Final Test Flashcards
1
Q
Why did Europeans come to America to colonize?
A
Religious Freedom
2
Q
Virginia Company
A
A joint-stock company that gained a charter to establish Jamestown.
3
Q
Jamestown
A
One of the first American settlements located in Virginia.
4
Q
John Smith
A
Governor of Jamestown for its first two years.
5
Q
Pocahontas
A
Daughter of the Powhatan tribe chief.
6
Q
John Rolfe
A
Found out that the soil in Jamestown was perfect for farming tobacco.
7
Q
Tobacco
A
Saved Jamestown when there was no gold or silver.
8
Q
Bacon’s Rebellion
A
Showed that settlers were not content with being restricted to the coast.
9
Q
Plymouth Colony
A
The colony of the Pilgrims.
10
Q
Pilgrims
A
Came to America on the “Mayflower”.
11
Q
Mayflower
A
The cargo ship that the Pilgrims used to travel to America.
12
Q
Mayflower Compact
A
A social contract in which the settlers consented to followed the compact’s rules and regulations for the sake of order and survival.
13
Q
William Bradford
A
The leader of the Pilgrims for 30 years.
14
Q
Squanto and Samoset
A
Taught the Pilgrims how to grow corn, beans, and squash, and where to hunt and fish.
15
Q
Puritans
A
Protestants who wanted to to reform.
16
Q
Massachusetts Bay Colony
A
A colony that was based on the Bible.
17
Q
John Winthrop
A
The governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
18
Q
Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams
A
Founders of Rhode Island.
19
Q
Salem Witch Trials
A
A series of hearings and precautions of people accused of witchcraft where many were falsely accused, were killed.
20
Q
William Penn
A
The founder of Pennsylvania and writer of their constitution.
21
Q
Quakers
A
Settlers who were tolerant of other’s views.
22
Q
Pacifists
A
People who refuse to fight in wars or use force.
23
Q
James Oglethorpe’s debtor and buffer colony
A
A place were the lower class could get a fresh start and a barrier against the stronger colonies and Spanish attacks.
24
Q
First Great Awakening
A
A religious revival that swept through the colonies, the belief that through God, all men are created equal.
25
Triangular Trade
A system in which crops, slaves, and manufactured goods were traded between Africa, the Caribbean, and the American colonies.
26
Poor Richard’s Almanack, Albany Plan of Union and Join or Die Cartoon
A collection of witty sayings. Attempts to unite the colonies.
27
John Peter Zenger Trial
John Peter Zenger was put on trail after accusing the governor of New York of corrupt, but was found not guilty and lead to freedom of the press.
28
Cause of French and Indian War
The failure of the Albany Plan of Union.
29
Proclamation of 1763
Halted westward expansion by the American setters.
30
The Sugar Act
British Officers were allowed to seize goods from smugglers without going to court under this act.
31
The Stamp Act
Placed a tax on almost all printed material in the Colonies.
32
The Boston Massacre
A fight that broke out in the streets of Boston where five people were killed by British Soldiers.
33
The Boston Tea Party
A response where the Colonist destroyed hundreds of thousands worth of tea by dumping it in the Boston Harbor.
34
The Intolerable/Coercive Acts
Acts that were passed in response to the Boston Tea Party to punish the Colonists.
35
Patrick Henry
A member of the Continental Congress who famously stated that he was "not a Virginian, but an American."
36
Samuel Adams and the Sons of Liberty
Founder of a secret society that protected the rights of the Colonists and fought taxation by the British.
37
John Hancock
A well known protest leader who owned the ship the "
| Liberty".
38
Thomas Paine’s Common Sense
A pamphlet that stated that the Colonists should be a refuge from tyrants and prosecution.
39
Declaration of Independence – Year, location, author, significance
A document that declared America's independence from Britain which was signed on July 4, 1776.
40
Cause of American Revolutionary War
The Colonists wanted to form a new nation that was independent from Britain.
41
Loyalists
Colonists who wanted to stay with Britain. (Tories)
42
Battles of Lexington and Concord
First battles of the American Revolutionary War.
43
Battle of Saratoga
The turning point of the American Revolutionary War.
44
Winter at Valley Forge
A time of terrible suffering without decent food, clothing, or shelter for Washington and his troops.
45
Battle of Yorktown
The final major battle of the American Revolutionary War and where the British surrendered to the Colonists.
46
Benedict Arnold
Hero of the Battle of Saratoga.
47
Lead commander of the Patriots troops in the war.
Gen. George Washington
48
Marquis de La Fayette
Believed that the future of America had a great influence on the future of mankind.
49
Friedrich von Steuben
Drilled colonial troops at Valley Forge and taught them the essentials of military drill and discipline.
