FINAL TERMS Flashcards
countercurrent multiplication
concentrated urine, opposite flow
loop of henle
concentrated urine, blood plasma, hyperosmotic urine, new habits/lifestyles
ADH
water reabsorption, DCT, permeability, urine volume/concentration
DCL
reabsorb water/solutes, regulation of ratio, regulation of water in body
PCL
reabsorb filtrate
blood plasma
no change osmotic
glomerular filtration rate
urine formation glomerular blood pressure afferent vessel efferent vessel vasomotor changes exceeds rate of urine excretion, water reabsorbed
bowman’s capsule
blood @ high pressure filtration of solute (small, uncharged ions) blood plasma hydrostatic pressure primary urine beginning of nephron
kidney dialysis
waste excess water minimal kidney function no endocrine function equilibrium of water/solutes
urine
endproduct
filtration
balanced concentration solutes/water
exercise
blood flow increase
drop in vascular resistance
vasodilation in vascular beds
preferential distribution
colloid osmotic pressure
capillaries osmotic pressure blood plasma extracellular tissue arterial --> out venous --> in
starling-landis hypothesis
blood plasma/capillaries lose volume initial regain final net loss lymphatic system return to blood
capillary bed
thin endothelium physical openings (caps) exchange of O2, water blood/tissues
vasodilation
increase
blood flow increase –> arteriolar vasodilation
vasoconstriction
decrease
cold weather
viscosity
intrinsic slipperiness syruplike blood flow internal friction frictionless
laminar flow
outermost layer –> no movement
center –> faster
concentric layers
vascular resistance
rate of blood flow
blood flow rate
pressure at entry of tube pressure at exit radius length viscosity
blood pressure
ambient pressure
vascular system
factor
frank-starling mechanism
intrinsic control
stretching
force of contraction
match output to input
regulatory neurons
SA node…. sympathetic/para…
stimulation vs. inhibition
T wave
repolarization of ventricles
QRS complex
depolarization of ventricles
P wave
depolarization of the atria
electrocardiogram
voltage difference in skin vs. heart
reading of heart mechanics
AV node
only electrical window
atria –> ventricles
conducting system
pacemaker/SA node
myogenic
spontaneous depolarization
high frequency
rhythm on whole
stroke volume
volume per cycle
cardiac output
volume per unit time
heart rate
stroke volume
overall health indicator
diastole
relaxation
v pressure =
systole
contraction
v pressure > a pressure
increase in aortic pressure
ejection
intercalated discks
gap junction mechanical adhesions mechanical strength coordination synchronous
phasic smooth muscle
rhythmic, intermittent
spontaneous contraction
single unit
tonic smooth muscle
maintain contraction (tone) nonspontaneous
multiunit smooth muscle
few gap jxns
independent
single unit smooth muscle
gap junctions – tightly
contract together
single unit
spontaneous
recruitment of MU
tension increase
control tension
varying number MU
motor unit
muscle fibers
summation
tetanic
tension variation
tonic muscle fiber
postural no AP, changes in potential slow long-lasting low energetic costs
tetanus
high frequency
contraction
fused
summation
rapid stimulation
addition
greater than single
twitch
mechanical
latent, contraction, relaxation
tension
force
load
eccentric contraction
lengthening
damage
delayed soreness
concentric contraction
shortening
closer to center
isometric contraction
same length
force load > muscle force
elastic elements change???
CA2+-ATPAse
active transport
low conc cyto
high conc SR
regulate contraction
T-tubules
sarcolemma
interior of muscle
contact with SR
excitation
muscle atrophy
not used
enzymatic breakdown
aging
contractile ability
muscle spindle
propioceptor length skeletal muscle spinal cord load posture movement
AChR
NMJ
Ach
influx Na+
musclular contraction
EC coupling
depolarization excitation activation contractile depolarization+contraction chem energy -> mech energy
Ca2+ (tropo/mroponoin)
regulator muscle contration conformational changes myosin cross-bridges muscle contraction
ATP
cross-brdige action
hydrolysis
inorganic phosphate
unbinding (rigor)
troponin/tropomyosin
regulate
myosin actin interaction
binding site
titin
aligns
maintains center
springer of sarcomere
cross-bridge
stimulation
muscle cell
actin filaments
mech force muscle contraction
sarcolemma
membrane
maintains AP
pineal gland/melatonin
circadian
night
season rhythm
reproduction
suprachiasmatic nuclei
master circadian clock
rhythmic
clock genes
entrainment
into phase
environmental rhythm
biological rhythm
free-running rhythm
circadian rhythm
removed environmental cure
shortening
circadian rhythm
endogenous rhythm
coupled to/dependent environmental cues
daily-light dark
sleep
quiescent inactivity homeostatically regulated reduce movement sensory resposiveness conserve energy consolidation of memory
endogenous rhythm
continue in absence of environmental information about time
biological clock
endogenous rhythmic modulation timed pattern physiology independent from environment
enteric
gut
parasympathetic
rest-and-digest
sympathetic
fight-or-flight
plasticity
development maturation experience learning synapse
brain map
anatomical organization
record/recall
where stimulus occurs
