Chapter 9 - The Energetics of Aerobic Activity Flashcards
The rate-limiting factor that determines whether a cell can undergo anaerobic glycolysis is the amount of ___________ available.
Lactate dehydrogenase
The metabolic rate of a young adult human is greatest while ______.
running at 10 miles per hour
In an experiment in which an animal is injected with deuterium and oxygen-18 (D218O method) and then released into the wild, which of the following trends would you expect to see from measurements taken after a period of rest and again after a period of exercise?
CO2 production will be higher during exercise than at rest.
Which behavior represents the smallest component per unit time of the average daily metabolic rate (ADMR)?
A. An animal chasing a prey
B. An animal avoiding a predator
C. An animal sleeping in the shade
D. An animal standing guard
C. An animal sleeping in the shade
If an animal spends 3 hours a day chasing a prey (49 kJ/hr) and 20 hours a day resting (using 15 kJ/hr), its total daily cost of behavior in kJ is ______.
A. 147 kJ/day
B. 153 kJ/day
C. 300 kJ/day
D. 447 kJ/day
D. 447 kJ/day
The relationship between average daily metabolic rate (ADMR) per unit of body weight and body size is a(n)
______.
inverse proportion
Which animal would display a U-shaped curve of oxygen consumption per unit of time relative to speed?
Magpie (bird)
Comparing animals that share a single primary mode of locomotion, large bodied species will cover distances at a _______ weight-specific cost than small bodied species.
lower
Energy production is highly correlated with the amount of ________.
oxygen consumed
If animal A has a V̇O2max of 22.4 ml/g•h and animal B has a V̇O2max of 24 ml/ g•h, then_____________.
animal B can produce more energy
What techniques are available to study the energetics of animals?
- Treadmill studies (mammals)
speed up belt to measure rate of O2 consumption - Wind-tunnel studies (birds)
increase wind & measure O2 consumption w/mask &
valve system - Doubly-labeled water method
inject water labeled w/isotopes of hydrogen
(deuterium) and oxygen (oxygen-18), then measure
amount of CO2 released - ADMR & time-energy budgets
- Telometric Devices
Are there any limitations to the doubly-labeled water method?
Bioevaporation can occur
Person sweats
Lost in urine
How long is study happening for
Is there a characteristic relation between the metabolic cost per unit of time and the speed of locomotion?
Energetic costs relate the metabolic rate per unit of time, it is the cost of transport
Fish: J shape
Bird: U shape
Mammal: Linear
What is a limitation to measuring flying in birds?
How slow can a bird fly, well we don’t really know and there isn’t a way to test this.
What is the significance of V̇O2max?
It determines the peak rate at which an animal can synthesize ATP by aerobic catabolism.
What is the relationship between V̇O2max and aging? What effect does the change in V̇O2max have on the type of exercise performed?
As age increases, V̇O2max decreases
-after 30, declines 9%-5%
Effect: V̇O2max is lower so it makes work more strenuous
Consider the V̇O2max of a 20 y/o compared to a 95 y/o.
20 y/o can operate at a good V̇O2max while the 95 y/o operates at a much lower V̇O2max so work is much more difficult
An exercise requiring a V̇O2max of _____ is the most strenuous.
A. 75%
B. 65%
C. 55%
D. 45%
A. 75%
What is aerobic expansibility mathematically?
V̇O2max divided by resting O2 consumption rate
What is V̇O2max mathematically?
aerobic expansibility x resting O2 consumption rate
What is aerobic scope mathematically?
V̇O2max - resting O2 consumption rate
Can V̇O2max change with endurance training, if so how?
Yes, the endurance training activates widespread changes in gene expression in exercising muscles.
-Molecularly: increases the # of mitochondria in muscle cells and upregulation of mitochondrial enzymes of aerobic catabolism, such as citrate synthase & cytochrome oxidase, increases the heart’s ability to pump blood
Why might two individuals of the SAME species differ in their V̇O2max?
- life experience
2. genetics
What is the hypothesis of symmorphosis?
All organs that serve a single function in an animal are interactively adapted to have equal limits to work in your favor.