50
Francis Marion
Considered the father of Guerrilla Warfare. (The Swamp Fox)
51
guerrilla warfare
Hit and run War technique.
52
Treaty of Paris 1783
Ended the American Revolutionary War and made Britain recognize America was an independent nation.
53
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Created one territory out of the lands North of of the Ohio River and East of the Mississippi River.
54
Articles of Confederation
America's first constitution.
55
Shays’ Rebellion
An uprising by Massachusetts farmers against the government's taxes on poor farmers that revealed the need for a stronger government.
56
The Great Compromise
Established the model for Congress used to this day.
57
The 3/5 Compromise
Allowed Southern states to count slaves as 3/5 of one free person for representation.
58
The US Constitution – Father of, year, and purpose
Written in 1789 by James Madison to be the supreme law of the land.
59
Bill of Rights
First 10 amendments to the Constitution.
60
1st Amendment
Guarantees freedom of speech, religion, assembly, press, and petition of the government.
61
2nd Amendment
Grants the right to bare arms.
62
4th Amendment
Protects against unreasonable searches and seizures without probable cause.
63
5th Amendment
If you have committed a crime, you still have rights that can not be deprived without due process of law.
64
6th Amendment
The right to a speedy, public trail by an important jury.
65
Three Branches of Government and their purpose.
Executive-Carries out the laws.
Legislative-Makes the laws.
Judicial-Interprets laws and declares if Presidential Acts are Unconstitutional.
66
Whiskey Rebellion
A civil uprising against the taxing power of the federal government.
67
Alexander Hamilton
Founder of the Federalists. Favored a strong Federal Government that was ruled by wealthy men and loose interpretation of the constitution.
68
Alien and Sedition Acts
Alien Act-allowed the President to deport aliens.
| Sedition Act-a crime to speak or write false criticisms to try and weaken the government.
69
John Sevier
First governor of Tennessee.
70
Natchez Trace
An important route for trade between Mississippi and Nashville.
71
Marbury v Madison
Landmark court case that established judicial review.
72
Judicial review
The court can nullify actions of other branches.
73
McCulloch v Maryland
Supreme Court case over states' rights.
74
Election of 1800
John Adams v.s Thomas Jefferson. Decided by the House of Representatives with Jefferson winning the election.
75
Louisiana Purchase
More territory was bought from the French for 15 million and doubled the size of America at the time, but a group of Federalists threatened to secede over the purchase.
76
Lewis and Clark Expedition
Two explorers named Lewis and Clark were sent to explore the new land that was purchased from France and were accompanied by a Native American named Sacajawea. The expedition inspired people to go settle west.
77
Impressment and the attack of the Chesapeake
A British vessel attacked an American ship after being declined to search it for deserters. This lead to America trying to cut off trade with Britain with the Embargo Act, which hurt its own economy.
78
War Hawks from the War of 1812
People who pushed for war with Great Britain.
79
War of 1812 – DC burned, Fort McHenry, Battle of New Orleans
The British marched into Washington D.C and burned the capital and president's mansion.
A British attack on Fort McHenry on the entrance of the Baltimore Harbor.
The last major battle of the War of 1812, which happened after the peace treaty was signed.
80
The Star Spangled Banner
Written after the battle of Fort McHenry by Francis Scott Key.
81
Monroe Doctrine
Stated the Western Hemisphere was no longer open for colonization.
82
Irish Potato Famine’s relationship to Immigration
The famine forced Irish citizens to move to America for food.
83
Elizabeth Cady Stanton’s convention
The Seneca Falls convention was the first women's rights convention to be held.
84
Industrial Revolution
The change from an agrarian society to one based on industry.
85
Capitalism
Individuals put their capital into business in hopes of making a profit.
86
Free Enterprise System
People are free to buy, sell, and produce what they want and can work where they wish .
87
Supply and Demand
Sets the price and cost in a Free Enterprise System.
88
Number One Crop in the South in the 1800’s
Cotton
89
Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin – what it did and why that was important
The Cotton gin wove the cotton into yarn, removing the seeds in the process. This allowed cotton to be produced into yarn faster.
90
Urban vs Rural
Urban=City
| Rural=Country
91
Wilderness Road
The route to Kentucky from the Atlantic coast
92
Daniel Boone
Long hunter that blazed the Wilderness Road along with 30 others.
93
Cumberland Gap
A gap in the Appalachian mountains that allowed a path to be created that made passing the mountains easier.
94
The Corrupt Bargain
The speaker of the House of Representatives, Henry Clay, met with John Quincy Adams and agreed to use his influence to help Adams get the vote in the House of Representatives.
95
Andrew Jackson – spoils system, fight with the bank
7th President of America.
The practice of replacing government employees with the winning candidate's supporters.
