Chapter 9 - The Energetics of Aerobic Activity COPY Flashcards

1
Q

The rate-limiting factor that determines whether a cell can undergo anaerobic glycolysis is the amount of ___________ available.

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

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2
Q

The metabolic rate of a young adult human is greatest while ______.

A

running at 10 miles per hour

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3
Q

In an experiment in which an animal is injected with deuterium and oxygen-18 (D218O method) and then released into the wild, which of the following trends would you expect to see from measurements taken after a period of rest and again after a period of exercise?

A

CO2 production will be higher during exercise than at rest.

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4
Q

Which behavior represents the smallest component per unit time of the average daily metabolic rate (ADMR)?

A. An animal chasing a prey

B. An animal avoiding a predator

C. An animal sleeping in the shade

D. An animal standing guard

A

C. An animal sleeping in the shade

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5
Q

If an animal spends 3 hours a day chasing a prey (49 kJ/hr) and 20 hours a day resting (using 15 kJ/hr), its total daily cost of behavior in kJ is ______.

A. 147 kJ/day

B. 153 kJ/day

C. 300 kJ/day

D. 447 kJ/day

A

D. 447 kJ/day

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6
Q

The relationship between average daily metabolic rate (ADMR) per unit of body weight and body size is a(n)
______.

A

inverse proportion

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7
Q

Which animal would display a U-shaped curve of oxygen consumption per unit of time relative to speed?

A

Magpie (bird)

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8
Q

Comparing animals that share a single primary mode of locomotion, large bodied species will cover distances at a _______ weight-specific cost than small bodied species.

A

lower

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9
Q

Energy production is highly correlated with the amount of ________.

A

oxygen consumed

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10
Q

If animal A has a V̇O2max of 22.4 ml/g•h and animal B has a V̇O2max of 24 ml/ g•h, then_____________.

A

animal B can produce more energy

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11
Q

What techniques are available to study the energetics of animals?

A
  1. Treadmill studies (mammals)
    speed up belt to measure rate of O2 consumption
  2. Wind-tunnel studies (birds)
    increase wind & measure O2 consumption w/mask &
    valve system
  3. Doubly-labeled water method
    inject water labeled w/isotopes of hydrogen
    (deuterium) and oxygen (oxygen-18), then measure
    amount of CO2 released
  4. ADMR & time-energy budgets
  5. Telometric Devices
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12
Q

Are there any limitations to the doubly-labeled water method?

A

Bioevaporation can occur
Person sweats
Lost in urine
How long is study happening for

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13
Q

Is there a characteristic relation between the metabolic cost per unit of time and the speed of locomotion?

A

Energetic costs relate the metabolic rate per unit of time, it is the cost of transport
Fish: J shape
Bird: U shape
Mammal: Linear

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14
Q

What is a limitation to measuring flying in birds?

A

How slow can a bird fly, well we don’t really know and there isn’t a way to test this.

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15
Q

What is the significance of V̇O2max?

A

It determines the peak rate at which an animal can synthesize ATP by aerobic catabolism.

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16
Q

What is the relationship between V̇O2max and aging? What effect does the change in V̇O2max have on the type of exercise performed?

A

As age increases, V̇O2max decreases
-after 30, declines 9%-5%
Effect: V̇O2max is lower so it makes work more strenuous

17
Q

Consider the V̇O2max of a 20 y/o compared to a 95 y/o.

A

20 y/o can operate at a good V̇O2max while the 95 y/o operates at a much lower V̇O2max so work is much more difficult

18
Q

An exercise requiring a V̇O2max of _____ is the most strenuous.

A. 75%

B. 65%

C. 55%

D. 45%

A

A. 75%

19
Q

What is aerobic expansibility mathematically?

A

V̇O2max divided by resting O2 consumption rate

20
Q

What is V̇O2max mathematically?

A

aerobic expansibility x resting O2 consumption rate

21
Q

What is aerobic scope mathematically?

A

V̇O2max - resting O2 consumption rate

22
Q

Can V̇O2max change with endurance training, if so how?

A

Yes, the endurance training activates widespread changes in gene expression in exercising muscles.
-Molecularly: increases the # of mitochondria in muscle cells and upregulation of mitochondrial enzymes of aerobic catabolism, such as citrate synthase & cytochrome oxidase, increases the heart’s ability to pump blood

23
Q

Why might two individuals of the SAME species differ in their V̇O2max?

A
  1. life experience

2. genetics

24
Q

What is the hypothesis of symmorphosis?

A

All organs that serve a single function in an animal are interactively adapted to have equal limits to work in your favor.

25
Q

How do hunting dogs with two different averages of V̇O2max differ in strategies they use for hunting?

A

Dogs with lower V̇O2max
-sneak up and corral (no chasing necessay)

Dogs with higher V̇O2max
-able to chase antelopes and prey