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Genetics > Exam 2: final review > Flashcards

Exam 2: final review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

a homozygous black beetle (BBSS) is crossed with a red-streaked homozygous beetle (bbss) and all offspring are BbSs. The F1 generation heterozygotes are crossed with odd results. From 3194 beetles, there were 1742 black beetles, 1452 red streaked beetles. what type of inheritance is this?

A

recessive epistasis, two genes with one trait

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2
Q

which of the following happens in both mitosis and meiosis?
A. segregation of homologous chromosomes
B. reduction in chromosome number
C. pairing of homologous chromosomes

A

segregation of homologous chromosomes

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3
Q

in 1959, the french physician Jerome lejuene identified down syndrome as a chromosomal condition. Lejuene observed _________ chromosomes in the cells of individuals with down syndrome

A

47

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4
Q

how does the incidence of births with trisomy 21 change between maternal age of 25 and 40 years?

A

increased approximately 10 fold

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5
Q

during meiosis, the synaptonemal complex is essential for

A

formation of chiasmata

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6
Q

in the case of human oocyte development, meiosis is arrested in prophase I for _____

A

years

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7
Q

gene transfer via transduction can occur when _________ infect ________

A

viruses, bacteria

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8
Q

in the case of F plasmid conjugation __________ are the recipient cells and __________ are the donor cells with conjugation machinery in the main chromosomes

A

F-, Hfr

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9
Q

which of the following requires epigenetics

A

dosage compensation in humans

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10
Q

in meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair and synapse before segregation in meiosis I. how is it possible for X and Y chromosomes in humans, which are very different to pair with one another?

A

some DNA genes are found on both the X and Y chromosomes, pseudoautosomal inheritance

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11
Q

haplodiploidy in scale insects happens due to

A

paternal genome elimination in males

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12
Q

what leads to gametes receiving the incorrect numbers of sex chromosomes?

A

non-disjunction

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13
Q

hemophilia in humans is due to an X-chromosome mutation. What will be the results of mating between a normal (non-carrier) female and a hemophiliac male?

A

all of the sons are normal and all the daughters are carriers

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14
Q

in a cross between a white eyes female fruit fly and a red-eyed male, what percent of the female offspring will have white eyes? (white eyes are X-linked recessive)

A

0%

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15
Q

_____________ is the condition in which the complete expression of both alleles of a given gene pair is observed; that is, the expression of neither allele influences the expression of the other

A

co-dominance

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16
Q

when two individuals with the same phenotypic trait mate and have offspring lacking the trait because they had separate genes causing the same phenotypic trait but the negative trait canceled out it is called?

A

complementation

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17
Q

antibiotic resistance genes can be passed via __________
A. vertical transmission
B. horizontal transmission: conjugation
C. horizontal transmission: transformation
D. all of the above

A

all of the above

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18
Q

retrotransposons have a _________ intermediate

A

RNA

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19
Q

the Ds locus in corn is responsible for changing color of the corn kernel, but it cannot do it without the ___________ locus

A

Ac

20
Q

transposition was first discovered by ________

A

barbara mclintok

21
Q

when doing molecular cloning, you are trying to get DNA inside the beta-galactosidase gene, inside a plasmid, inside an E. coli cell. You know it was successful by the color of the colony. You should always pick the ________ colonies

A

white

22
Q

the shape of the comb in chickens is controlled by

A

two genes with two alleles

23
Q

how many bases are in the human genome?

A

3.3 billion

24
Q

T/F: normal recessive genes typically do not produce functional products

A

False

25
Q

T/F: Mendel’s law of independent assortment suggests that the inheritance of one gene or trait does not influence the inheritance of a separate unlinked trait

A

True

26
Q

T/F: coat color in labrador retrievers is usually yellow, black, or chocolate brown. This is determined by alleles of the E gene and the B gene. Dogs with recessive e alleles (ee) are yellow, even when the B locus is functional. This means that there is an epistatic relationship between the E gene and the B gene

A

True

27
Q

T/F: experiments in mice found that XY individuals missing a small region of the Y chromosome developed as females. This suggested that the presence of the Y chromosome was critical in determining sex

A

True

28
Q

In the ABO blood system, what genotypes do two parents need to have in order to produce children with all the possible ABO blood types?

A

IBi, IAi

29
Q

Phenotypes are not always inherited in a predictable mendelian manner. Which of the following are possible reasons for this? please select all that apply
A. a trait may be affected by the environment
B. traits may be influenced by multiple genes
C. meiosis is required for Mendelian inheritance
D. alleles may not be completely dominant

A

A, B, D

30
Q

which of the following are dosage supression mechanisms?
A. X-inactivation
B. Y overexpression
C. X overexpression
D. RNA inactivation
E. X under expression

A

A, C, E

31
Q

___________ two identical chromosomes resulting from replication and condensation

A

chromatids

32
Q

___________ two near identical chromosomes, one paternal and one maternal in origin

A

Homologs

33
Q

___________ protein polymer that extends from the centrosome to the chromosomes during anaphase

A

microtubule

34
Q

___________ protein complex that binds specifically to the centromeric region of chromosomes and is essential for spindle attachment to chromosomes

A

kinetochore

35
Q

___________ protein complex that prevents movement of chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell until cleaved by seperase

A

cohesin

36
Q

in ________ males are homogametic

A

birds

37
Q

In ________ temperature is involved in sex determination

A

turtles

38
Q

in _________ the male chromosome is smaller than the female chromosome

A

humans

39
Q

in ___________ the number of X chromosomes determines sex

A

drosophilia

40
Q

in __________ haplodiploidy - males from unfertilized eggs

A

bees and wasps

41
Q

__________ when the cels of an organism carry two copies of each chromosome

A

diploid

42
Q

___________ gene that is on one of the sex chromosomes

A

sex linked gene

43
Q

_____________ an allele that has the potential of causing death of an organism, often recessive

A

lethal allele

44
Q

___________ the gene that causes maleness in humans and other mammals

A

sry gene

45
Q

___________ a small, densely staining structure in the cell nuclei of females, consisting of a condensed, inactive X chromosome

A

barr body

46
Q

_________ has different mechanisms in different organisms, but essentially allows for some genders to have two X chromosomes while others only have one. Sometimes it upregulates a single X in males or down-regulates 2 X’s in females

A

dosage compensation complex

Genetics (5 decks)

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