Exam 1: final review

Question 1

A variation of a gene is called an ________

Answer 1

allele

Question 2

a piece of DNA that encodes many proteins and functional RNAs and is bound tightly during mitosis is called _________

Answer 2

a chromosome

Question 3

if a geneticist is studying the prevalence of a trait in a species they are at the ___________ level of study

Answer 3

population

Question 4

which of the following is not a component of the DNA or RNA backbone?
A. ribose
B. phosphate
C. nucleotide bases
D. deoxyribose

Answer 4

C. nucelotide bases

Question 5

the probability that a seed pod has a yellow seed and then a green seed and then two yellow seeds and then a green seed can be calculated using __________

Answer 5

the product rule

Question 6

which of the following statements regarding natural selection are true?
A. genotypes increasing in frequency in a population are under negative selection
B. gene sequences in organisms must change for natural selection to occur
C. selection strength is not affected by the environment
D. phenotype must be affected for natural selection to act on genetic changes

Answer 6

A. phenotype must be affected for natural selection to act on genetic changes

Question 7

In humans, patterns of inheritance are often studied using which of the following?
A. A dihybrid testcross
B. self-fertilization
C. producing true breeding lines
D. pedigree analysis
E. none of the above

Answer 7

D. pedigree analysis

Question 8

using mendels flower color (purple is dominant, white is recessive), if two heterozygous plants are crossed, what is the probability that the first two offspring will have purple flowers

Answer 8

56.25% or 9/16

Question 9

what genotype/phenotype would you use to perform a testcross to determine an unknown genotype of two traits in an organism

Answer 9

double homozygous recessive

Question 10

The advantage of ___________ is short read, but huge amounts of data
The advantage of ___________ is longer reads, less data and more costly, also more time consuming
The advantage of ___________ is only single DNA sequences at once, very specific, bases added one at a time

Answer 10

Illumina
Roche 454
sanger dideoxy sequencing

Question 11

which of the following would contain the same genes, in the same order but are not 100% identical
A. sister chromatids
B. homologous chromosomes
C. Chromosome 3 from a chimp and human
D. all answers are correct

Answer 11

B. homologous chromosome

Question 12

What is the mRNA sequence from this coding strand of DNA:
5’ CGTAAGTA 3’

Answer 12

5’ CGUAAGUA 3’

Question 13

which of the following phenomena results in the largest change in genome size?
A. Polyploidization
B. Gene Loss
C. Horizontal gene transfer
D. gene family expansion

Answer 13

polyploidization

Question 14

which of the following statements about bacteria are true?
A. bacteria usually have nuclei
B. bacterial chromosomes are usually larger than most animal chromosomes
C. bacterial chromosomes are usually circular
D. bacteria usually have multiple chromosomes

Answer 14

C. bacterial chromosomes are usually circular

Question 15

Which protein unwinds the DNA during DNA replication?

Answer 15

DNA helicase

Question 16

Which group of organisms has the highest percentage of functional, transcribed DNA?

Answer 16

A bacterium

Question 17

Where is extranuclear DNA located in mammalian cells?

Answer 17

mitochondrion

Question 18

which of the following processes depends on complementary base pairing?
A. protein translation
B. RNA transcription
C. hybridization
A. all of the above

Answer 18

all of the above

Question 19

Alternative splicing refers to the process where multiple _________ are produced from one __________. This process is most common in ________, occurs less frequently in ___________ like C. elegans, and does not happen in ___________.

Answer 19

gene products, gene, mammals, nematode, bacteria

Question 20

T/F: after the DNA copy checkpoints and proofreading is complete, DNA replication is perfect

Answer 20

False

Question 21

T/F: when Mendel published his work it was an immediate success and changed science. He died a hero to science

Answer 21

false

Question 22

T/F: When the word “dominant” is used to describe an allele, it is the allele that will be expressed in a heterozygote and it will eventually go to fixation in a population

Answer 22

false

Question 23

Mendel’s law of segregation refers to the fact that the two alleles for a gene in a diploid organism separate during gamete formation and each gamete receives only one of these alleles

Answer 23

True

Question 24

T/F: genome size and chromosome number do not increase with organism complexity when looking at the whole picture of life

Answer 24

false

Question 25

T/F: understanding genetics is critical to understanding all biological fields

Answer 25

true

Question 26

__________ genes in different species that evolved from a common ancestral gene by speciation

Answer 26

ortholog

Question 27

_________ is a type of mutation in which a base is lost and a frameshift is caused in the ORF

Answer 27

deletion

Question 28

___________ obtaining a genetic sequence using DIdeoxy terminators, best for single genes across diverse taxa, not whole genomes

Answer 28

sanger sequencing

Question 29

__________ the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment

Answer 29

phenotype

Question 30

_________ defines the probable origin of the mitochondrion and chloroplast

Answer 30

endosymbiosis theory

Question 31

__________ alleles not expressed in a heterozygous locus

Answer 31

recessive

Question 32

__________ adenine and guanine

Answer 32

purines

Question 33

__________ genes in a single genome that evolved from a common ancestral gene by gene duplication

Answer 33

paralog

Question 34

framework of genetic information going from DNA to protein

Answer 34

central dogma of molecular biology

Question 35

_____________ fluorescent in-situ hybridization

Answer 35

FISH

Question 36

_____________ a protein that binds to DNA and regulates gene expression by promoting or supressing transcription

Answer 36

transcription factors

Question 37

______________ the genetic makeup of an organism

Answer 37

genotype