acid

A

Teichoic and lipoteichoic

87
Q

what does the outer membrane of a gram-negative cell wall contain

A

lipopolysaccharides (lps)

88
Q

What retains cystal violet and stains purple?

A

Gram-Positive

89
Q

What loses the crystal violet and stain pink from safranin counterstain?

A

Gram negative

90
Q

A single, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that contains all the genetic information required by a cell?

A

Chromosome

91
Q

Free small circular, double-stranded DNA that are not essential to bacterial growth and metabolism?

A

Plasmids

92
Q

What are found in all cells and are the site of protein synthesis?

A

Ribosomes

93
Q

What is the formation of endospores?

A

Sporulation

94
Q

What is the return to vegetative growth?

A

Germination

95
Q

What is the general size of viruses?

A

Ultramicroscopic - most <0.2 μm; require electron microscope

96
Q

_______ are the most abundant microbes on earth

A

viruses

97
Q

What are obligate intracellular parasites?

A

Viruses

98
Q

All viruses have _____, a protein coat that encloses and protect their nucleic acid

A

Capsids

99
Q

The Capsid together with the nucleic acid is the ________

A

nucleocapsid

100
Q

Some viruses have an external covering called an ______, but those that don’t have one are _______

A

Envelope, naked

101
Q

Each capsid is made of identical protein subunits called ______

A

Capsomers

102
Q

A continuous helix of capsomers forming a cylindrical nucleocapsid is called

A

Helical

103
Q

A three-dimensional, symmetrical polygon with 20 sides and 12 evenly spaced corners is called

A

Icosahedral

104
Q

An atypical virus that lacksd a typical capsid and are covered by a dense layer of lipoproteins

A

Poxviruses

105
Q

this aytpical virus have a polyhedral nucleocapsid along with a helical tail and attachment fibers

A

Bacteriophages

106
Q

The viral genome is

A

Either DNA OR RNA, never BOTH

107
Q

DNA viruses are usually _____ stranded, and can be _____ or _____

A

Double stranded, circular or linear

108
Q

RNA viruses are usually ________

A

Single stranded

109
Q

What synthesizes DNA or RNA

A

Polymerases

110
Q

What copies DNA?

A

Replicases

111
Q

What synthesizes of DNA from RNA, typically found in HIV virus?

A

Reverse transcriptase

112
Q

When a nucleocapsid binds to membrane which pinches off and sheds the enveloped viruses gradually, not immediately destroying the cell, is called _____

A

Exocytosis

113
Q

happens in nonenveloped and complex, viruses released when cell dies or ruptures, is called

A

Lysis

114
Q

Cultured cell support viral replication and permit observation of cytopahtic effects

A

Cell Tissue cultures

115
Q

Misfolded proteins that contain no nucleic acid are called

A

Prions

116
Q

Basic requirements for life (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen, sulfur, calcium, iron, sodium, chlorine, magnesium)

A

Bio elements

117
Q

Substance (element or compound) an organism must get from a source outside it cells

A

Essential nutrients

118
Q

Required in large quantities, play principal roles in cell structure and metabolism (Proteins, carbohydrates)

A

Macronutrients

119
Q

Contains carbon and hydrogen atoms and are usually the product of living things

A

Organic nutrients

120
Q

Atom of molecule that contains a combination of atoms other than carbon and hydrogen

A

Inorganic nutrients

121
Q

What are the 6 elements that composes 96% of a cell?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur, nitrogen

122
Q

A ______ Must obtain carbon in an organic forum such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids made by other living organisms?

A

Heterotroph

123
Q

An organism that uses CO2, an inorganic gas, as its carbon source

A

Autotroph

124
Q

Gains energy from chemical compounds?

A

Chemotroph

125
Q

Gain energy through photosynthesis

A

Phototrophs

126
Q

Free living microorganisms that feed an organic detritus from dead organisms

A

Saprobes

127
Q

Derive nutrients from Host

A

Parasites

128
Q

Does not require energy; substances exist in a gradient and move from areas of higher concentration toward areas of lower concentration

A

Passive Transport

129
Q

Requires energy and carrier proteins; gradient independent

A

Active transport

130
Q

Net diffusion of water is into the cell; this swells the protoplast and pushes it tightly against the wall. Wall usually prevents cell from bursting. What is this called?

A

Hypotonic solution

131
Q

Water diffuses out of the cell and shrinks the cell membrane away from the cell wall in a process known as plasmolysis. What is this called?

A

Hypertonic solution

132
Q

Bringing substances into the cell through a vesicle or phagosome

A

Endocytosis

133
Q

Ingests substances or cells

A

Phagocytosiss

134
Q

Ingests fluids or/or dissolved substances

A

Pinocytosis

135
Q

A totality of adaptations organisms makes to their habitat is called _____

A

Niche

136
Q

Optimum temperature below 15C, capable of growth at 0C

A

Psychrophiles

137
Q

Optimum temperature 20-40C, most human pathogens

A

Mesophiles

138
Q

Optimum temperature greater than 45C

A

Thermophiles

139
Q

Does not utilize oxygen

A

Anaerobe

140
Q

Lacks the enzymes to detoxify oxygen so cannot survive in an oxygen environment

A

Obligate anaerobe

141
Q

Do not utilize oxygen but can survive and grow in its presence

A

Aerotolerant anaerobes

142
Q

Utilizes oxygen and can detoxify it

A

Aerobe

143
Q

Cannot grow without oxygen

A

Obligate aerobe

144
Q

Utilizes oxygen but can also grow in its absence

A

Facultative anerobe

145
Q

Requires only a small amount of oxygen

A

Microaerophile

146
Q

Majority of microorganisms that grow at a pH between 6 and 8 is called?

A

Neutrophiles

147
Q

Grow at extreme acid pH

A

Acidophiles

148
Q

Grow at extreme alkaline pH

A

Alkalnoiphiles

149
Q

Requires a high concentration of salt (halophile)

A

Osmophilic

150
Q

Do not require high concentration of solute

A

Osmotolerant

151
Q

Obligatory, dependent; both members benefits

A

Mutualism

152
Q

The commensal benefits; other member not harmed

A

Commensalism

153
Q

Parasite is dependent and benefits; host harmed

A

Parasitism

154
Q

Members cooperate and share nutrients (a dung beetle pushing a ball of poop)

A

Syntrophy

155
Q

Some members are inhibited or destroyed by others

A

Amensalism

156
Q
A

Microbio (5 decks)

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