Jackson "killed" the federal bank, starting a national increase on unemployment and slow economic activity. (Depression)
96
Indian Removal Act
An act passed by congress in order to relocate Native Americans to Indian Territory. (Modern-day Oklahoma)
97
Trail of Tears
Relocation and movement of Cherokee Indians from Georgia to Oklahoma.
98
Sequoyah
Known for creating the written Cherokee language.
99
William Henry Harrison’s Presidency
William Henry Harrison gave a 2 hour speech in the cold and caught Pneumonia shortly after, causing his death after being in office for 32 days, the shortest time of being President. His position was taken over by John Tyler.
100
Manifest Destiny
The belief that America should extend its boundaries all the way to Pacific Ocean.
101
Texas Rebellion
A rebellion against Mexican rule of Texas.
102
The Alamo – battle significance
Gave the larger Texan force time to prepare for battle.
103
Davy Crockett
Backwoodsman from Tennessee who volunteered to fight at the Alamo.
104
Oregon Trail
A trail used by settlers migrating to the Pacific Ocean.
105
James K Polk – President that fulfilled what?
Manifest Destiny
106
Mexican War – Border dispute, Mexican Cession
A war against Mexico that started over a dispute of the border between America who thought the border was at the Rio Grande River and Mexico who thought it was at the Nueces River, and lead to a Mexican defeat and the lost of California and New Mexico.
107
John Sutter and the California Gold Rush
The event where a landowner found gold on his property and many came to try to find more gold, doubling the world's gold supply and lead to the property being destroyed.
108
Brigham Young
Led a migration of Mormons to the Great Salt Lake area in Utah.
109
The Missouri Compromise of 1820
Helped preserve the balance of free states and slave states.
110
John Brown
A violent abolitionist who though God had chosen him to end slavery.
111
Harriet Tubman
The most famous Underground Railroad conductor.
112
Underground Railroad
A network of escape routes out of the South for enslaved people.
113
Frederick Douglass
A well-known abolitionist who believed that injustice of slavery destroyed America's ideals of freedom.
114
Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin
A novel that explored the issue of slavery.
115
Fugitive Slave Act
Required all citizens to help catch runaway slaves, and if anyone aided a fugitive slave, they could be fined or imprisoned.
116
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Increased the amount of territory to slave holding in the U.S.
117
Bleeding Kansas
The event where violence broke across Kansas over slavery.
118
Sumner-Brooks Incident
The incident where Senator Charles Sumner lashed against those for slavery, including Andrew P. Butler, and then got hit with a cane by Preston Brooks.
119
Raid on Harper’s Ferry
An attack on a weapon storage facility by John Brown to try and start a slave uprising, but failed.
120
Dred Scott v Sandford
The court case between a slave and his owner that claimed the Constitution protected slavery, meaning that Dred Scott was still a slave.
121
Lincoln-Douglass debates – House Divided Speech
The Senate race in Illinois that became a center of national attention, where Lincoln claimed that the government had to only decide on slavery or freedom for African Americans.
122
Election of 1860
The election where Abraham Lincoln became president and the south started to secede from the Union.
123
Causes of the Civil War
The south supported slavery and the north didn't and the state governments being against the Federal Government.
124
Fort Sumter
An attack on Fort Sumter by the Confederates that lead to the start of the Civil War.
125
Ulysses S. Grant
Union General
126
Robert E. Lee
Confederate General
127
Stonewall Jackson
Considered to be one of the most gifted tactical commanders in U.S history.
128
First Battle of Bull Run
The first major battle of the Civil War.
129
Anaconda Plan
The Union War plan to defeat the south by dividing them in two.
130
54th Massachusetts
The most famous African-American regiment in the Civil War.
131
The Battle of Gettysburg
One of the turning point battles in the war, resulting in a Union victory.
132
The Battle of Vicksburg
One of the turning point battles in the war, resulting in a Union victory.
133
Sherman’s March to the Sea
The event where General William Tecumseh Sherman and his men marched to Atlanta, destroying everything in the south and bringing an end to the Civil War.
134
Lee Surrendering to Grant
The confederate surrender at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia on April 9, 1865.
135
13th Amendment
Abolished slavery in 1865.
136
14th Amendment
Gave full citizenship to anyone born in the U.S, including African Americans.
137
15th Amendment
Gave African American men the right to vote.
138
Lincoln Assassination – theater name, murderer, place of death
Ford's theater, John Wilkes Booth, Petersen House
139
10 Percent Plan and Radical Republican Plans for Reconstruction
10% Plan= 10% of voters pledge allegiance to the Union.
Radical Republican Plan= Harsher Readmission
140
Segregation
Separation of the races.
141
Jim Crow Laws
Stated that African Americans and whites had to be separated in almost every public place in the south.
142
Ku Klux Klan
The largest anti-African American terrorist group in the south.
