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Genetics > Final Vocab > Flashcards

Final Vocab Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Alleles that cause an organism to die only when present in a homozygous condition

A

lethal allele

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2
Q

the sex that possesses two similar sex chromosomes

A

heterogametic sex

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3
Q

a circumstance where the expression of one gene is modified by expression of one or more other genes

A

epistasis

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4
Q

a type of dominance characterized by a phenotype that is more pronounced in a heterozygote relative to a homozygote

A

overdominance

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5
Q

a class of hypotheses that view organelles in eukaryotic cells as descendants of endosymbionts

A

endosymbiosis theory

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6
Q

a microbial cell that has come to live stably inside another microbial cell (host)

A

endosymbiont

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7
Q

sex determination system in which males develop from unfertilized eggs and are haploid and females from fertilized eggs and are diploid

A

haplodiploid

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8
Q

a form of gene interaction in which both alleles of a gene at a locus are partially expressed, often resulting in an intermediate or different phenotype

A

incomplete dominance

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9
Q

a densely staining inactivated condensed X chromosome that is present in each somatic cell of most female mammals and is used as a test of genetic femaleness

A

barr body

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10
Q

the situation where the phenotype of the offspring is influenced by the environment experienced by the mother

A

maternal effect

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11
Q

a cell containing two copies of each chromosome

A

diploid

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12
Q

the closeness of genes or other DNA sequences to one another on the same chromosome

A

genetic linkage

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13
Q

the movement of genetic information between organisms (e.x. antibiotic resistance)

A

horizontal gene transfer

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14
Q

a unit for measuring genetic linkage

A

map unit

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15
Q

the process by which one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct contact

A

conjugation

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16
Q

the process by which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another via a virus

A

transduction

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17
Q

the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material from its surroundings through the cell membranes

A

transformation

18
Q

a small circular DNA molecule found in bacteria and some other microscopic organisms

A

plasmid

19
Q

when sperm cells fertilize both the egg and the polar body and the two zygotes may interact and swap cell combinations

A

bilateral gynandromorph

20
Q

artificially synthesized 19-23 nucleotide long double-stranded RNA molecules

A

short interfering RNA

21
Q

the process of turning genes on and off

A

gene regulation

22
Q

cis-acting DNA sequences that can increase the transcription of genes

A

enhancer

23
Q

short stretches of palindromic DNA with the sequence “CpG” that code for the same sequence in the complimentary strand

A

CpG island

24
Q

the fusion of two accrocentric chromosomes at the centromeres

A

robertsonian translocation

25
Q

a DNA molecule (often plasmid or virus) that is used as a vehicle to carry a particular DNA segment into a host cell as part of a cloning or recombinant DNA

A

vector

26
Q

any class of enzymes capable of binding to the end of a transposon and catalyzing its movement to another part of the genome

A

transposase

27
Q

denotes the heat-stable DNA polymerase used to automate the repetitive steps in the polymerase chain reaction technique

A

taq polymerase

28
Q

short stretches of DNA that target unique sequences and help identify a unique part of a genome

A

primer

29
Q

the process of isolating a DNA sequence of interest for the purpose of making multiple copies

A

gene cloning

30
Q

determining the order of the four chemical building blocks (bases) that make up the DNA molecule

A

DNA sequencing

31
Q

mobile DNA sequences that propogate within genomes

A

transposable element

32
Q

a difference in the size of DNA restriction fragments (restriction map) between individuals

A

RFLP map

33
Q

a single gene affecting mutliple traits

A

pleiotropy

34
Q

traits that are influenced by genes carried on the sex chromosomes

A

sex linked gene

35
Q

traits that tend to run in families because affected individuals have relatives who share genes with them

A

polygenic threshold

36
Q

a protein involved in the removal of introns from strings of messenger RNA so that exons can bind together

A

splicing factors

37
Q

segment of DNA to which a repressor binds

A

operator

38
Q

the use of biology to develop new products, methods, and organisms

A

biotechnology

39
Q

homologous recombination that involves the unidirectional transfer of genetic material from a ‘donor’ sequence to a highly homologous ‘acceptor’

A

gene conversion

40
Q

a reproductive cell of the body

A

germ cell

Genetics (5 decks)

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