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FINAL TERMS Flashcards

1
Q

countercurrent multiplication

A

concentrated urine, opposite flow

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2
Q

loop of henle

A

concentrated urine, blood plasma, hyperosmotic urine, new habits/lifestyles

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3
Q

ADH

A

water reabsorption, DCT, permeability, urine volume/concentration

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4
Q

DCL

A

reabsorb water/solutes, regulation of ratio, regulation of water in body

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5
Q

PCL

A

reabsorb filtrate
blood plasma
no change osmotic

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6
Q

glomerular filtration rate

A 
urine formation
glomerular blood pressure
afferent vessel
efferent vessel
vasomotor changes
exceeds rate of urine excretion, water reabsorbed
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7
Q

bowman’s capsule

A 
blood @ high pressure
filtration of solute (small, uncharged ions)
blood plasma
hydrostatic pressure
primary urine
beginning of nephron
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8
Q

kidney dialysis

A 
waste
excess water
minimal kidney function
no endocrine function
equilibrium of water/solutes
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9
Q

urine

A

endproduct
filtration
balanced concentration solutes/water

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10
Q

exercise

A

blood flow increase
drop in vascular resistance
vasodilation in vascular beds
preferential distribution

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11
Q

colloid osmotic pressure

A 
capillaries
osmotic pressure
blood plasma
extracellular tissue
arterial --> out
venous --> in
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12
Q

starling-landis hypothesis

A 
blood plasma/capillaries
lose volume initial
regain final
net loss
lymphatic system
return to blood
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13
Q

capillary bed

A 
thin endothelium
physical openings (caps)
exchange of O2, water
blood/tissues
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14
Q

vasodilation

A

increase

blood flow increase –> arteriolar vasodilation

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15
Q

vasoconstriction

A

decrease

cold weather

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16
Q

viscosity

A 
intrinsic slipperiness
syruplike
blood flow
internal friction
frictionless
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17
Q

laminar flow

A

outermost layer –> no movement
center –> faster
concentric layers

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18
Q

vascular resistance

A

rate of blood flow

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19
Q

blood flow rate

A 
pressure at entry of tube
pressure at exit
radius
length
viscosity
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20
Q

blood pressure

A

ambient pressure
vascular system
factor

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21
Q

frank-starling mechanism

A

intrinsic control
stretching
force of contraction
match output to input

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22
Q

regulatory neurons

A

SA node…. sympathetic/para…

stimulation vs. inhibition

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23
Q

T wave

A

repolarization of ventricles

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24
Q

QRS complex

A

depolarization of ventricles

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25
Q

P wave

A

depolarization of the atria

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26
Q

electrocardiogram

A

voltage difference in skin vs. heart

reading of heart mechanics

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27
Q

AV node

A

only electrical window
atria –> ventricles
conducting system

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28
Q

pacemaker/SA node

A

myogenic
spontaneous depolarization
high frequency
rhythm on whole

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29
Q

stroke volume

A

volume per cycle

30
Q

cardiac output

A

volume per unit time
heart rate
stroke volume
overall health indicator

31
Q

diastole

A

relaxation

v pressure =

32
Q

systole

A

contraction
v pressure > a pressure
increase in aortic pressure
ejection

33
Q

intercalated discks

A 
gap junction
mechanical adhesions
mechanical strength
coordination
synchronous
34
Q

phasic smooth muscle

A

rhythmic, intermittent
spontaneous contraction
single unit

35
Q

tonic smooth muscle

A 
maintain contraction (tone)
nonspontaneous
36
Q

multiunit smooth muscle

A

few gap jxns

independent

37
Q

single unit smooth muscle

A

gap junctions – tightly
contract together
single unit
spontaneous

38
Q

recruitment of MU

A

tension increase
control tension
varying number MU

39
Q

motor unit

A

muscle fibers
summation
tetanic
tension variation

40
Q

tonic muscle fiber

A 
postural
no AP, changes in potential
slow
long-lasting
low energetic costs
41
Q

tetanus

A

high frequency
contraction
fused

42
Q

summation

A

rapid stimulation
addition
greater than single

43
Q

twitch

A

mechanical

latent, contraction, relaxation

44
Q

tension

A

force

load

45
Q

eccentric contraction

A

lengthening
damage
delayed soreness

46
Q

concentric contraction

A

shortening

closer to center

47
Q

isometric contraction

A

same length
force load > muscle force
elastic elements change???

48
Q

CA2+-ATPAse

A

active transport
low conc cyto
high conc SR
regulate contraction

49
Q

T-tubules

A

sarcolemma
interior of muscle
contact with SR
excitation

50
Q

muscle atrophy

A

not used
enzymatic breakdown
aging
contractile ability

51
Q

muscle spindle

A 
propioceptor
length skeletal muscle
spinal cord
load
posture
movement
52
Q

AChR

A

NMJ
Ach
influx Na+
musclular contraction

53
Q

EC coupling

A 
depolarization
excitation
activation contractile
depolarization+contraction
chem energy -> mech energy
54
Q

Ca2+ (tropo/mroponoin)

A 
regulator
muscle contration
conformational changes
myosin cross-bridges
muscle contraction
55
Q

ATP

A

cross-brdige action
hydrolysis
inorganic phosphate
unbinding (rigor)

56
Q

troponin/tropomyosin

A

regulate
myosin actin interaction
binding site

57
Q

titin

A

aligns
maintains center
springer of sarcomere

58
Q

cross-bridge

A

stimulation
muscle cell
actin filaments
mech force muscle contraction

59
Q

sarcolemma

A

membrane

maintains AP

60
Q

pineal gland/melatonin

A

circadian
night
season rhythm
reproduction

61
Q

suprachiasmatic nuclei

A

master circadian clock
rhythmic
clock genes

62
Q

entrainment

A

into phase
environmental rhythm
biological rhythm

63
Q

free-running rhythm

A

circadian rhythm
removed environmental cure
shortening

64
Q

circadian rhythm

A

endogenous rhythm
coupled to/dependent environmental cues
daily-light dark

65
Q

sleep

A 
quiescent
inactivity
homeostatically regulated
reduce movement
sensory resposiveness
conserve energy
consolidation of memory
66
Q

endogenous rhythm

A

continue in absence of environmental information about time

67
Q

biological clock

A 
endogenous
rhythmic modulation
timed pattern
physiology
independent from environment
68
Q

enteric

A

gut

69
Q

parasympathetic

A

rest-and-digest

70
Q

sympathetic

A

fight-or-flight

71
Q

plasticity

A 
development
maturation
experience
learning
synapse
72
Q

brain map

A

anatomical organization
record/recall
where stimulus occurs

final (13 decks)

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